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Cell and Tissue Engineering > Quiz 1 Slides (Lecs. 1-4) > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Slides (Lecs. 1-4) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts in the tissue engineering triad?

A

cells, signals, scaffold

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2
Q

tissue repair

A

restore a damaged area of tissue

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3
Q

tissue regeneration

A

creation of tissue identical to that lost

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4
Q

How can cells be extracted from fluids and tissues?

A

isolated enzymatically or mechanically

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5
Q

autologous cells/tissues

A

obtained from the same individual

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6
Q

allogenic cells/tissues

A

genetically different but from the same species

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7
Q

xenogenic cells/tissues

A

derived from a member of another species

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8
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cell of multicellular organism from which other kinds of cells arise by differentiation

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9
Q

what are types of scaffolds?

A

synthetic, naturally derived, ceramics, metals

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10
Q

An organ is composed of …

A

multiple tissue types

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11
Q

A tissue is composed of …

A

multiple cell types

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12
Q

What is the average size of cells?

A

10 microns

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13
Q

What do proteins do?

A

bind to DNA (gene expression), bind to RNA to make more protein, exhibit enzymatic activity

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14
Q

What is the basic structure of proteins?

A

Central carbon attached to amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), H, and R group

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15
Q

What are condensation reaction used for in proteins?

A

forming a long chain of amino acids

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16
Q

Primary structure of proteins

A

succession of amino acids

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17
Q

Secondary structure of proteins

A

3-D arrangement of alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets

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18
Q

Tertiary structure of proteins

A

folding of the alpha helix

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19
Q

Quaternary structure of proteins

A

arrangement of more than one protein chains

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20
Q

What are the four classes of molecules within mammalian cells?

A

proteins, lipids, sugars, nucleic acids

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21
Q

What are the 2 basic parts of a phospholipid?

A

hydrophilic head and 2 hydrophobic tails

22
Q

What biomolecule gives cellular membranes flexibility?

A

cholesterol

23
Q

Why are sugars important

A

provide energy (broken down to produce ATP)

24
Q

What are the common monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

25
Q

What are the common disaccharides?

A

Sucrose(glucose and fructose)
Lactose (galactose and glucose)
Maltose (glucose x2)

26
Q

What are the 3 major components of nucleic acids?

A

sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
phosphate
nitrogen base

27
Q

What is the central dogma of biology?

A

DNA > RNA > Protein > Trait
Transcription > Translation

28
Q

What is charged tRNA?

A

It binds a codon so a ribosome can transfer amino acid onto peptide chain

29
Q

What are 2 differences between DNA replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes - site of DNA replication is protoplasm while euks is in the nucleus
Eukaryotes - double helix DNA

30
Q

Define homeostasis

A

steady state equilibrium where cell has loss is balanced by cell renewal

31
Q

Define ECM

A

extracellular matrix where cells live

32
Q

What are the 2 layers blastula organizes itself?

A

Inner cell mass that becomes embryo
Trophoblast becomes placenta

33
Q

What are the 3 germ layers form?

A

Endoderm - rise to epithelium
Mesoderm - rise to muscle, bone, connective tissue
Ectoderm - gives rise to skin cells

34
Q

When does the epithelial to mesenchymal transition occur?

A

In development
During wound healing
During tissue regeneration
in cancer progression

34
Q

What do tissues consist of?

A

Cells and ECM

35
Q

What is are the three steps in histology?

A

Tissues are fixed, sectioned thinly, and stained w/ dyes

35
Q

How are tissues classified?

A

based on structure and function of cells

36
Q

What are the four types of induction?

A

Instructive - interactions with signaling cells
Permissive - environment needs to change
Reciprocal - 2 tissues signal each other
Negative - cells restrict potential

37
Q

What are the four main categories of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous
Connective

38
Q

What are common extracellular fluids?

A

Water
Electrolytes
Dissolved O2 and CO2
Small Organic Molecules

39
Q

What are the two most common types of fibers?

A

collagen and elastin

40
Q

Which type of collagen is most abundant in the human body?

A

Type I

41
Q

Which type of collagen forms basement membranes?

A

Type IV

42
Q

What are the mechanical properties of elastin?

A

Elastin can stretch several times its normal length and then recoil to original shape

43
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Signaling proteins used for cell communication, immune function

44
Q

What are cytokines?

A

unique family of small signaling proteins

45
Q

What are interleukins?

A

family of cytokines secreted by leukocytes that affect cell response of leukocytes

46
Q

What do integrins do?

A

Promote cell adhesion to ECM

47
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

membranes of adjacent cells fuse and form impermeable barriers

48
Q

What are adhering junctions?

A

lying below tight junctions; cells held together by anchors; “zippers’

49
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

cell anchors that enable cells to stay in place; helped by cadherins

50
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

holds cells together and allows materials to pass directly from cell to cell

Cell and Tissue Engineering (6 decks)

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