Quiz 1 Flashcards
What is counselling
the skilled and principled use of relationship to facilitate self-knowledge, emotional acceptance and growth and the optimal development of personal resources.
what is the overall aim of counselling
to provide an opportunity to work towards living more satisfyingly and resourcefully.
define theory
A supposition of a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the things to be explained
A set of principles on which the practice of an activity is based
An idea used to account for a situation or justify a course of action
define technique
o How do you put the theory into practice
o The applied part of psychology
o The manner and ability with which an artist, writer, dancer, athlete or the like employs the technical skills or a particular art or field of endeavor
o The body of specialized procedures and methods used in any specific field, especially in an area of applied science
define technical skill
ability to apply procedures or methods so as to effect a desired result
what is person centred theory
o Based on subjective view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems and concerns
what is existential theory
o Reacting against the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques, this model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to shape one’s life and self-determination
o It focuses on the quality of the person-to – person therapeutic relationship
what is gestalt theory
o An experiential therapy stressing awareness and integration; it grew as a reaction against analytic therapy
o It integrates the functioning of body and mind and places emphasis on the therapeutic relationship
what is behaviour therapy
o Approach applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behaviour problems
o Results are subject to continual experimentation
o The methods of this approach are always in the process of refinement
o The mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches are rapidly gaining popularity
what is cognitive behaviour therapy
o Albert Ellis created rational emotive behaviour therapy a Highly didactic, cognitive action- oriented model of therapy
o Beck created cognitive therapy which gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behaviour
what is feminist theory
o A central concept is the concern for the psychological oppression of women
o Focusing on the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated
o Explores women’s identify development, self-concept, goals and aspirations and emotional well-being
what is post modern theory
o These approaches maintain that the client is an expert of his or her own life
what is family system theory
o This systemic approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working with the family
what is the who in the who-how-whom factor
who: the person of the therapist
- who am I as a the therapist
what is the how in the who-how-whom factor
how: the theoretical orientation of the therapist, which guides their interventions and interactions
- what is modality and theory I use in my therapy
what is the whom in the who-how-whom factor
whom: the person of the client
- what is the personality and personhood of the mind/client
what accounts for 40% of therapeutic success/change
client factors and extra therapeutic factors
what accounts for 30% of therapeutic success/change
the therapeutic relationship (contextual factors)
what accounts for 15% of therapeutic success/change
accounted for by the model or technique and placebo (if the person believes the therapy will help them it is more likely to help them)
define attrition
people dropping out of therapy
why should counsellors partake in therapy themselves
counsellor can prevent their potential future countertransference from harming clients as it can help you overcome conflicts that might have come up as countertransference
bracketing
managing your personal values so that they do not contaminate the counseling process
value imposition
counselors directly attempting to define a clients values, atittudes, beliefs and behaviours
- when we try to place our belief system, our attitudes and values onto our patients
what are the challenges counsellors experience when starting out
- dealing with anxieties
- being oneself and self-disclosing
- avoiding perfectionism
- being honest about limitations
- declining to give advice
- developing competencies
- dealing with demands from clients
- dealing with clients who lack commitment
- tolerating ambiguity
define mandatory ethics
a level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice
define aspirational ethics
focuses on doing what is in the best interests of clients
- Functioning at the aspiration level involves the highest standards of thinking and conduct
define positive ethics
approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble
define cultural awareness
acknowledgment of difference
define cultural sensitivity
attitude change; respecting difference
o When I start to realize that there are some differences between us
o I want to respect those differences across social locations or intersectional points
define cultural competence
o Which is developing skills, knowledge and attitudes for another person’s cultural background in order to understand them
define cultural safety
self-reflection, leading to empathy & advocacy for clients
o Start examining ourself by recognizing that I myself am a person who has biases and prejudices
o Starts with us really engaging in a self-reflection to peel back those layers and see all the ways in which I carry beliefs and values of my own that up until now are sort of invisible to me
define ethnocentrism
to view and judge people through the lens of our own cultural conditioning
o When we view and judge people through the lens of our own cultural condition
o True with dominant cultural norms
define white privilege
racial hierarchy, involving social advantages for people racialized as white
o It’s a racial hierarchy that has social advantages for people who are racialized as white
steps to becoming culturally informed
- Understand your own social location/ intersectionality
- Become aware of your own biases, values, cultural norms, and expectations
- Attempt to understand the world from your client’s vantage point
- Gain a knowledge of the dynamics of oppression, racism, discrimination, and stereotyping for your client
- Study the historical background, traditions, and values of your client and be open to learning from him/her
- Expand your vantage point to explore your client’s way of life that are different from your own
- Develop an awareness of acculturation
define professional ethics
- Guidelines that help shape professional standard of comportment and behaviour
what is the principle of respect for the dignity of persons
o Welfare of clients
o Not intentionally hurting your client
what is the principle of responsible caring
o Beneficence: promoting the welfare of the client
o Non-maleficence: no intentional harm
what is the principle of integrity in relationships
o Fidelity: honouring commitments to clients and maintaining integrity in counselling relationship
what is the principle of responsibility to society
o Autonomy: promoting the self- determination of the client
define law
the minimum standards society will tolerate and is enforced by the government
o Standards within our larger society that’s enforced by the government and police and the legal system
define ethics
o Represents the ideal standards set and is enforced by professional associations
o The standards of behaviour within my professional designation or within the college of psychologists
steps to ethical decision making
- Identify the problem
- Identify the potential issues
- Review relevant codes and laws
- Consider the applicable laws and regulations and determine how they may have a bearing on an ethical dilemma
- Seek consultation
o Talk to other experts in the field or peers - Brainstorm courses of action
- List consequences (risk/benefits)
- Decide & assume responsibility
- Decide and Document your reasoning
what are the limits to confidentiality
- the client poses a danger to self or others
- duty to warn
- a child or other vulnerable person is in need of protection
- subpoena
- communication with a 3rd part at the clients request
define assessment
an ongoing process designed to help the counselor evaluate key elements of a client’s psychological functioning
o Consists of evaluating the relevant factors in a clients life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process
define diagnosis
the process of identifying pattern of symptoms which fit the criteria for a specific mental disorder defined in the DSM-5
o Sometimes part of the assessment process
who can confer a diagnosis
registered psychologists with a PhD or a medical doctor
define evidence based practice
the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences
what are the 3 pillars of evidence based practice
- Looking for the best available research
- Relying on clinical expertise
- Taking into consideration the clients characteristics, culture, and perferences
way to minimize risks in dual relationships
o Set healthy boundaries early in the therapeutic relationship. Informed consent is essential from the beginning and throughout the therapy process.
o Involve clients in ongoing discussions and in the decision-making process, and document your discussions. Discuss with your clients what you expect of them and what they can expect of you.
o Consult with fellow professionals as a way to maintain objectivity and identify unanticipated difficulties. Realize that you don’t need to make a decision alone.
o Self-monitoring is critical throughout the process. Ask yourself whose needs are being met and examine your motivations for considering becoming involved in a dual or multiple relationship.
o When multiple relationships are potentially problematic, or when the risk for harm is high, it is always wise to work under supervision. Document the nature of this supervision and any actions you take in your records.
define boundary crossing
a departure from a commonly accepted practice that could potentially benefit a client ex. attending client’s wedding
define boundary violation
serious breach that harms the client and is therefore unethical ex. being in a sexual relationship with client
define Freudian slip
o When you don’t intend say something but it almost just pops out of your subconscious
define arrested development
o Where someone is stuck in a particular developmental phase
define libido
o He originally referred to libido as sexual energy but then he broadened it to include all energy of the life instincts
define anal retentiveness
o Someone who is really uptight
what is scientific determinism
- The idea that we are determined, our lives are determined preordained by our biology
- Are early childhood experiences determine our future
define unconscious
o what lies deep, below the surface
o ie. Drives, instincts, memories, inaccessible needs/motivations
o accessing repressed material
how did freud get to unconscious material
- dreams
- free association
- freudian slips
- projective techniques
- posthypnotic suggestion
what are projective techniques
• Ink blot tests
• Thematic apperception test
o A series of black and white images of scenerios that are quite ambiguous and the patient is asked to determine what the picture depicts
what is posthypnotic suggestion
• What you can talk about when under hypnosis
define egosyntonic
when the individual is not aware that they have a mental illness ex. schizophrenia
define egodystonic
when the individual is aware of the mental illness they have ex. depression
what is the Id
o Pleasure principle, demanding child
o Purely concerned with wants and basic instincts
o Hunger, thirst, sex drive, need for warmth and love, etc.
o Ex. I want to do that right now
what is the superego
o Morality principle, the judge (judging yourself)
o Following social rules
o Ex. its not right to do that
what is the ego
o Reality principle, traffic cop o Make the best choice and control impulses o Decide from right and wrong o Ex. maybe we can compromise o Manages things on a conscious level
what is part of the unconscious mind
the id and superego
what is part of the conscious mind
the ego
what is the eros instinct
o Life instincts: oriented towards growth, development and creativity (includes but not limited to libido)
o We are drawn as human beings towards life , love, pleasure, creativity, connection, personal groth, development, our need for health and safety and security and all those elements
what is the Thanatos instinct
o Death instincts: oriented towards aggression and destruction of self and/or others
o On the other hand, we also have this aggressive, innate, aggressive drive within us too and in some ways we are propelled towards destruction, we are propelled towards pushing back against that love instinct that eros instinct
o Ex. smoking cigarettes, we know its bad but some people still smoke it
o self- sabotage
what is reality anxiety
o Fear of danger from external world- proportionate to actual threat
o Our fear of the danger that we are facing are reflective of the threat
what is neurotic anxiety
fear of instincts getting out of hand “I will do something I will get punished for”
• Fearing that our Id instinct is gonna get us in trouble
• The id is going to take me
• Ex. if an addiction controls someone
what is moral anxiety
fear of one’s own conscience- guilty feelings from violating one’s own moral code
• I have so much guilt from violating the moral goal
• The superego is going to take me
• Ex. having incredibly strong standards for themselves
what is displacement
o Transferring inappropriate urges or behaviours onto a more acceptable or less threatening target
what is repression
o Suppressing painful memories or thoughts
what is sublimation
o Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels
what is regression
o Returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development
what is reaction formation
o Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs
what is denial
o Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant
what is projection
o Attributing unacceptable desires to others
what is rationalization
o Justifying behaviours by substituting acceptable reasons for less- acceptable real reasons
what defense mechanisms does Vaillant consider pathological
denial, projection, distortion, splitting
what defense mechanisms does Vaillant consider immature
acting out, regression, passive aggressive, introjection, hypochondriasis
what defense mechanisms does Vaillant consider anxious
displacement, dissociation, reaction formation, repression, rationalization
what defense mechanisms does Vaillant consider mature
sublimation, altruism, humour
what are the stages of development according to freud
- First year: Oral stage
- Age 1-3: Anal stage
- Age 3-6: Phallic stage
- Age 6-13 Latency stage
- Age 12-60 Genital stage
what happens at the oral stage
o Deals with the inability to trust oneself and others, resulting in the fear of loving and forming close relationships and low self esteem
what happens at the anal stage
o Deals with the inability to recognize and express anger, leading to the denial of one’s own power as a person and the lack of a sense of autonomy
what happens at the phallic stage
o Deals with the inability to fully accept one’s sexuality and sexual feeling and also difficulty in accepting oneself as a man or a woman
o Basic conflict is unconscious incestual desire for parent of opposite sex, these desire are threatening are therefore repressed (Oedipus and electra complex)
what happens at the latency stage
o Sexual interests replaced by interests in school and other activities, time of socialization
what happens at the genital stage
o Old themes of phallic stages revisited
what are eriksons stages of psychosocial development
Infant: trust vs mistrust Toddler: autonomy vs shame and doubt pre schooler: initiative vs guilt grade schooler: industry vs inferiority teenager: identity vs role confusion young adult: intimacy vs isolation middle age adult: generality vs stagnation older adult: integrity vs despair
what is interpretation
o Therapist points out, explains, and teaches the meanings of whatever is revealed
o You have be careful when doing interpretation as you have to make sure that the biases of the counsellor doesn’t leak into the interpretation
o The client has to be ready to hear the interpretation
what is dream analysis
o Therapist uses the “royal road to the unconscious” to bring unconscious material to light
o Latent content: the underlying meaning of a dream (ex. urges or impulses)
o Manifest content: how the dream presents itself and how it appears to the dreamer the actual context of the dream (ex. being chased)
what is dream work
: the process by which the latent content of a dream is transformed into the less threatening manifest content
what is analysis of resistance
a concept fundamental to the practice of psychoanalysis, is anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the client from producing previously unconscious material.
what Is psychodynamic therapy
o A more modern shortened and simplified version of the classical psychoanalysis which is quite long
what is blank-screen approach
The therapist must assume an anonymous non-judgemental stance
what is transference
o The redirection of feelings (both positive and negative) about a specific person onto someone else
o Can happen at a conscious level but usually unconscious
o The therapist can use transference material to analyze and help the patient
o Client projecting onto therapist
what is countertransference
o When the therapist is projecting their stuff onto the client
o It’s the therapists job to avoid countertransference and identifying how to manage and reduce it
o Can be conscious or unconscious
what is the working through process
consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material and defences, most of which originated in early childhood
define individuation
the harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality
define jungs analytical psychology
an elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology and religion
define the shadow
a destructive force (our dark side) that is a part of our nature
o Has the deepest roots and is the most dangerous and powerful of all the archetypes
o The thoughts, feelings, and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward
define collective unconscious
: the deepest and least accessible level of the psyche
o Includes the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and prehuman species
define archetypes
images of universal experiences located in the collective unconscious (shadow, persona, and animus
define persona
: an archetype. A mask or public face that we wear to protect ourself
define the animus
represents both the biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity which are thought to coexist in both sexes
define ego psychology
is part of classical psychoanalysis with an emphasis on Id, ego and superego
define object-relations theory
encompasses the work of a number of rather different psychanalytic theorists who are especially concerned with investigating attachment and separation
o How our relationships with other people are affected by the way we have internalized our experiences of others and set up representations of others within ourselves
define self psychology
: emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships to develop our own sense of self
define relational model
based on the assumption that therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist
