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Psychotherapy > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is counselling

A

the skilled and principled use of relationship to facilitate self-knowledge, emotional acceptance and growth and the optimal development of personal resources.

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2
Q

what is the overall aim of counselling

A

to provide an opportunity to work towards living more satisfyingly and resourcefully.

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3
Q

define theory

A

A supposition of a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the things to be explained
A set of principles on which the practice of an activity is based
An idea used to account for a situation or justify a course of action

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4
Q

define technique

A

o How do you put the theory into practice
o The applied part of psychology
o The manner and ability with which an artist, writer, dancer, athlete or the like employs the technical skills or a particular art or field of endeavor
o The body of specialized procedures and methods used in any specific field, especially in an area of applied science

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5
Q

define technical skill

A

ability to apply procedures or methods so as to effect a desired result

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6
Q

what is person centred theory

A

o Based on subjective view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems and concerns

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7
Q

what is existential theory

A

o Reacting against the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques, this model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to shape one’s life and self-determination
o It focuses on the quality of the person-to – person therapeutic relationship

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8
Q

what is gestalt theory

A

o An experiential therapy stressing awareness and integration; it grew as a reaction against analytic therapy
o It integrates the functioning of body and mind and places emphasis on the therapeutic relationship

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9
Q

what is behaviour therapy

A

o Approach applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behaviour problems
o Results are subject to continual experimentation
o The methods of this approach are always in the process of refinement
o The mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches are rapidly gaining popularity

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10
Q

what is cognitive behaviour therapy

A

o Albert Ellis created rational emotive behaviour therapy a Highly didactic, cognitive action- oriented model of therapy
o Beck created cognitive therapy which gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behaviour

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11
Q

what is feminist theory

A

o A central concept is the concern for the psychological oppression of women
o Focusing on the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated
o Explores women’s identify development, self-concept, goals and aspirations and emotional well-being

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12
Q

what is post modern theory

A

o These approaches maintain that the client is an expert of his or her own life

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13
Q

what is family system theory

A

o This systemic approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working with the family

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14
Q

what is the who in the who-how-whom factor

A

who: the person of the therapist

- who am I as a the therapist

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15
Q

what is the how in the who-how-whom factor

A

how: the theoretical orientation of the therapist, which guides their interventions and interactions
- what is modality and theory I use in my therapy

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16
Q

what is the whom in the who-how-whom factor

A

whom: the person of the client

- what is the personality and personhood of the mind/client

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17
Q

what accounts for 40% of therapeutic success/change

A

client factors and extra therapeutic factors

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18
Q

what accounts for 30% of therapeutic success/change

A

the therapeutic relationship (contextual factors)

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19
Q

what accounts for 15% of therapeutic success/change

A

accounted for by the model or technique and placebo (if the person believes the therapy will help them it is more likely to help them)

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20
Q

define attrition

A

people dropping out of therapy

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21
Q

why should counsellors partake in therapy themselves

A

counsellor can prevent their potential future countertransference from harming clients as it can help you overcome conflicts that might have come up as countertransference

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22
Q

bracketing

A

managing your personal values so that they do not contaminate the counseling process

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23
Q

value imposition

A

counselors directly attempting to define a clients values, atittudes, beliefs and behaviours
- when we try to place our belief system, our attitudes and values onto our patients

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24
Q

what are the challenges counsellors experience when starting out

A
  • dealing with anxieties
  • being oneself and self-disclosing
  • avoiding perfectionism
  • being honest about limitations
  • declining to give advice
  • developing competencies
  • dealing with demands from clients
  • dealing with clients who lack commitment
  • tolerating ambiguity
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25
Q

define mandatory ethics

A

a level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice

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26
Q

define aspirational ethics

A

focuses on doing what is in the best interests of clients

- Functioning at the aspiration level involves the highest standards of thinking and conduct

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27
Q

define positive ethics

A

approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble

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28
Q

define cultural awareness

A

acknowledgment of difference

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29
Q

define cultural sensitivity

A

attitude change; respecting difference
o When I start to realize that there are some differences between us
o I want to respect those differences across social locations or intersectional points

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30
Q

define cultural competence

A

o Which is developing skills, knowledge and attitudes for another person’s cultural background in order to understand them

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31
Q

define cultural safety

A

self-reflection, leading to empathy & advocacy for clients
o Start examining ourself by recognizing that I myself am a person who has biases and prejudices
o Starts with us really engaging in a self-reflection to peel back those layers and see all the ways in which I carry beliefs and values of my own that up until now are sort of invisible to me

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32
Q

define ethnocentrism

A

to view and judge people through the lens of our own cultural conditioning
o When we view and judge people through the lens of our own cultural condition
o True with dominant cultural norms

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33
Q

define white privilege

A

racial hierarchy, involving social advantages for people racialized as white
o It’s a racial hierarchy that has social advantages for people who are racialized as white

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34
Q

steps to becoming culturally informed

A
  • Understand your own social location/ intersectionality
  • Become aware of your own biases, values, cultural norms, and expectations
  • Attempt to understand the world from your client’s vantage point
  • Gain a knowledge of the dynamics of oppression, racism, discrimination, and stereotyping for your client
  • Study the historical background, traditions, and values of your client and be open to learning from him/her
  • Expand your vantage point to explore your client’s way of life that are different from your own
  • Develop an awareness of acculturation
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35
Q

define professional ethics

A
  • Guidelines that help shape professional standard of comportment and behaviour
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36
Q

what is the principle of respect for the dignity of persons

A

o Welfare of clients

o Not intentionally hurting your client

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37
Q

what is the principle of responsible caring

A

o Beneficence: promoting the welfare of the client

o Non-maleficence: no intentional harm

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38
Q

what is the principle of integrity in relationships

A

o Fidelity: honouring commitments to clients and maintaining integrity in counselling relationship

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39
Q

what is the principle of responsibility to society

A

o Autonomy: promoting the self- determination of the client

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40
Q

define law

A

the minimum standards society will tolerate and is enforced by the government
o Standards within our larger society that’s enforced by the government and police and the legal system

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41
Q

define ethics

A

o Represents the ideal standards set and is enforced by professional associations
o The standards of behaviour within my professional designation or within the college of psychologists

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42
Q

steps to ethical decision making

A
  • Identify the problem
  • Identify the potential issues
  • Review relevant codes and laws
  • Consider the applicable laws and regulations and determine how they may have a bearing on an ethical dilemma
  • Seek consultation
    o Talk to other experts in the field or peers
  • Brainstorm courses of action
  • List consequences (risk/benefits)
  • Decide & assume responsibility
  • Decide and Document your reasoning
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43
Q

what are the limits to confidentiality

A
  • the client poses a danger to self or others
  • duty to warn
  • a child or other vulnerable person is in need of protection
  • subpoena
  • communication with a 3rd part at the clients request
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44
Q

define assessment

A

an ongoing process designed to help the counselor evaluate key elements of a client’s psychological functioning
o Consists of evaluating the relevant factors in a clients life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process

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45
Q

define diagnosis

A

the process of identifying pattern of symptoms which fit the criteria for a specific mental disorder defined in the DSM-5
o Sometimes part of the assessment process

46
Q

who can confer a diagnosis

A

registered psychologists with a PhD or a medical doctor

47
Q

define evidence based practice

A

the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences

48
Q

what are the 3 pillars of evidence based practice

A
  1. Looking for the best available research
  2. Relying on clinical expertise
  3. Taking into consideration the clients characteristics, culture, and perferences
49
Q

way to minimize risks in dual relationships

A

o Set healthy boundaries early in the therapeutic relationship. Informed consent is essential from the beginning and throughout the therapy process.
o Involve clients in ongoing discussions and in the decision-making process, and document your discussions. Discuss with your clients what you expect of them and what they can expect of you.
o Consult with fellow professionals as a way to maintain objectivity and identify unanticipated difficulties. Realize that you don’t need to make a decision alone.
o Self-monitoring is critical throughout the process. Ask yourself whose needs are being met and examine your motivations for considering becoming involved in a dual or multiple relationship.
o When multiple relationships are potentially problematic, or when the risk for harm is high, it is always wise to work under supervision. Document the nature of this supervision and any actions you take in your records.

50
Q

define boundary crossing

A

a departure from a commonly accepted practice that could potentially benefit a client ex. attending client’s wedding

51
Q

define boundary violation

A

serious breach that harms the client and is therefore unethical ex. being in a sexual relationship with client

52
Q

define Freudian slip

A

o When you don’t intend say something but it almost just pops out of your subconscious

53
Q

define arrested development

A

o Where someone is stuck in a particular developmental phase

54
Q

define libido

A

o He originally referred to libido as sexual energy but then he broadened it to include all energy of the life instincts

55
Q

define anal retentiveness

A

o Someone who is really uptight

56
Q

what is scientific determinism

A
  • The idea that we are determined, our lives are determined preordained by our biology
  • Are early childhood experiences determine our future
57
Q

define unconscious

A

o what lies deep, below the surface
o ie. Drives, instincts, memories, inaccessible needs/motivations
o accessing repressed material

58
Q

how did freud get to unconscious material

A
  • dreams
  • free association
  • freudian slips
  • projective techniques
  • posthypnotic suggestion
59
Q

what are projective techniques

A

• Ink blot tests
• Thematic apperception test
o A series of black and white images of scenerios that are quite ambiguous and the patient is asked to determine what the picture depicts

60
Q

what is posthypnotic suggestion

A

• What you can talk about when under hypnosis

61
Q

define egosyntonic

A

when the individual is not aware that they have a mental illness ex. schizophrenia

62
Q

define egodystonic

A

when the individual is aware of the mental illness they have ex. depression

63
Q

what is the Id

A

o Pleasure principle, demanding child
o Purely concerned with wants and basic instincts
o Hunger, thirst, sex drive, need for warmth and love, etc.
o Ex. I want to do that right now

64
Q

what is the superego

A

o Morality principle, the judge (judging yourself)
o Following social rules
o Ex. its not right to do that

65
Q

what is the ego

A 
o	Reality principle, traffic cop 
o	Make the best choice and control impulses
o	Decide from right and wrong 
o	Ex. maybe we can compromise 
o	Manages things on a conscious level
66
Q

what is part of the unconscious mind

A

the id and superego

67
Q

what is part of the conscious mind

A

the ego

68
Q

what is the eros instinct

A

o Life instincts: oriented towards growth, development and creativity (includes but not limited to libido)
o We are drawn as human beings towards life , love, pleasure, creativity, connection, personal groth, development, our need for health and safety and security and all those elements

69
Q

what is the Thanatos instinct

A

o Death instincts: oriented towards aggression and destruction of self and/or others
o On the other hand, we also have this aggressive, innate, aggressive drive within us too and in some ways we are propelled towards destruction, we are propelled towards pushing back against that love instinct that eros instinct
o Ex. smoking cigarettes, we know its bad but some people still smoke it
o self- sabotage

70
Q

what is reality anxiety

A

o Fear of danger from external world- proportionate to actual threat
o Our fear of the danger that we are facing are reflective of the threat

71
Q

what is neurotic anxiety

A

fear of instincts getting out of hand “I will do something I will get punished for”
• Fearing that our Id instinct is gonna get us in trouble
• The id is going to take me
• Ex. if an addiction controls someone

72
Q

what is moral anxiety

A

fear of one’s own conscience- guilty feelings from violating one’s own moral code
• I have so much guilt from violating the moral goal
• The superego is going to take me
• Ex. having incredibly strong standards for themselves

73
Q

what is displacement

A

o Transferring inappropriate urges or behaviours onto a more acceptable or less threatening target

74
Q

what is repression

A

o Suppressing painful memories or thoughts

75
Q

what is sublimation

A

o Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

76
Q

what is regression

A

o Returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development

77
Q

what is reaction formation

A

o Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs

78
Q

what is denial

A

o Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant

79
Q

what is projection

A

o Attributing unacceptable desires to others

80
Q

what is rationalization

A

o Justifying behaviours by substituting acceptable reasons for less- acceptable real reasons

81
Q

what defense mechanisms does Vaillant consider pathological

A

denial, projection, distortion, splitting

82
Q

what defense mechanisms does Vaillant consider immature

A

acting out, regression, passive aggressive, introjection, hypochondriasis

83
Q

what defense mechanisms does Vaillant consider anxious

A

displacement, dissociation, reaction formation, repression, rationalization

84
Q

what defense mechanisms does Vaillant consider mature

A

sublimation, altruism, humour

85
Q

what are the stages of development according to freud

A
  • First year: Oral stage
  • Age 1-3: Anal stage
  • Age 3-6: Phallic stage
  • Age 6-13 Latency stage
  • Age 12-60 Genital stage
86
Q

what happens at the oral stage

A

o Deals with the inability to trust oneself and others, resulting in the fear of loving and forming close relationships and low self esteem

87
Q

what happens at the anal stage

A

o Deals with the inability to recognize and express anger, leading to the denial of one’s own power as a person and the lack of a sense of autonomy

88
Q

what happens at the phallic stage

A

o Deals with the inability to fully accept one’s sexuality and sexual feeling and also difficulty in accepting oneself as a man or a woman
o Basic conflict is unconscious incestual desire for parent of opposite sex, these desire are threatening are therefore repressed (Oedipus and electra complex)

89
Q

what happens at the latency stage

A

o Sexual interests replaced by interests in school and other activities, time of socialization

90
Q

what happens at the genital stage

A

o Old themes of phallic stages revisited

91
Q

what are eriksons stages of psychosocial development

A 
Infant: trust vs mistrust
Toddler: autonomy vs shame and doubt 
pre schooler: initiative vs guilt 
grade schooler: industry vs inferiority 
teenager: identity vs role confusion
young adult: intimacy vs isolation
middle age adult: generality vs stagnation 
older adult: integrity vs despair
92
Q

what is interpretation

A

o Therapist points out, explains, and teaches the meanings of whatever is revealed
o You have be careful when doing interpretation as you have to make sure that the biases of the counsellor doesn’t leak into the interpretation
o The client has to be ready to hear the interpretation

93
Q

what is dream analysis

A

o Therapist uses the “royal road to the unconscious” to bring unconscious material to light
o Latent content: the underlying meaning of a dream (ex. urges or impulses)
o Manifest content: how the dream presents itself and how it appears to the dreamer the actual context of the dream (ex. being chased)

94
Q

what is dream work

A

: the process by which the latent content of a dream is transformed into the less threatening manifest content

95
Q

what is analysis of resistance

A

 a concept fundamental to the practice of psychoanalysis, is anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the client from producing previously unconscious material.

96
Q

what Is psychodynamic therapy

A

o A more modern shortened and simplified version of the classical psychoanalysis which is quite long

97
Q

what is blank-screen approach

A

The therapist must assume an anonymous non-judgemental stance

98
Q

what is transference

A

o The redirection of feelings (both positive and negative) about a specific person onto someone else
o Can happen at a conscious level but usually unconscious
o The therapist can use transference material to analyze and help the patient
o Client projecting onto therapist

99
Q

what is countertransference

A

o When the therapist is projecting their stuff onto the client
o It’s the therapists job to avoid countertransference and identifying how to manage and reduce it
o Can be conscious or unconscious

100
Q

what is the working through process

A

consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material and defences, most of which originated in early childhood

101
Q

define individuation

A

the harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality

102
Q

define jungs analytical psychology

A

an elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology and religion

103
Q

define the shadow

A

a destructive force (our dark side) that is a part of our nature
o Has the deepest roots and is the most dangerous and powerful of all the archetypes
o The thoughts, feelings, and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward

104
Q

define collective unconscious

A

: the deepest and least accessible level of the psyche

o Includes the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and prehuman species

105
Q

define archetypes

A

images of universal experiences located in the collective unconscious (shadow, persona, and animus

106
Q

define persona

A

: an archetype. A mask or public face that we wear to protect ourself

107
Q

define the animus

A

represents both the biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity which are thought to coexist in both sexes

108
Q

define ego psychology

A

is part of classical psychoanalysis with an emphasis on Id, ego and superego

109
Q

define object-relations theory

A

encompasses the work of a number of rather different psychanalytic theorists who are especially concerned with investigating attachment and separation
o How our relationships with other people are affected by the way we have internalized our experiences of others and set up representations of others within ourselves

110
Q

define self psychology

A

: emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships to develop our own sense of self

111
Q

define relational model

A

based on the assumption that therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist

Psychotherapy (3 decks)

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