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Aquatic Ecology > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what exerts a force on sediments and what determines magnitude of force

A

water exerts the force

magnitude is determined by water velocity and sediment size

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2
Q

how do rivers sort sediments

A

sediments will be deposited in areas with low water velocities and be transported away from areas with faster water velocities

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3
Q

how do patterns of erosion and deposition differ across spatial scales

A

local: local habitat features like woody debris or rocks alter water velocities and causes differing patterns of erosion and deposition of sediment on small scales
reach: river meanders will elf organize with the patterns of deposition and erosion on the inside and outside of curves

whole river: over thousands of years water will erode mountains and create valley, this sediment will be transported downstream until water velocities slow and then sediment is deposited

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4
Q

what does deposition/transportation of sediment downstream do

A

decreases slope of lower reaches which further decreases water velocity

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5
Q

how do rivers generally evolve to be like

A

steep and erosive headwaters

less steep, and where sediment is deposited in lower reaches

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6
Q

what is the role in erosion/deposition different parts of rivers do

A

headwaters : production

middley bit: transport and storage

lower reaches: deposition and storage

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7
Q

how does the seasonal patterns of water flows effect rivers

A

rivers are constantly shifting the distribution of river habitats

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8
Q

what is happening to floodplain rivers constantly

A

they are shifting habitat mosaic

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9
Q

what do different river habitats have

A

different water velocities, temperatures, and sediment sizes

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10
Q

what do different habitat types support

A

different types of life stages in species and a diversity of species

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11
Q

what are the four C’s that make a good salmon habitat

A

cold
clean
connected
complex

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12
Q

what may limit species like salmon with complex life stages

A

a specific life stage or habitat may limit the overall production of the population

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13
Q

what does a high reproductive capacity and a density dependence mean

A

high compensatory capacity

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14
Q

what is the stock- recruitment relationship

A

the relationship between the # of parents and the # of offspring they produce to the next generation

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15
Q

what are the Beaverton-holt and the Ricker relationships

A

2 common stock-recruit relationships used to describe the density dependent relationship in fish populations like salmon

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16
Q

what is general idea of Ricker model

A

at some point more individuals is bad for species

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17
Q

what is benefit of beaverton-holt and Ricker

A

B-T: follows reality more

R: easier for math and models

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18
Q

are beaverton-holt and Ricker models that realistic

A

no

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19
Q

what defines the maximum sustainable fish yield (MSY)

A

stock-recruit relationship

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20
Q

what is the MSY

A

maximum sustainable yield

max # fish you can harvest indefinitely

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21
Q

what else controls slalom abundance other than harvest

A

ocean climate
river conditions (temp and hydrology)
competition with pink salmon
freshwater habitat

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22
Q

how do different salmon populations differ

A

different life histories and adaptations

different exposure to stressors

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23
Q

what’s one way fisheries can be more stable

A

if the integrate across salmon diversity

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24
Q

what is a riparian

A

terrestrial area next to body of water

25
Q

what one: conifers or deciduous, are low/high quality food

A

conifers: low
deciduous: high

26
Q

where do stream salmonoids derive most of their energy from

A

terrestrial invertebrates that have fallen in

27
Q

what do fishes reaches do

A

provide food downstream

28
Q

what is habitat coupling

A

connection between 2 adjacent habitats

29
Q

how does riparian loss (logging ) affect temperature and as a result salmon

A

increases stream temp by 1-4 degrees C

this could benefit salmon (short term) and harm them

30
Q

how to trees influence hydrology

A

their roots overland water flows and they transpire water

31
Q

how does summer influence water flow

A

initially summer flows go up (good for fish) but then synchronized tree growth will decrease it (bad for fish)

32
Q

what does logging cause

A

flashier flows

33
Q

how do riparian plants influence sediment erosion

A

decrease it

34
Q

how does logging influence fine sediment outputs and how does this affect salmon

A

increases it

smothers the eggs

35
Q

how can sediment affect stream form

A

increased sediment can change stream form

36
Q

what do large woody debris do

A

provide habitats for fish
flow refuges
traps sediment and organic matter

37
Q

how does large woody debris end up in rivers

A

deposited by in fall and then buried and transported over time

38
Q

what one: conifer and deciduous, degrade slow/rapidly

A

confier : slow

deciduous: rapid

39
Q

what is riparian logging management now informed by

A

understanding how riparians affect streams

40
Q

what are the different types of streams (riparian management)

A

s1: large rivers, woody debris doesn’t play as essential as a role

s2-3: medium rivers with fish

s4: small streams with fish

41
Q

what are some of the best management practices for the different types of streams

A

S1: A reserve zone is not required.
• Retention rates should range from 70% retention to full.
• Favor maintenance of species, age, and size distributions.
• Retain wildlife trees.

S2-3: Have a reserve zone where timber practices are constrained
• Retain wildlife trees in management zone
• Manage windthrow hazard

S4: Reserve zone not required, but the follow practices should be considered.
• “Retain nonmerchantable confer trees, [and other plants] within 5 m of the channel to the fullest extent possible”.
• “Fall and yard away”
• “Remove dominant conifers and retain 50% of remaining
stems within 10m of channel”.
• “Retain all windfirm trees with roots embedded in the bank”

42
Q

what is an estuary

A

where river meets sea

43
Q

what are estuaries governed by

A

rivers
oceans
internal dynamics

44
Q

what are the different types of estuaries

A

fjord
bar - built
river deltas

45
Q

what are ocean’s inputs in estuaries

A

saltwater (upwelling nutrients)

tidal dynamics

marine detritus

animals

46
Q

what are the river’s inputs in estuaries

A

freshwater
sediments
dissolved particulate carbon
nutrients (oceans have more nutrients, but rivers have different nutrients)

47
Q

what is a salt wedge

A

when salt water and fresh water mix, salt water is heavier and it sinks

48
Q

what is a river plume

A

A river plume is a freshened water mass that is formed in the sea as a result of mixing of river discharge and saline seawater

49
Q

river inputs also mix horizontally, what way does it turn

A

north due to corals effect

50
Q

what influences the relative importance of oceans, river, and internal dynamics on estuaries

A 
size of river
physical setting (enclosed vs exposed)
51
Q

what are some of the functions of estuaries

A

nursing habitat

stop over habitat

52
Q

what are estuaries being squeezed by

A

sea level rising

coastal development

53
Q

how is the population of seals, sea lions, and orcas doing

A

seals : increasing
sea lions : mostly increasing
orcas: mixed
southern residents are struggling

54
Q

what is there increasing evidence for about hatchery pink salmon

A

they have negative effects on other salmon species

55
Q

has number of chinhook fished by humans increased or decreased in last 40 years

A

decreased

56
Q

has number of chinhook fished by marine mammals increased or decreased in last 40 years

A

increased 6 fold

57
Q

who harvests more chinhook marine mammals or humans

A

marine mammals

58
Q

what is the marine mammal protection act

A

enables recovery of marine mammals

prohibits take of marine mammals

59
Q

what is the pacific salmon treaty

A

mandates some level of protection and international management of salmon

Aquatic Ecology (3 decks)

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