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Psychotherapy > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does A stand for in REBT

A

Activating event.

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2
Q

What does B stand for in REBT

A

the belief surrounding/resulting from the event. Cognitive appraisal

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3
Q

What does C stand for in REBT

A

emotional consequences of the belief

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4
Q

What does D stand for in REBT

A

Encompasses methods that help clients challenges their irrational beliefs

disputes to challenges irrational beliefs

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5
Q

What does E stand for in REBT

A

new and effective belief system consists of replacing unhealthy irrational thoughts with healthy rational ones

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6
Q

What does F stand for in REBT

A

it is a new feeling, a nice and new balanced feeling

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7
Q

what are the 3 components of the D part of the REBT model

A

 Detect- Detect irrational beliefs
 Discriminate- Learning to discriminate irrational beliefs from rational beliefs
 Debate- Debate dysfunctional beliefs by logically, empirically, and pragmatically questioning them

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8
Q

what is the detect component

A

Detect irrational beliefs

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9
Q

what is the discriminate component

A

Learning to discriminate irrational beliefs from rational beliefs

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10
Q

what is the debate component

A

Debate dysfunctional beliefs by logically, empirically, and pragmatically questioning them

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11
Q

define metacognition

A

is a skill set where we think about our thoughts. Thinking about your thinking

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12
Q

what are irrational beliefs

A
  • When you’re upset, investigate your dogmatic “musts” or “shoulds’
  • We learn irrational beliefs from significant others during childhood and then re-create these irrational beliefs these irrational beliefs throughout our life-time
  • The musts and should lead to self-defeat
  • we have A tendency to make and keep ourselves emotionally disturbed by internalizing and perpetuating self-defeating beliefs which is one of the reasons it is a real challenge to achieve and maintain goal psychological health
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13
Q

goal of REBT

A

to minimize emotional disturbances & self-defeating behaviours by acquiring a more realistic, workable, and compassionate philosophy.

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14
Q

define Rational emotive imagery:

A

imaging your worst fear happening, describe it in detail, describe the feelings in detail, and then work on changing the potentially unhelpful or fixed or biased belief systems that go hand in hand with the worst fear case scenario

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15
Q

define invitro exposure

A

exposing yourself to a fear, worry, etc. in the condition of the therapy office

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16
Q

define paradoxical behaviours

A

if you are scared of something, try to do the opposite ex. if you are shy, try to self out of character

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17
Q

what is the challenges with REBT

A

very philosophically based, not necessarily based on someone’s lived experience, kind of based on what ellis believed was rational and irrational

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18
Q

define unconditioned self-acceptance

A

accepting oneself unconditionally

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19
Q

define unconditional other-acceptance

A

accepting other people unconditionally

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20
Q

define unconditional life-acceptance

A

unconditionally accepting life as it is

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21
Q

in cognitive therapy how is depression maintained

A
  • Depression is maintained by negative views about the world, negative vews about the future, and negative views about oneself
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22
Q

what is Negative views about oneself in depression

A

self critiscm

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23
Q

what is Negative views about the world in depression

A

pessimism

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24
Q

what is Negative views about the future in depression

A

helplessness

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25
Q

what are the three theoretical assumptions of cognitive therapy

A

o (1) that people’s thought processes are accessible to introspection
o (2) that people’s beliefs have highly personal meanings
o (3) that people can discover these meanings themselves rather than being taught or having them interpreted by the therapist

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26
Q

define All or nothing thinking/overgeneralization

A

o Holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings

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27
Q

define Magnification and minimization

A

o Perceiving a case or situation in a greater or lesser light than it truly deserves
 You might make this cognitive error by assuming that even minor mistakes in counseling a client could easily create a crisis for the individual and might result in psychological damage.

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28
Q

define Labeling and mislabeling

A

o Portraying one’s identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one’s true identity

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29
Q

define Personalization

A

o Tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves even when there is no basis for making this connection

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30
Q

define Selective abstraction

A

o consists of forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event while ignoring other information.

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31
Q

define Arbitrary inferences/ jumping to conclusions

A

o conclusions drawn without supporting evidence. This includes “catastrophizing,” or thinking of the absolute worst scenario and outcomes for most situations.

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32
Q

define Dichotomous thinking

A

involves categorizing experiences in either-or extremes. With such polarized thinking

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33
Q

what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for depression

A

Negative view of self, future

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34
Q

what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for Mania

A

Inflated view of self, world, future

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35
Q

what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for anxiety

A

Heightened expectation of physical, psychological danger

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36
Q

what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for panic disorder

A

Catastrophic interpretation of bodily/ mental experiences

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37
Q

what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for phobia

A

Sense of danger in specific situations

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38
Q

what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for paranoia

A

Attribution of bias to other as being mal- intentioned

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39
Q

what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for anorexia

A

Preoccupation with being over weight

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40
Q

what is the systematic bias/cognitive error for hypochondriasis

A

Attribution of serious medical disorder

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41
Q

what was the 1st wave of feminism concerned with

A
  • The first wave (1830’s- early 1900s)
  • Women’s fight for suffrage & property rights
  • Sufferagette movement: voting for women
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42
Q

what was the 2nd wave of feminism concerned with

A
  • Addressing additional social issues:
    o Workplace rights, equal pay, sexuality, family and reproductive rights
    o Often criticized… why
  • Sort of dismissed on being still focused a lot on middle class white women
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43
Q

what was the 3rd wave of feminism concerned with

A
  • Micropolitics of gender equality: black feminists/ womanism, social feminists, liberal/ reformist feminists, eco- feminists, radical feminists, etc.
  • Addressing violence against women
  • Challenging heterosexuality, heteronormativity
  • Avoidance of essentialist definitions of femininity
  • Intersectionality
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44
Q

what is a social feminist

A
  • Social feminists are interested in the sort of Marxist lens of labor exploitation and what happens in the workplace
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45
Q

what is a liberal feminist

A

they go through the existing channel through legal reform and political form to climb up the ladder in order to make changes from within in order to bring about equality

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46
Q

what is a eco feminist

A
  • Eco feminism is that the idea that the oppression and subordination of women stems form the same sort of patriarchal ideology that has brining about domination of the earth and its animals
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47
Q

what is a radical feminist

A

basically want to destroy the patriarchy and all government systems

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48
Q

what was the 4th wave of feminism concerned with

A

the one we are currently in

  • Moving beyond the narrow focus of gender and just focusing on human rights
  • Anti-oppression
  • More internet based focused on social media activism
  • Queer positive, sex positive, trans inclusive, anti-misandrist (hating men) and its body positive
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49
Q

what is feminist counselling

A

built on the premise that it is essential to consider the social, cultural, and political context that contributes to a person’s problems in order to understand that person.

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50
Q

what is feminist psychotherapy

A

a philosophical orientation that lends itself to an integration of feminist, multicultural, and social justice concepts with a variety of psychotherapy approaches

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51
Q

what is feminist perspective

A

offers a unique approach to understanding the roles that women and men with diverse social identities and experiences have been social- ized to accept and to bringing this understanding into the therapeutic process. The socialization of women with multiple social identities inevitably affects their identity development, self-concept, goals and aspirations, and emotional well-being

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52
Q

what kind of feminist was bonnie Burstow

A
  • Radical feminist
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53
Q

define androcentric

A

o Using male- oriented constructs to draw conclusions about human nature

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54
Q

define gender schema

A

o An organized set of mental associations people use to interpret their perceptions about gender

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55
Q

define gender-fair approaches

A

o Explains differences in behaviour of women and men in terms of socialization process rather than on bias of our innate natures

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56
Q

define life span perspective

A

o Human development as a lifelong process, with ongoing personality and behavioural changes

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57
Q

what are the principles of feminist theory

A 
-	the personal is political
commitment to social change 
marginalized voices are honoured
egalitarian therapeutic alliance 
strengths- based focus
reformulation of distress
relational cultural theory
58
Q

what is the person is political mean

A

what happens politically affects me personally. Ex. reproductive rights affects me personally
o I cannot be separate from your political environment

59
Q

what does egalitarian in nature mean

A

not being the expert and having equal grounds in therapy

60
Q

what is the feminist theories view on the disease model

A

in feminist principle they would say that mental illness is a communication of an unjust system. Your mental illness is a representation of the injustice you are experiencing

61
Q

what is relational- cultural theory

A

elaborated on the vital role that relationships and connectedness with other play in the lives of women
o these scholars suggest that a woman’s sense of identity and self-concept develop in the context of relationships. They describe a process of relational movement in which women move through connections, disconnections, and enhanced transformative relationships throughout their lives
o aim to lessen the suffering cause by disconnection and isolation, and increase clients’ capacity for relational resilience, develop mutual empathy and mutual empowerment, and foster social justice

62
Q

what are the therapeutic goals of feminist theory

A
  1. Equality
  2. Balancing interdependence
  3. Self-nurturing
  4. Empowerment
  5. Social change
  6. Valuing & affirming diversity
63
Q

what is the overarching goal of feminist therapy

A

: replace the current patriarchy with a feminist consciousness

64
Q

what did Aristotle believe about women

A
  • Aristotle said that women were inferior to men and that women should be the property of men and that women are only needed for childbearing
65
Q

define patriarchy

A
  • Patriarchy is a social context that offers primary power to men and gives men moral authority and political leadership and social privilege and economic power
66
Q

define epistemology

A

a philosophical field that explores the questions: what is the nature of knowledge, what does it mean to know, how do we know what we know.

67
Q

define rationalism

A

head centered claims to truth: that which is logical and consistent is true

68
Q

define empiricism

A

rationalism + systematically verified evidence (controlled experiments) that which I can prove to my senses is true (scientific method)

69
Q

define pragmatism

A

: truth is revealed in practical life experience (time tested results): that which bears fruit & works is true. What can be reasonably done that has shown or proven to be effectiveness

70
Q

define authority/ authoritative

A

appeals to authority to prove your point: what experts say is true

71
Q

define revelation

A

higher power truth. That which god reveals is true

72
Q

what was the way of knowing in the pre modern time

A

revelation

73
Q

what was the way of knowing in the modern time

A
  1. Empiricism
  2. Reason/logic
    science & reason
74
Q

what was the way of knowing in the post modern time

A

o Ways of knowing: multiple

75
Q

define epistemological pluralism

A

the idea that there are multiple ways of knowing, there are multiple epistemologies

76
Q

what is the philosophical quagmire in post modernist thinking

A
  • There is no single truth, there’s just perspective

- But when you make the claim that there is no single truth, you are making a statement that is believed to be true

77
Q

define internal experiences

A

thoughts, feelings, emotions, beliefs, etc.

o How can we examine our internal experience?

78
Q

define social constructionism

A

psychological expression of this postmodern worldview; it values the client’s reality without disputing whether it is accurate or rational
o Any understanding of reality is based on the use of language and is largely a function of the situations in which people live

79
Q

how are internal experiences expressed in post modernism approaches

A

through language

80
Q

where does post modernist approach believe our problem lies

A

: the problem is embedded in the stories we tell about ourselves, the stories we tell about our lives. How we tell stories about ourselves and how language mediates experience

81
Q

what are the principles of post modern therapies

A
  • Examine storied lives
  • Therapist is a collaborator:
  • Generate a new meaning
  • Consider sub-dominant narratives:
  • Deconstruct discourses
82
Q

what does the Examine storied lives principle of post modern therapies mean

A

the problem is embedded in the stories we tell about ourselves, the stories we tell about our lives. How we tell stories about ourselves and how language mediates experience

83
Q

what does the Therapist is a collaborator principle of post modern therapies mean

A

the therapist is encouraged to take a sort of not knowing stance/ open curiosity

84
Q

what does the Generate a new meaning principle of post modern therapies mean

A

finding new meanings for things. Unpacking layers of subjective meaning and then to generate new meaning to re-story our lives in stories that are more adaptive, healing, and stories that honour us

85
Q

what does the Consider sub-dominant narratives principle of post modern therapies mean

A

other stories that we don’t pay much attention to

86
Q

what does the Deconstruct discourses principle of post modern therapies mean

A

drawing from other therapies.

87
Q

define problem talk

A

o Not focusing on talking about the problem rather talking about the solution

88
Q

define separating the person from the problem

A

o Pulling apart the person from the problem after we feel fuzzed to our problems rather than I am whole person and I have this problem

89
Q

define miracle question

A

o If a miracle happened and the problem you have was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different?” Clients are then encouraged to enact “what would be different” in spite of perceived problems

90
Q

what is the main technique of SFBT

A

miracle question

91
Q

define scaling questions

A

o scaling questions when change in human experiences are not easily observed, such as feelings, moods, or communication, and to assist clients in noticing that they are not completely defeated by their problem
o On a scale of zero to 10, with zero being how you felt when you first came to therapy and 10 being how you feel the day after your miracle occurs and your problem is gone, how would you rate your anxiety right now

92
Q

define exceptions

A

o Exceptions: past experiences in a client’s life when it would be reasonable to have expected the problem to occur but somehow it did not
o Exception questions are asked to direct clients to times when the problem did not exist, or when the problem was not as intense

93
Q

what are the basic assumptions of SFBT

A

o Understanding problem does not equal finding solution
 You do not have to understand the problem to find a solution
o People can create their own solutions
 The idea that people can create their own solutions
o Small changes lead to large changes
 People are already health and capable that even very small improvements and changes can lead to big positive outcomes
o There are exceptions to every problem
 Even though the problem might feel all-consuming there are always little exceptions to be found that presents solutions
o No issue is constant
 Clients are experts in their own lives and clients can be trusted to find their own solutions. They sort of need a coach to help them
 No issues is constant

94
Q

what are the goals of SFBT

A
  1. Stated positively in the client’s language
  2. Action oriented
  3. Structured in the here-and-now
  4. Attainable, concrete, specific, measurable
  5. Controlled by the client
95
Q

define customer

A

collaborative identification of problem & solution to work toward. Takes an active role and really participates

96
Q

define complainant

A

client describes problem, but it is unable/willing to take active role in constructing a solution. Not really ready for change. Not taking an active role

97
Q

define visitor

A

client comes to therapy because someone else thinks she/he/they have a problem

98
Q

define normalizing judgement

A

any kind of judgement that locates a person on a normal curve and is used to assess intelligence, mental health, or normal behaviour

99
Q

define double listening

A

when therapists begin to separate the person from the problem in their mind as they listen and respond

100
Q

what are the elements of narrative therapy

A

o Move problem stories toward externalized descriptions of problems
o Map the effects of a problem on the individual
o Invite the individual to evaluate the problem and its effects
o Listen to signs of strength and competence in an individual’s problem- saturated stories
o Build a new story of competence and document these achievements

101
Q

what is the goal of narrative therapy

A

to invite people to describe their experience in new and fresh language. By doing this, they open new vistas of what is possible. The new language enables clients to develop new meanings for problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

102
Q

defne externalization

A

is a process of separating the person from identifying with the problem
- People can describe the experience in a few fresh language to open up different ways of understanding it

103
Q

strengths of narrative therapy

A
  • Social constructionism is congruent with the philosophy of multiculturalism
  • Helping in multiculturalism because every culture has a different orientation, lens and understand that we don’t have one central authority
  • Clients are encouraged to explore how their realities are being constructed out of cultural discourse and the consequences that follow from such constructions
  • Narrative therapy is grounded in sociocultural context
104
Q

limitations of narrative therapy

A
  • Adopting a not knowing stance may lead clients from some cultures to lose confidence in the therapist
  • Sometime people come to therapy because they want an authority figure to tell them how to solve a problem
  • Postmodern- oriented therapist must convey to clients that they have expertise in the therapeutic process, but clients are the experts in knowing what they want in life
105
Q

define negative feedback

A

returns system to homeostasis
o Brings the system back to the norm
o Ex. not talking about the problems so that the system is not disrupted

106
Q

define positive feedback

A

amplification leading to change

107
Q

define circular causality

A

the idea that we have feedback loops and that any kind of information input and output gets processed. There are feedback loops that change things

108
Q

goal of family systems therapy

A

to address maladaptive family interactional patters

109
Q

goal of family systems therapy: structural change

A

address rigid and repetitive patterns

110
Q

goal of family systems therapy: cognitive change

A

gain insight to values, beliefs, purpose, and meaning

111
Q

goal of family systems therapy: behavioural change

A

emerges from enactments that offer insight and emotional change

112
Q

goal of family systems therapy: experiential change

A

address emotions in negative sequences

113
Q

how does family systems therapy view symptoms

A
  • Symptoms are viewed as an expression of a dysfunction within a family
114
Q

define problem child

A
  • Identified patient is the “problem child” in the family but in reality they are just identifying the problems that are present within the family
115
Q

define first order change

A

o Attempt to change, but doesn’t really impact the system in the way we needed to have a positive feedback loop to take place
o Behavioural change
o Doesn’t impact the rules of the system
o Ie. Rather than arguing with your partner (as you typically do), you ignore them
 The rule or standard of hostility remains

116
Q

define second order change

A

o Behavioural change that violates the rules of the system
o Results in a positive feedback loop
o We want to do a lot of second order change to bring about lasting change
o Ie. Rather than arguing with your partner, one of you breaks out in a silly dance
 The rule or standard of hostility is interrupted

117
Q

what is reframing

A

change perspectives, change meanings
o We change our perspective, our thinking on something
o Relabeling a problematic behaviour to putting into a new or more positive perspective to emphasize that there’s actually a good intention behind this person’s behaviour
o Challenges the meaning, but not the facts of the event

118
Q

what is therapeutic double blinds

A

paradoxical interventions, exaggerate symptoms

o Getting someone to exaggerate what they’re doing and the ridiculousness they are engaging in

119
Q

what is enactment

A

playing conflict in session

o Watch the conflict take shape in session

120
Q

what is family sculpting

A

director role and physical arrangements

o The therapist plays a director role and the people sort of enact conflict again

121
Q

what is cognitive restructing

A

modifying perceptions

o Modifying someone’s perspective of what’s happening to come up with a new balanced thought

122
Q

what is miracle question

A

: if the problem were solved, what would be different

o Seen in post modern and solution focused

123
Q

what is externalization

A

seeing the problem outside of ourselves

o Seen in narrative

124
Q

what is circular questioning

A

questions that attend to relationships

o A way to ask questions to draw from each other’s relationship knowledge and perspective

125
Q

define differentiation of self

A

the ability to be in emotional contact with other yet still autonomous in one’s own emotional functioning is the essence of the concept of differentiation
o Still connecting with someone while maintaining healthy boundaries

126
Q

define fusion

A

fusion or lack of differentiation is where individual choices are a set aside in service of achieving harmony in the system

127
Q

what is triangulation

A

o Three person relationship

o Building block of the larger family emotional system because that triangle is the smallest table emotional system

128
Q

what is nuclear family emotional system

A

o Within the nuclear family is there conflict between the partners, impairment in a child, emotional distance in the family

129
Q

what is family projection process

A

o How do parents transmit or project their emotional problems onto their kids and the kid then absorb these emotional problems

130
Q

what is multigenerational transmission process

A

o How small differences in the level of differentiation between parents and their offspring lead over many generations to differences in differentiation

131
Q

what is emotional cut-off

A

o People who are sort of managing their unresolved emotional issues with their family members by having to cut off emotional contact with them like they just can’t bear to be in the relationship because its so loaded in their family

132
Q

what is sibling position

A

o Based on what sibling position you are, you will display certain emotions
o The older children tend to gravitate towards leadership positions
o The youngest children prefer to be followers
o No position is better than another

133
Q

what is societal emotional process

A

o Some of these ideas can be replicated in non-family social groups
o There are emotional systems that govern the behaviour of people on a more societal level at the workplace and also in institutions and other places

134
Q

who tends to be the symptom bearer

A
  • The people who are most fused in the system tend to be the symptom bearer
135
Q

define closed system- disengaged families

A

rigid boundaries, not sharing anything

136
Q

define open system- enmeshed families

A

intertwined, sharing a lot of private stuff and sometimes sharing too much

137
Q

what is the superreasonable communication stance

A

o Just wants to use logic, they do not feel anything

o Only focusing on the context

138
Q

what is the irrelevant communication stance

A

o Changes the subject with they’re uncomfortable
o Inappropriate laughter
o Conflict avoidance

139
Q

what is the leveling communication stance

A

o The one who is congruent
o Calm and peaceful
o Congruence between the outside and inside
o Thoughts and feelings reflect behaviour

140
Q

what is the placating communication stance

A

o Does not like conflict, trying to stop the fighting

o Not focusing on their own needs, focusing on everyone else’s needs

141
Q

what is the blaming communication stance

A

o Blaming other people for the problem

o Focusing on his or her needs, not focusing on everyone else’s needs

Psychotherapy (3 decks)

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