Quiz 3 Flashcards
What does A stand for in REBT
Activating event.
What does B stand for in REBT
the belief surrounding/resulting from the event. Cognitive appraisal
What does C stand for in REBT
emotional consequences of the belief
What does D stand for in REBT
Encompasses methods that help clients challenges their irrational beliefs
disputes to challenges irrational beliefs
What does E stand for in REBT
new and effective belief system consists of replacing unhealthy irrational thoughts with healthy rational ones
What does F stand for in REBT
it is a new feeling, a nice and new balanced feeling
what are the 3 components of the D part of the REBT model
Detect- Detect irrational beliefs
Discriminate- Learning to discriminate irrational beliefs from rational beliefs
Debate- Debate dysfunctional beliefs by logically, empirically, and pragmatically questioning them
what is the detect component
Detect irrational beliefs
what is the discriminate component
Learning to discriminate irrational beliefs from rational beliefs
what is the debate component
Debate dysfunctional beliefs by logically, empirically, and pragmatically questioning them
define metacognition
is a skill set where we think about our thoughts. Thinking about your thinking
what are irrational beliefs
- When you’re upset, investigate your dogmatic “musts” or “shoulds’
- We learn irrational beliefs from significant others during childhood and then re-create these irrational beliefs these irrational beliefs throughout our life-time
- The musts and should lead to self-defeat
- we have A tendency to make and keep ourselves emotionally disturbed by internalizing and perpetuating self-defeating beliefs which is one of the reasons it is a real challenge to achieve and maintain goal psychological health
goal of REBT
to minimize emotional disturbances & self-defeating behaviours by acquiring a more realistic, workable, and compassionate philosophy.
define Rational emotive imagery:
imaging your worst fear happening, describe it in detail, describe the feelings in detail, and then work on changing the potentially unhelpful or fixed or biased belief systems that go hand in hand with the worst fear case scenario
define invitro exposure
exposing yourself to a fear, worry, etc. in the condition of the therapy office
define paradoxical behaviours
if you are scared of something, try to do the opposite ex. if you are shy, try to self out of character
what is the challenges with REBT
very philosophically based, not necessarily based on someone’s lived experience, kind of based on what ellis believed was rational and irrational
define unconditioned self-acceptance
accepting oneself unconditionally
define unconditional other-acceptance
accepting other people unconditionally
define unconditional life-acceptance
unconditionally accepting life as it is
in cognitive therapy how is depression maintained
- Depression is maintained by negative views about the world, negative vews about the future, and negative views about oneself
what is Negative views about oneself in depression
self critiscm
what is Negative views about the world in depression
pessimism
what is Negative views about the future in depression
helplessness
what are the three theoretical assumptions of cognitive therapy
o (1) that people’s thought processes are accessible to introspection
o (2) that people’s beliefs have highly personal meanings
o (3) that people can discover these meanings themselves rather than being taught or having them interpreted by the therapist
define All or nothing thinking/overgeneralization
o Holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings
define Magnification and minimization
o Perceiving a case or situation in a greater or lesser light than it truly deserves
You might make this cognitive error by assuming that even minor mistakes in counseling a client could easily create a crisis for the individual and might result in psychological damage.
define Labeling and mislabeling
o Portraying one’s identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one’s true identity
define Personalization
o Tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves even when there is no basis for making this connection
define Selective abstraction
o consists of forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event while ignoring other information.
define Arbitrary inferences/ jumping to conclusions
o conclusions drawn without supporting evidence. This includes “catastrophizing,” or thinking of the absolute worst scenario and outcomes for most situations.
define Dichotomous thinking
involves categorizing experiences in either-or extremes. With such polarized thinking
what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for depression
Negative view of self, future
what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for Mania
Inflated view of self, world, future
what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for anxiety
Heightened expectation of physical, psychological danger
what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for panic disorder
Catastrophic interpretation of bodily/ mental experiences
what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for phobia
Sense of danger in specific situations
what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for paranoia
Attribution of bias to other as being mal- intentioned
what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for anorexia
Preoccupation with being over weight
what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for hypochondriasis
Attribution of serious medical disorder
what was the 1st wave of feminism concerned with
- The first wave (1830’s- early 1900s)
- Women’s fight for suffrage & property rights
- Sufferagette movement: voting for women
what was the 2nd wave of feminism concerned with
- Addressing additional social issues:
o Workplace rights, equal pay, sexuality, family and reproductive rights
o Often criticized… why - Sort of dismissed on being still focused a lot on middle class white women
what was the 3rd wave of feminism concerned with
- Micropolitics of gender equality: black feminists/ womanism, social feminists, liberal/ reformist feminists, eco- feminists, radical feminists, etc.
- Addressing violence against women
- Challenging heterosexuality, heteronormativity
- Avoidance of essentialist definitions of femininity
- Intersectionality
what is a social feminist
- Social feminists are interested in the sort of Marxist lens of labor exploitation and what happens in the workplace
what is a liberal feminist
they go through the existing channel through legal reform and political form to climb up the ladder in order to make changes from within in order to bring about equality
what is a eco feminist
- Eco feminism is that the idea that the oppression and subordination of women stems form the same sort of patriarchal ideology that has brining about domination of the earth and its animals
what is a radical feminist
basically want to destroy the patriarchy and all government systems
what was the 4th wave of feminism concerned with
the one we are currently in
- Moving beyond the narrow focus of gender and just focusing on human rights
- Anti-oppression
- More internet based focused on social media activism
- Queer positive, sex positive, trans inclusive, anti-misandrist (hating men) and its body positive
what is feminist counselling
built on the premise that it is essential to consider the social, cultural, and political context that contributes to a person’s problems in order to understand that person.
what is feminist psychotherapy
a philosophical orientation that lends itself to an integration of feminist, multicultural, and social justice concepts with a variety of psychotherapy approaches
what is feminist perspective
offers a unique approach to understanding the roles that women and men with diverse social identities and experiences have been social- ized to accept and to bringing this understanding into the therapeutic process. The socialization of women with multiple social identities inevitably affects their identity development, self-concept, goals and aspirations, and emotional well-being
what kind of feminist was bonnie Burstow
- Radical feminist
define androcentric
o Using male- oriented constructs to draw conclusions about human nature
define gender schema
o An organized set of mental associations people use to interpret their perceptions about gender
define gender-fair approaches
o Explains differences in behaviour of women and men in terms of socialization process rather than on bias of our innate natures
define life span perspective
o Human development as a lifelong process, with ongoing personality and behavioural changes
what are the principles of feminist theory
- the personal is political commitment to social change marginalized voices are honoured egalitarian therapeutic alliance strengths- based focus reformulation of distress relational cultural theory
what is the person is political mean
what happens politically affects me personally. Ex. reproductive rights affects me personally
o I cannot be separate from your political environment
what does egalitarian in nature mean
not being the expert and having equal grounds in therapy
what is the feminist theories view on the disease model
in feminist principle they would say that mental illness is a communication of an unjust system. Your mental illness is a representation of the injustice you are experiencing
what is relational- cultural theory
elaborated on the vital role that relationships and connectedness with other play in the lives of women
o these scholars suggest that a woman’s sense of identity and self-concept develop in the context of relationships. They describe a process of relational movement in which women move through connections, disconnections, and enhanced transformative relationships throughout their lives
o aim to lessen the suffering cause by disconnection and isolation, and increase clients’ capacity for relational resilience, develop mutual empathy and mutual empowerment, and foster social justice
what are the therapeutic goals of feminist theory
- Equality
- Balancing interdependence
- Self-nurturing
- Empowerment
- Social change
- Valuing & affirming diversity
what is the overarching goal of feminist therapy
: replace the current patriarchy with a feminist consciousness
what did Aristotle believe about women
- Aristotle said that women were inferior to men and that women should be the property of men and that women are only needed for childbearing
define patriarchy
- Patriarchy is a social context that offers primary power to men and gives men moral authority and political leadership and social privilege and economic power
define epistemology
a philosophical field that explores the questions: what is the nature of knowledge, what does it mean to know, how do we know what we know.
define rationalism
head centered claims to truth: that which is logical and consistent is true
define empiricism
rationalism + systematically verified evidence (controlled experiments) that which I can prove to my senses is true (scientific method)
define pragmatism
: truth is revealed in practical life experience (time tested results): that which bears fruit & works is true. What can be reasonably done that has shown or proven to be effectiveness
define authority/ authoritative
appeals to authority to prove your point: what experts say is true
define revelation
higher power truth. That which god reveals is true
what was the way of knowing in the pre modern time
revelation
what was the way of knowing in the modern time
- Empiricism
- Reason/logic
science & reason
what was the way of knowing in the post modern time
o Ways of knowing: multiple
define epistemological pluralism
the idea that there are multiple ways of knowing, there are multiple epistemologies
what is the philosophical quagmire in post modernist thinking
- There is no single truth, there’s just perspective
- But when you make the claim that there is no single truth, you are making a statement that is believed to be true
define internal experiences
thoughts, feelings, emotions, beliefs, etc.
o How can we examine our internal experience?
define social constructionism
psychological expression of this postmodern worldview; it values the client’s reality without disputing whether it is accurate or rational
o Any understanding of reality is based on the use of language and is largely a function of the situations in which people live
how are internal experiences expressed in post modernism approaches
through language
where does post modernist approach believe our problem lies
: the problem is embedded in the stories we tell about ourselves, the stories we tell about our lives. How we tell stories about ourselves and how language mediates experience
what are the principles of post modern therapies
- Examine storied lives
- Therapist is a collaborator:
- Generate a new meaning
- Consider sub-dominant narratives:
- Deconstruct discourses
what does the Examine storied lives principle of post modern therapies mean
the problem is embedded in the stories we tell about ourselves, the stories we tell about our lives. How we tell stories about ourselves and how language mediates experience
what does the Therapist is a collaborator principle of post modern therapies mean
the therapist is encouraged to take a sort of not knowing stance/ open curiosity
what does the Generate a new meaning principle of post modern therapies mean
finding new meanings for things. Unpacking layers of subjective meaning and then to generate new meaning to re-story our lives in stories that are more adaptive, healing, and stories that honour us
what does the Consider sub-dominant narratives principle of post modern therapies mean
other stories that we don’t pay much attention to
what does the Deconstruct discourses principle of post modern therapies mean
drawing from other therapies.
define problem talk
o Not focusing on talking about the problem rather talking about the solution
define separating the person from the problem
o Pulling apart the person from the problem after we feel fuzzed to our problems rather than I am whole person and I have this problem
define miracle question
o If a miracle happened and the problem you have was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different?” Clients are then encouraged to enact “what would be different” in spite of perceived problems
what is the main technique of SFBT
miracle question
define scaling questions
o scaling questions when change in human experiences are not easily observed, such as feelings, moods, or communication, and to assist clients in noticing that they are not completely defeated by their problem
o On a scale of zero to 10, with zero being how you felt when you first came to therapy and 10 being how you feel the day after your miracle occurs and your problem is gone, how would you rate your anxiety right now
define exceptions
o Exceptions: past experiences in a client’s life when it would be reasonable to have expected the problem to occur but somehow it did not
o Exception questions are asked to direct clients to times when the problem did not exist, or when the problem was not as intense
what are the basic assumptions of SFBT
o Understanding problem does not equal finding solution
You do not have to understand the problem to find a solution
o People can create their own solutions
The idea that people can create their own solutions
o Small changes lead to large changes
People are already health and capable that even very small improvements and changes can lead to big positive outcomes
o There are exceptions to every problem
Even though the problem might feel all-consuming there are always little exceptions to be found that presents solutions
o No issue is constant
Clients are experts in their own lives and clients can be trusted to find their own solutions. They sort of need a coach to help them
No issues is constant
what are the goals of SFBT
- Stated positively in the client’s language
- Action oriented
- Structured in the here-and-now
- Attainable, concrete, specific, measurable
- Controlled by the client
define customer
collaborative identification of problem & solution to work toward. Takes an active role and really participates
define complainant
client describes problem, but it is unable/willing to take active role in constructing a solution. Not really ready for change. Not taking an active role
define visitor
client comes to therapy because someone else thinks she/he/they have a problem
define normalizing judgement
any kind of judgement that locates a person on a normal curve and is used to assess intelligence, mental health, or normal behaviour
define double listening
when therapists begin to separate the person from the problem in their mind as they listen and respond
what are the elements of narrative therapy
o Move problem stories toward externalized descriptions of problems
o Map the effects of a problem on the individual
o Invite the individual to evaluate the problem and its effects
o Listen to signs of strength and competence in an individual’s problem- saturated stories
o Build a new story of competence and document these achievements
what is the goal of narrative therapy
to invite people to describe their experience in new and fresh language. By doing this, they open new vistas of what is possible. The new language enables clients to develop new meanings for problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
defne externalization
is a process of separating the person from identifying with the problem
- People can describe the experience in a few fresh language to open up different ways of understanding it
strengths of narrative therapy
- Social constructionism is congruent with the philosophy of multiculturalism
- Helping in multiculturalism because every culture has a different orientation, lens and understand that we don’t have one central authority
- Clients are encouraged to explore how their realities are being constructed out of cultural discourse and the consequences that follow from such constructions
- Narrative therapy is grounded in sociocultural context
limitations of narrative therapy
- Adopting a not knowing stance may lead clients from some cultures to lose confidence in the therapist
- Sometime people come to therapy because they want an authority figure to tell them how to solve a problem
- Postmodern- oriented therapist must convey to clients that they have expertise in the therapeutic process, but clients are the experts in knowing what they want in life
define negative feedback
returns system to homeostasis
o Brings the system back to the norm
o Ex. not talking about the problems so that the system is not disrupted
define positive feedback
amplification leading to change
define circular causality
the idea that we have feedback loops and that any kind of information input and output gets processed. There are feedback loops that change things
goal of family systems therapy
to address maladaptive family interactional patters
goal of family systems therapy: structural change
address rigid and repetitive patterns
goal of family systems therapy: cognitive change
gain insight to values, beliefs, purpose, and meaning
goal of family systems therapy: behavioural change
emerges from enactments that offer insight and emotional change
goal of family systems therapy: experiential change
address emotions in negative sequences
how does family systems therapy view symptoms
- Symptoms are viewed as an expression of a dysfunction within a family
define problem child
- Identified patient is the “problem child” in the family but in reality they are just identifying the problems that are present within the family
define first order change
o Attempt to change, but doesn’t really impact the system in the way we needed to have a positive feedback loop to take place
o Behavioural change
o Doesn’t impact the rules of the system
o Ie. Rather than arguing with your partner (as you typically do), you ignore them
The rule or standard of hostility remains
define second order change
o Behavioural change that violates the rules of the system
o Results in a positive feedback loop
o We want to do a lot of second order change to bring about lasting change
o Ie. Rather than arguing with your partner, one of you breaks out in a silly dance
The rule or standard of hostility is interrupted
what is reframing
change perspectives, change meanings
o We change our perspective, our thinking on something
o Relabeling a problematic behaviour to putting into a new or more positive perspective to emphasize that there’s actually a good intention behind this person’s behaviour
o Challenges the meaning, but not the facts of the event
what is therapeutic double blinds
paradoxical interventions, exaggerate symptoms
o Getting someone to exaggerate what they’re doing and the ridiculousness they are engaging in
what is enactment
playing conflict in session
o Watch the conflict take shape in session
what is family sculpting
director role and physical arrangements
o The therapist plays a director role and the people sort of enact conflict again
what is cognitive restructing
modifying perceptions
o Modifying someone’s perspective of what’s happening to come up with a new balanced thought
what is miracle question
: if the problem were solved, what would be different
o Seen in post modern and solution focused
what is externalization
seeing the problem outside of ourselves
o Seen in narrative
what is circular questioning
questions that attend to relationships
o A way to ask questions to draw from each other’s relationship knowledge and perspective
define differentiation of self
the ability to be in emotional contact with other yet still autonomous in one’s own emotional functioning is the essence of the concept of differentiation
o Still connecting with someone while maintaining healthy boundaries
define fusion
fusion or lack of differentiation is where individual choices are a set aside in service of achieving harmony in the system
what is triangulation
o Three person relationship
o Building block of the larger family emotional system because that triangle is the smallest table emotional system
what is nuclear family emotional system
o Within the nuclear family is there conflict between the partners, impairment in a child, emotional distance in the family
what is family projection process
o How do parents transmit or project their emotional problems onto their kids and the kid then absorb these emotional problems
what is multigenerational transmission process
o How small differences in the level of differentiation between parents and their offspring lead over many generations to differences in differentiation
what is emotional cut-off
o People who are sort of managing their unresolved emotional issues with their family members by having to cut off emotional contact with them like they just can’t bear to be in the relationship because its so loaded in their family
what is sibling position
o Based on what sibling position you are, you will display certain emotions
o The older children tend to gravitate towards leadership positions
o The youngest children prefer to be followers
o No position is better than another
what is societal emotional process
o Some of these ideas can be replicated in non-family social groups
o There are emotional systems that govern the behaviour of people on a more societal level at the workplace and also in institutions and other places
who tends to be the symptom bearer
- The people who are most fused in the system tend to be the symptom bearer
define closed system- disengaged families
rigid boundaries, not sharing anything
define open system- enmeshed families
intertwined, sharing a lot of private stuff and sometimes sharing too much
what is the superreasonable communication stance
o Just wants to use logic, they do not feel anything
o Only focusing on the context
what is the irrelevant communication stance
o Changes the subject with they’re uncomfortable
o Inappropriate laughter
o Conflict avoidance
what is the leveling communication stance
o The one who is congruent
o Calm and peaceful
o Congruence between the outside and inside
o Thoughts and feelings reflect behaviour
what is the placating communication stance
o Does not like conflict, trying to stop the fighting
o Not focusing on their own needs, focusing on everyone else’s needs
what is the blaming communication stance
o Blaming other people for the problem
o Focusing on his or her needs, not focusing on everyone else’s needs
