Quiz 3 (13-15) Flashcards
biocompatibility
ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific situation; maintain equilibrium, upon implantation
What are the biocompatibility requirements? (5)
not sensitive, not produce allergic reactions, noncarcinogenic, nontoxic, not interfere with healing
bioactive
interacts and bonds with surrounding tissues and affects tissue regeneration
biotolerant
mild-interaction with biological tissues but are generally well-tolerated
bioinert
remain unreactive and stable in contact with biological systems
cytotoxicity
a chemical or materials ability to damage or kill cells; quantified with cell activity or cell viability
Apoptosis
programmed cell death that is genetically controlled and natural; shrinkage of cell occurs
Necrosis
premature cell death that is pathological and detrimental to the organisms; swelling of cell occurs
Hemocompatibility
properties of a material that permits it to function in contact with blood without causing adverse reactions
What are CPD and Heparin?
anticoagulants
What Fibrinogen:Albumin Protein ratio is favored?
a lower ratio b/c of a reduced risk of thrombosis or blood clot formation
Carcinogen
substance or agent which can induce cancer
Carcinogenicity
properties of a materials that cause it to be involved in the promotion of cancer or its propagation
What are the 3 main classes of cacinogens?
physical, chemical, biological
What are the steps in the carcinogenic process?
initiation (reversible), promotion, progression (irreversible)
AMES test
easy and inexpensive way to measure mutagenicity of a chemical ; does not measure carcinogenecity
What is a cheap way that you could determine the sizes of proteins in your sample?
SDS-PAGE
What does SDS-PAGE stand for?
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PolyAcrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
What are the standard running gel components?
acrylamide, crosslinker, initiator and catalyst, buffer, SDS, water
What is the role of SDS?
denatures proteins and imparts binding of (-) charges proportional to MW
What is molecular weight standards?
MW ladder; mixture of different proteins of known molecular weights
What are stains for TOTAL protein content?
coomassie blue dye or silver stain
What are the steps of Western blotting? (5)
- transfer
- blocking
- primary antibody incubation step
- secondary antibody incubation step
- visualization
What are 3 techniques that can be used for visualization during western blotting?
colorimetric, fluorescence, and chemiluminescence
What is ELISA?
Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay
What is ELISA used for?
determine the specific quantity of a protein in an unknown solutions
DIRECT ELISA
only a labeled primary antibody is used
INDIRECT ELISA
antigen is bound by primary antibody then detected by a labeled secondary antibody
SANDWICH ELISA
antigen binds to capture antibody which then binds a primary antibody and is detected by a secondary antibody
What are the general steps of an immunohistochemical stain
(IHC)?
- Fix cells to scaffold
- Primary Antibody Bound
- Secondary Antibody Bound
What is RT-PCR?
Reverse Transcriptase - Polymerase Chain Reaction
What does RT-PCR do?
detects the expression of a specific gene to determine whether a gene is on or off
What is the function of a thermocycler during RT-PCR?
a thermocycler controls the temperature in wells to allow PCR reaction to occur
What is sustained release?
a drug preparation that allows contents to be steadily released over a long period of time
What is the Therapeutic Window?
where a biologically active molecule is presented to tissue in an optimal concentration where the desired response occurs
What is zero order release?
delivery rate remains constant until device is exhausted of active agent
What is first order release?
release is directly proportional to amount of drug loaded in device
What is burst release?
when an initial large bolus of drug is released immediately upon placement in the release medium before the release rate reaches a stable profile
What is lag time?
the time it takes for a device membrane to become saturated allowing a stable release rate to be reached
What are 4 pharmaceutical approaches to CR?
diffusion CR, dissolution CR, combination dissolution-diffusion CR, osmotic pressure controlled systems
Diffusion CR
rate of drug release is primarily determined by the drugs ability to diffuse through a matrix or membrane
Dissolution CR
rate of drug release is primarily determined by the dissolution of the drug into the surrounding fluids
What is the difference between matrix diffusion systems and reservoir diffusion systems?
in reservoir - drug is encased by water insoluble polymeric mesh material that surrounds the drug reservoir
in matrix - an inert polymeric matrix in which a drug is uniformly distributed
Matrix dissolution systems
prepared by compressing a drug with a slowly dissolving carrier into a tablet form
Encapsulation dissolution systems
drug is encapsulated with a dissolvable capsule and rate depends on stability thickness of coating
Osmotic pressure drug delivery systems
use the osmotic pressure of drug and other solutes for controlled delivery of drugs
What are the pros of osmotic pressure drug systems?
zero order delivery rate is achievable, drug release is independent of gastric pH, higher release rate is possible
