quiz 3 Flashcards
ch 4 & 5 (aphasia)
selective attention
a set of mechanisms that enhance extended processing of select stimuli or features of stimuli while filtering, inhibiting and ignoring irrelevant stimuli
freedom from distraction
studying in a loud coffee shop
divided attention
allows us to attend concurrently to multiple activities or to multiple compnents within a task
taxes mental resources
texting and driving causes accidents
alternating attention
allows us to quicly (&without error) switch our attention back and forth between tasks having different requirements
mental flexibility
writing notes while listening to lecture
executive attention
the ability to choose the aspects of the environment to be attended to in order to carry out our goals
- coordination of multiple tasks and regulations of our responses while maintaining these behavioral goals
- in novel and conflict situations where various plans and responses are possible
aka attentional control
how to accomplish your travel goals when weather has stopped air travel
understand the cognitive processes of executive functioning
executive functioning is critical to performing all nonroutine, productive, independent activities, and includes the ability to->
- plan, sequence and accomplish goal-directed activities in an organized but flexible manner as demanded by situational and environmental changes
language form
- phonology: the speech sounds/phonemes of particular languages and rules for combining them
- morphology: the rules that govern words at the most basic level of meaning (morpheme)@
- syntax: set of rules that govern word order in particular languages (the acceptable combinations and sequences for subtypes of words)
@modify word meaning by adding or subtracting morphemes from root worrds
language content
semantics
conceptual knowledge: the knowledge of meaning
- allows us to abstract single features of entities, use these features for organizing the world, and apply symbols to these concepts
language use
pragmatics
the permissible ways language can be used (rules that allows us to use the other aspects of language to communicate appropriately)
- social tool, how to enter, carry on, and exit a conversation, use the correct level of formality, when to use humor, and understand the unstated meanings of indirect requests
differentiate different types of memory
non-declarative (procedural, implicit)
- less accessible to conscious recollection and verbal retrieval
declarative (eposidic, semantic)
- storage of facts that can be stated or discussed
working (both a form of memory and component of executive functioning)
procedural memory
used in the acquisition of skills and habits -> results from repeated practice and allows us to perform automatic tasks that were learned gradually
- relatively impervious to effects of decay and interference (may be last form of memory to be affected by alzheimer’s)
non-declarative
implicit memory
doesn’t require awareness of the learning episode and there is no conscious effort to retrieve the information
- something you have seen or heard before subconsciously influences your subsequent performance (like priming)
non-declarative
episodic memory
allows us to recall and explicitly state conscious experiences from our personal past
- aka autobiographical memory
- perceptual, conceptual, and affective information
declarative
semantic memory
involves the acquisition and retention of generic factual information not referenced to a specific learning context
- wide range of info that can be explicitly stated (facts, word meanings, names attached to objects/people)
declarative
working memory
both a form of memory and a component of executive functions (conceptually separate from the declarative/nondeclarative dichotomy presented above)
- used in performing tasks requiring short-term storage and manipulations of new, or previously learned, information (reading and understanding stories)
- requires flexible, quick, frequent updating of information
- limited capacity (mentally adding up contents of shopping cart)
measure with digits backward test
nonfluent aphasia syndromes
- broca’s
- transcortical motor
- global
