quiz 2

Question 1

CN II

Answer 1

optic nerve

Question 2

CN VII

Answer 2

facial
- facial muscles-> dysarthria

Question 3

CN V

Answer 3

trigeminal
- jaw movement, sensation to face
- pronunciation, voice intonation, and swallowing

Question 4

CN IX

Answer 4

glossopharyngeal
- raises and dilates the pharynx (gag reflex)

Question 5

CN VIII

Answer 5

acoustic

Question 6

CN XII

Answer 6

hypoglossal
- innervates tongue
- chewing, swallowing, and articulation

Question 7

CN X

Answer 7

vagus
- innervates: palate, pharynx, and larynx
- swallowing and phonation (innervates most of the muscles involved with speech and swallowing except for the stylopharyngeus (IX) and tenso veli palatini (v)
- controls pitch

Question 8

sensory ataxic gait

Answer 8

individual movements of the legs are exaggerated in force and degree
- gait worsens in low light

don’t have a precise knowledge of the poition of the feet and limbs, so they need a widened stance

Question 9

parkinsonian gait

Answer 9

steps are shortened and often shuffling; decreased arm swing
- festinate (involuntarily speed up and begin to shuffle forward or backward)

stands somewhat stooped with head forward and arms slightly flexed

Question 10

myopathic gait

Answer 10

when walking the pelvis tilts downward on the side of the free swinging leg, making them waddle froom side to side
- when there is sufficient weakness of the hip flexors and other muscles of the pelvic girdle

typically waddling

Question 11

electroencephalography

EEG

Answer 11

record of brain electrical activity with electrodes on head/scalp
- use: classify/prognosticate seizure disorders

Question 12

electromyography

Answer 12

small needle in muscle to record activity
- use: spinal/extremeties, facial and laryngeal

Question 13

vascular ultrasonography

(and two types)

Answer 13

sound waves through tissue and blood cels in vessels transfer back to probe-> measuring bloodflow in normal and diseased cerebral vessels
- carotid doppler: visualizes carotid arteries and determines degree of narrowing
- use: identifies luminal narrowing and vascular wall abnormalities
- transcranial doppler: indirectly measures cerebral blood flow by assessing bloodflow velocity in major cerebral arteries
- use: evaluation of cerebrovascular disease and suspected malformations

2 types: carotid doppler & transcranial doppler

Question 14

lumbar puncture

spinal tap

Answer 14

spinal needle draws cerebrospinal fluid (under local anethesia w/ x-ray guide)
- use: meningitis/encephalitis or subarachnoid hemorrhage (or therapuetic w/ NPH)

Question 15

dementia

definition, etiology, clinical manifestations

Answer 15

progressive decline in memory w/ impairment in at least 1 other domain of cognition (eg. speech), leading to impaired function
- et: alzheimer’s & vascular dementia (hypertension, cardiovascular issues)
- cm: difficulty learning/retaining info.
- problems w/ complex tasks
- impaired reasoning, spatial disorientation
- lang: word finding
- behavior: passive, hallucinates, irritable

Question 16

multiple sclerosis

Answer 16

immune system attacks your central nervous system
- et: inflammatory patches or plaques & demylenation in brain, spinal cord, & CN II
- cm: unilateral vision loss (or sensory)
- motor weakness, bladder dysfunction
- fatigue depression cognitive impairment

Question 17

guillian-barre syndrome

Answer 17

peripheral demylenation, typically monophasic, symptoms 1-3 wks after respiratory or gastrointestinal disease
- et: antecedant infection mounts immune response resulting in autoimmunity against swchann cells or myelin
- cm: paraethesia or pain in lower extremities
- muscle weakness (ascending)
- dysphagia (SLPs treat)

Question 18

ALS (lou gehrig’s disease)

Answer 18

degenerative disease of upper & lower motor neurons, mostly sporadic
- et: can be genetic, weakness from bulbar musculatue
- cm: depends on subtype: spasms, muscle atrophy, dysphagia, drooling, peeing, cognition

Question 19

myasthenia gravis

Answer 19

disorder of NMJ, autoimmune disease
- et: antibodies to postsynaptic targets -> neurotransmission failure
- cm: fatiguable weakness of striated muscles
- if bulbar muscle: face weakness, dysphasia and dysphonia, drooling & head drop

Question 20

myonic dystrophy

Answer 20

many forms
- et: multisystem, involves other tissues (lens, endocrine, muscles, cns)
- cm: wasting/weakness of arm/hand/face muscles

Question 21

parkinson’s disease

Answer 21

neurodegenerative disorder affecting extrapyramidal system
- et: dopamin cell degeneration & deposition of a-synudein lewy bodies
- cm: neurologic/neuropsychiatric
- tremor, bradykinesia, assymetric onset
- rigidity, loss of postureal reflexes, inexpressive face

Question 22

oromandibular/lingual dystonia

Answer 22

movement disorder disorder w/ repetitive twisting movements, inoluntary, forceful sustained suscle contraction -> OMD & L are rare types of focal dystonias
- et: unknown, several levels: neural inhibition, sensory modulation
- cm: dysphagia, dysphonia, dysarthria
- mastication muscles, pain and discomfort
- artic. difficulties, swallowing cuz of tongue thrust