Quiz 1 Slides (Lecs. 1-4) Flashcards
What are the parts in the tissue engineering triad?
cells, signals, scaffold
tissue repair
restore a damaged area of tissue
tissue regeneration
creation of tissue identical to that lost
How can cells be extracted from fluids and tissues?
isolated enzymatically or mechanically
autologous cells/tissues
obtained from the same individual
allogenic cells/tissues
genetically different but from the same species
xenogenic cells/tissues
derived from a member of another species
stem cells
undifferentiated cell of multicellular organism from which other kinds of cells arise by differentiation
what are types of scaffolds?
synthetic, naturally derived, ceramics, metals
An organ is composed of …
multiple tissue types
A tissue is composed of …
multiple cell types
What is the average size of cells?
10 microns
What do proteins do?
bind to DNA (gene expression), bind to RNA to make more protein, exhibit enzymatic activity
What is the basic structure of proteins?
Central carbon attached to amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), H, and R group
What are condensation reaction used for in proteins?
forming a long chain of amino acids
Primary structure of proteins
succession of amino acids
Secondary structure of proteins
3-D arrangement of alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets
Tertiary structure of proteins
folding of the alpha helix
Quaternary structure of proteins
arrangement of more than one protein chains
What are the four classes of molecules within mammalian cells?
proteins, lipids, sugars, nucleic acids
What are the 2 basic parts of a phospholipid?
hydrophilic head and 2 hydrophobic tails
What biomolecule gives cellular membranes flexibility?
cholesterol
Why are sugars important
provide energy (broken down to produce ATP)
What are the common monosaccharides?
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
What are the common disaccharides?
Sucrose(glucose and fructose)
Lactose (galactose and glucose)
Maltose (glucose x2)
What are the 3 major components of nucleic acids?
sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
phosphate
nitrogen base
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA > RNA > Protein > Trait
Transcription > Translation
What is charged tRNA?
It binds a codon so a ribosome can transfer amino acid onto peptide chain
What are 2 differences between DNA replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes - site of DNA replication is protoplasm while euks is in the nucleus
Eukaryotes - double helix DNA
Define homeostasis
steady state equilibrium where cell has loss is balanced by cell renewal
Define ECM
extracellular matrix where cells live
What are the 2 layers blastula organizes itself?
Inner cell mass that becomes embryo
Trophoblast becomes placenta
What are the 3 germ layers form?
Endoderm - rise to epithelium
Mesoderm - rise to muscle, bone, connective tissue
Ectoderm - gives rise to skin cells
When does the epithelial to mesenchymal transition occur?
In development
During wound healing
During tissue regeneration
in cancer progression
What do tissues consist of?
Cells and ECM
What is are the three steps in histology?
Tissues are fixed, sectioned thinly, and stained w/ dyes
How are tissues classified?
based on structure and function of cells
What are the four types of induction?
Instructive - interactions with signaling cells
Permissive - environment needs to change
Reciprocal - 2 tissues signal each other
Negative - cells restrict potential
What are the four main categories of tissue?
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous
Connective
What are common extracellular fluids?
Water
Electrolytes
Dissolved O2 and CO2
Small Organic Molecules
What are the two most common types of fibers?
collagen and elastin
Which type of collagen is most abundant in the human body?
Type I
Which type of collagen forms basement membranes?
Type IV
What are the mechanical properties of elastin?
Elastin can stretch several times its normal length and then recoil to original shape
What are growth factors?
Signaling proteins used for cell communication, immune function
What are cytokines?
unique family of small signaling proteins
What are interleukins?
family of cytokines secreted by leukocytes that affect cell response of leukocytes
What do integrins do?
Promote cell adhesion to ECM
What are tight junctions?
membranes of adjacent cells fuse and form impermeable barriers
What are adhering junctions?
lying below tight junctions; cells held together by anchors; “zippers’
What are desmosomes?
cell anchors that enable cells to stay in place; helped by cadherins
What are gap junctions?
holds cells together and allows materials to pass directly from cell to cell
