Quiz 3

Question 1

what exerts a force on sediments and what determines magnitude of force

Answer 1

water exerts the force

magnitude is determined by water velocity and sediment size

Question 2

how do rivers sort sediments

Answer 2

sediments will be deposited in areas with low water velocities and be transported away from areas with faster water velocities

Question 3

how do patterns of erosion and deposition differ across spatial scales

Answer 3

local: local habitat features like woody debris or rocks alter water velocities and causes differing patterns of erosion and deposition of sediment on small scales
reach: river meanders will elf organize with the patterns of deposition and erosion on the inside and outside of curves

whole river: over thousands of years water will erode mountains and create valley, this sediment will be transported downstream until water velocities slow and then sediment is deposited

Question 4

what does deposition/transportation of sediment downstream do

Answer 4

decreases slope of lower reaches which further decreases water velocity

Question 5

how do rivers generally evolve to be like

Answer 5

steep and erosive headwaters

less steep, and where sediment is deposited in lower reaches

Question 6

what is the role in erosion/deposition different parts of rivers do

Answer 6

headwaters : production

middley bit: transport and storage

lower reaches: deposition and storage

Question 7

how does the seasonal patterns of water flows effect rivers

Answer 7

rivers are constantly shifting the distribution of river habitats

Question 8

what is happening to floodplain rivers constantly

Answer 8

they are shifting habitat mosaic

Question 9

what do different river habitats have

Answer 9

different water velocities, temperatures, and sediment sizes

Question 10

what do different habitat types support

Answer 10

different types of life stages in species and a diversity of species

Question 11

what are the four C’s that make a good salmon habitat

Answer 11

cold
clean
connected
complex

Question 12

what may limit species like salmon with complex life stages

Answer 12

a specific life stage or habitat may limit the overall production of the population

Question 13

what does a high reproductive capacity and a density dependence mean

Answer 13

high compensatory capacity

Question 14

what is the stock- recruitment relationship

Answer 14

the relationship between the # of parents and the # of offspring they produce to the next generation

Question 15

what are the Beaverton-holt and the Ricker relationships

Answer 15

2 common stock-recruit relationships used to describe the density dependent relationship in fish populations like salmon

Question 16

what is general idea of Ricker model

Answer 16

at some point more individuals is bad for species

Question 17

what is benefit of beaverton-holt and Ricker

Answer 17

B-T: follows reality more

R: easier for math and models

Question 18

are beaverton-holt and Ricker models that realistic

Answer 18

no

Question 19

what defines the maximum sustainable fish yield (MSY)

Answer 19

stock-recruit relationship

Question 20

what is the MSY

Answer 20

maximum sustainable yield

max # fish you can harvest indefinitely

Question 21

what else controls slalom abundance other than harvest

Answer 21

ocean climate
river conditions (temp and hydrology)
competition with pink salmon
freshwater habitat

Question 22

how do different salmon populations differ

Answer 22

different life histories and adaptations

different exposure to stressors

Question 23

what’s one way fisheries can be more stable

Answer 23

if the integrate across salmon diversity

Question 24

what is a riparian

Answer 24

terrestrial area next to body of water

Question 25

what one: conifers or deciduous, are low/high quality food

Answer 25

conifers: low deciduous: high

Question 26

where do stream salmonoids derive most of their energy from

Answer 26

terrestrial invertebrates that have fallen in

Question 27

what do fishes reaches do

Answer 27

provide food downstream

Question 28

what is habitat coupling

Answer 28

connection between 2 adjacent habitats

Question 29

how does riparian loss (logging ) affect temperature and as a result salmon

Answer 29

increases stream temp by 1-4 degrees C | this could benefit salmon (short term) and harm them

Question 30

how to trees influence hydrology

Answer 30

their roots overland water flows and they transpire water

Question 31

how does summer influence water flow

Answer 31

initially summer flows go up (good for fish) but then synchronized tree growth will decrease it (bad for fish)

Question 32

what does logging cause

Answer 32

flashier flows

Question 33

how do riparian plants influence sediment erosion

Answer 33

decrease it

Question 34

how does logging influence fine sediment outputs and how does this affect salmon

Answer 34

increases it smothers the eggs

Question 35

how can sediment affect stream form

Answer 35

increased sediment can change stream form

Question 36

what do large woody debris do

Answer 36

provide habitats for fish flow refuges traps sediment and organic matter

Question 37

how does large woody debris end up in rivers

Answer 37

deposited by in fall and then buried and transported over time

Question 38

what one: conifer and deciduous, degrade slow/rapidly

Answer 38

confier : slow | deciduous: rapid

Question 39

what is riparian logging management now informed by

Answer 39

understanding how riparians affect streams

Question 40

what are the different types of streams (riparian management)

Answer 40

s1: large rivers, woody debris doesn't play as essential as a role s2-3: medium rivers with fish s4: small streams with fish

Question 41

what are some of the best management practices for the different types of streams

Answer 41

S1: A reserve zone is not required. • Retention rates should range from 70% retention to full. • Favor maintenance of species, age, and size distributions. • Retain wildlife trees. S2-3: Have a reserve zone where timber practices are constrained • Retain wildlife trees in management zone • Manage windthrow hazard S4: Reserve zone not required, but the follow practices should be considered. • “Retain nonmerchantable confer trees, [and other plants] within 5 m of the channel to the fullest extent possible”. • “Fall and yard away” • “Remove dominant conifers and retain 50% of remaining stems within 10m of channel”. • “Retain all windfirm trees with roots embedded in the bank”

Question 42

what is an estuary

Answer 42

where river meets sea

Question 43

what are estuaries governed by

Answer 43

rivers oceans internal dynamics

Question 44

what are the different types of estuaries

Answer 44

fjord bar - built river deltas

Question 45

what are ocean's inputs in estuaries

Answer 45

saltwater (upwelling nutrients) tidal dynamics marine detritus animals

Question 46

what are the river's inputs in estuaries

Answer 46

freshwater sediments dissolved particulate carbon nutrients (oceans have more nutrients, but rivers have different nutrients)

Question 47

what is a salt wedge

Answer 47

when salt water and fresh water mix, salt water is heavier and it sinks

Question 48

what is a river plume

Answer 48

A river plume is a freshened water mass that is formed in the sea as a result of mixing of river discharge and saline seawater

Question 49

river inputs also mix horizontally, what way does it turn

Answer 49

north due to corals effect

Question 50

what influences the relative importance of oceans, river, and internal dynamics on estuaries

Answer 50

``` size of river physical setting (enclosed vs exposed) ```

Question 51

what are some of the functions of estuaries

Answer 51

nursing habitat | stop over habitat

Question 52

what are estuaries being squeezed by

Answer 52

sea level rising coastal development

Question 53

how is the population of seals, sea lions, and orcas doing

Answer 53

seals : increasing sea lions : mostly increasing orcas: mixed southern residents are struggling

Question 54

what is there increasing evidence for about hatchery pink salmon

Answer 54

they have negative effects on other salmon species

Question 55

has number of chinhook fished by humans increased or decreased in last 40 years

Answer 55

decreased

Question 56

has number of chinhook fished by marine mammals increased or decreased in last 40 years

Answer 56

increased 6 fold

Question 57

who harvests more chinhook marine mammals or humans

Answer 57

marine mammals

Question 58

what is the marine mammal protection act

Answer 58

enables recovery of marine mammals | prohibits take of marine mammals

Question 59

what is the pacific salmon treaty

Answer 59

mandates some level of protection and international management of salmon