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Psychotherapy > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a curious paradox

A

is that when I accept myself exactly as I am, then I can change

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2
Q

what is congruence

A

 A therapist who is genuine and authentic
 Therapist who is real
 “what I say to you outside, matches my internal thoughts and feelings”

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3
Q

what are the three core conditions needed for client growth in person centred therapy

A
  • congruence
  • unconditional positive regard
  • accurate empathic understanding
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4
Q

what is unconditional positive regard

A

 Showing a non-judgemental, caring stance for someone

 Accepting someone unconditionally

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5
Q

what is accurate empathic understanding

A

 Getting specific and getting as accurate as possible when trying to reflect back to the client
 An ability to deeply grasp the subjective world of another person
- implies that the therapist will sense clients’ feelings as if they were his or her own without becoming lost in those feelings

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6
Q

what is actualizing tendency

A

a directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, and self-determination

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7
Q

what are the Conditions needed for person centered therapy. Also known as therapeutic core conditions

A
  1. Two persons are in psychological contact.
  2. The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious.
  3. The second person, whom we term the therapist, is congruent (real or genuine) in the relationship, and this congruence is perceived by the client.
  4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client.
  5. The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the client.
  6. The communication to the client of the therapist’s empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved.
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8
Q

what are maslows hierarchy of needs

A
  1. physiological
  2. safety
  3. love/belonging
  4. esteem
  5. self-actualizing
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9
Q

what characteristics did Maslow find in self actualized people

A

He found them self-aware, striving towards honesty, caring, trust, and autonomy

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10
Q

define attending

A

orienting physically to the client, offering full and undivided attention.
non-verbal communication

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11
Q

what is listening/observing

A

capturing and understanding the verbal and nonverbal information communicated

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12
Q

what are the two primary sources of information in person-centred therapy

A

o Content- what is specifically said. Listen for words, expressions and patterns. Clarify what was said or finding out what was not said.
 What is being said with my words
 Verbal communication
o Process- all non-verbal phenomena, including how content is conveyed, themes, body language, interactions
 What is being said with my body language
 Non verbal communication

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13
Q

what are the skills associated with empathy

A

a. Nonverbal and verbal attending

b. Paraphrasing

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14
Q

what is interpersonal empathy

A

pertains to understanding a client’s internal frame of reference and conveying a sense of the private meanings to the person

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15
Q

what is subjective empathy

A

: enables practitioners to experience what it is like to be the client

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16
Q

what is objective empathy

A

relies on knowledge sources outside of the client’s frame of references

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17
Q

what are the 6 habits of empathic people

A
  1. Cultivate curiosity about strangers
  2. Challenge prejudices and discover commonalities
  3. Try another person’s life
  4. Listen hard- and open up
  5. Inspire mass action and social change
  6. Develop an ambitious imagination
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18
Q

what were the core conditions that rogers found from his research

A

 Rogers could transcribe his sessions and looked what he did in the process of research that impacted the outcome of research
 He found that change in therapy related more to interpersonal and personal factor than it did to the specific techniques that were used

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19
Q

what are the stages of change

A
  1. pre-contemplation
  2. contemplation
  3. preparation
  4. action
  5. maintenance
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20
Q

what happens in the pre-contemplation stage of change

A

denying a need for change or denying that a problem exists

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21
Q

what happens in the contemplation stage of change

A

client considers that there is a problem

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22
Q

what happens in the preparation stage of change

A

admitting that they have a problem and wanting to know how to change it

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23
Q

what happens in the action stage of change

A

starting to change. implementing change

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24
Q

what happens in the maintenance stage of change

A

maintaining that change and not reverting back to old habits

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25
Q

what are the basic principles of motivational interviewing

A
  1. Therapist strive to experience the world from the client’s perspective without judgment or criticism (reflective listening)
  2. MI is designed to evoke and explore both discrepancies and ambivalence
  3. Reluctance to change is viewed as an expected part of the therapeutic process
  4. Practitioners support clients’ self-efficacy, mainly by encouraging them to use their own resources to take necessary actions that can lead to success in changing
  5. When clients show signs of readiness to change through decreased resistance to change and increased talk about change, a critical phase of MI begins.
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26
Q

what are the major tasks of emotion-focused therapy

A

o Help clients with too little emotion access their emotions
o Help clients wo experience too much emotion contain their emotions

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27
Q

what is the main goal of emotion- focused therapy

A

to help individual access and process emotions to construct new ways of being

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28
Q

define emotional intelligence

A

refining our capacity to use emotions as guides & not be slaves to them

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29
Q

what are the ways that emotions can be helpful

A
  • Information process: processing what emotion you are exactly feeling
  • Goal setting: help use figure out what we want and set goals
  • Action readiness: help us become ready to take action
  • Orient us in our environment: figuring out what in our environment is working for us and what in our environment is not working for us
  • Information on needs and value: helps us figure out what our values are and what our needs are
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30
Q

what is sue Johnson’s emotion focused therapy for couples

A
  • Based on attachment theory in relationships we need to feel emotionally safe with our partners because they now become our primary attachment (in childhood our guardians are our primary attachment)
  • So when we have to make our partners our primary attachment and so when we have conflict it can be a very scary attachment rupture which can be very scary and worried. And our instincts tell us that we need the attachment to survive
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31
Q

critiques of person centred therapy

A
  • Some may prefer a more directive, structured treatment
  • Individuals accustomed to indirect communication may not be comfortable with direct expression of empathy or creativity
  • Individuals from collectivistic cultures may disagree with the emphasis on internal locus of control
  • Not a standardized approach, without specific techniques
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32
Q

what is the rogerian argument approach

A

o This approach is when you state the problem or disagreement and then you listen to one anothers perspectives and side and then you use some of his therapeutic skills to reflect back what you think you’re hearing about the other person’s perspective and vice versa
o When people stated their own positive they were able to hear each other out and he found that people reached a consensus faster

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33
Q

what is the 1st force of psychotherapy

A

psychodynamic (psychoanalytic, Adlerian)

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34
Q

what is the 2nd force of psychotherapy

A

behavioural and cognitive- behavioural (behavioural, cognitive- behavioural, reality therapies)

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35
Q

what is the 3rd force of psychotherapy

A

Humanistic (existential, gestalt, person- centered)

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36
Q

what is the 4th force of psychotherapy

A

contextual/ systematic (feminist, family systems, multicultural)

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37
Q

what is the 5th force of psychotherapy

A 
the current force we are in
o	Social justice
o	Transpersonal 
o	Integrational 
o	Coaching
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38
Q

what is the 1st wave of behaviour therapy

A

focus on classical conditioning and operant learning Pavlovian training and B.F. Skinners work

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39
Q

what is the 2nd wave of behaviour therapy

A

cognitive therapies (ex. CBT)

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40
Q

what is the 3rd wave of behaviour therapy

A
  • focus on context:
    o Themes: metacognition (thinking about your thinking), emotions, acceptance, mindfulness, relationality
    o Decreased focus on symptom reduction, increased focus on wellness
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41
Q

what is a defining characteristic of behaviour therapy

A

is that it is based on the principles and procedures of the scientific method
o Experimentally derived principles of learning are systematically applied to help people change their maladptive behaviours
o They state goals in concrete objective terms to ensure the replication of their intervention

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42
Q

what is the key characteristic of a behaviour in behaviour therapy

A

is that is has to be something that can be operationally defined (can include emotions, beliefs and other internal processes but it has be operationally defined)

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43
Q

what is an antecedent

A

 What happens before the behaviour

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44
Q

what is a behaviour

A

 The behaviour at hand

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45
Q

what is a consequence

A

 What is the consequence of when the behaviour occurs

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46
Q

what is the A-B-C model

A

antecedent, behaviour, and consequence

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47
Q

what is a behaviour assessment interview

A

is done so that therapist can identify the antecedents, behaviours and consequences

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48
Q

what is the general goal of behaviour therapy

A

to increase personal choice and to create new conditions for learning

49
Q

what is extinction

A

elimination of drool after the bell if repeatedly presented without food.
when the conditioned stimulus are no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response

50
Q

what is systematic desensitization

A

o You create a fear hierarchy and score which activities related to your phobia are more or less fearful out of 100 for example. Thinking about a spider might have a fear rating of 10/100 but having a spider crawl on your might be 100/100 l
o Then you slowly work through the activities until you become desensitized and the specific activity no longer elicits fear and slowly you work up the fear ladder
o Learning to engage in relaxation strategies along the way and overtime we conquer the fear

51
Q

what is stimulus generalization

A

when a conditioned response is generalized and directed towards other stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus

52
Q

what is operant extinction

A

Withholding reinforcement form previously reinforced response

53
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

adding something to the environment to increase behaviour ex. giving a kid chocolate chips when they are potty training

54
Q

what is positive punishment

A

is adding something to the environment to decreasing behaviour Ex. you are swearing, and your parents are going to wash your mouth out with soap

55
Q

what is negative punishment

A

when you remove something from the environment to decrease bahaviour ex. grounding or removing IPad rights every time the kid swears

56
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

the removal of something from the environment to increase behaviour

57
Q

what is the black box

A

basically the mind

belief that mental processes and the mind and in behaviourist model it cannot be studied

58
Q

what is the difference between the first wave of behaviourist learning vs the second wave

A

the second wave started looking more into mental processes whereas the first wave completely ignored mental processes

59
Q

what is external reinforcement

A

reinforcement from our environment

60
Q

what is internal reinforcement

A

reinforcement from how we think about things

61
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement

A

reinforcement from what we observe happened

62
Q

what is observational learning

A

behaviour is learned from the environment

63
Q

what are the stats from Bandura’s bobo doll experiment

A
  • Boys were more likely to imitate same sex models than girls
  • The boys imitated more of the physically aggressive actions, both boys and girls imitated the verbal aggression
64
Q

what is in vivo exposure

A

involves client exposure to actual anxiety evoking events rather than simply imagining these situations

65
Q

what is flooding

A

refers to either in vivo or imaginal exposure to anxiety evoking stimuli for prolonged period of time. is intense and prolonged exposure

66
Q

what are the limitations/ criticisms of behaviour therapy

A
  • Behaviour therapist say that we don’t necessarily need to address out thoughts an feelings in order to bring about change. They just say we bring about change through changing our behaviours and that is sufficient
  • Behaviour therapy may change behaviours but not feelings
  • Behaviour therapy does not provide insight
  • Behaviour therapy involves control and social influence by the therapist
67
Q

what is existential psychotherapy

A

an attitude toward human suffering [that] has no manual. It asks deep questions about the nature of the human being and the nature of anxiety, despair, grief, loneliness, isolation, and anomie. It also deals centrally with the question of meaning, creativity, and love
- It is a Philosophical approach that influences a counselor’s therapeutic practice. It is not a school of therapy, theory, or clearly defined model with specific techniques

68
Q

what is the goal of existential therapy

A

is to assist clients in their exploration of the existential givens of life

69
Q

what is the I thou relationship

A

: I see you and respect you at the sort of that deeper level

70
Q

what is existential analysis

A

emphasizes the subjective and spiritual dimensions of human existence. Created by Ludwig Binswanger

71
Q

what is logotherapy

A

o Concerned with how we make meaning in our lives
o How to develop meaning in the face of tragedy
o People can take away everything you own but they cannot take away your mind. We still have choice and freedom in your own mind
- designed to help clients find meaning in life. The therapist does not tell them what the client’s particular meaning in life should be just points out that they can create meaning even in suffering

72
Q

what are the givens of existence

A

o Death, freedom and responsibility, isolation, meaninglessness

73
Q

what are the basic dimensions of the human condition according to the existential approach

A
  1. the capacity for self-awareness
  2. freedom and responsibility
  3. creating one’s identity and establishing meaningful relationships with others
  4. the search for meaning, purpose, values, and goals
  5. anxiety as a condition of living
  6. awareness of death and nonbeing
74
Q

what is our capacity for self-awareness in the existential approach

A
  • We sort of develop this awareness and then we realize that we have this capacity for freedom awareness that time is limited
  • I need to take action in my life and pursue that and give my life meaning
  • Clients need to learn that a price must be paid for increased awareness. As we become more aware, it is more difficult to go home again.
  • Ignorance of our condition may have brought contentment along with a feeling of partial deadness, but as we open the doors in our world, we can expect more turmoil as well as the potential for more fulfillment
75
Q

what is our freedom and responsibility in the existential approach

A
  • The capacity to reflect on the meaning of our choices
  • The capacity to act on the choices we make
  • We have the freedom and responsibility to create our own destiny
  • We can avoid making choices by using excuses and saying “well this is the life I was born into”
76
Q

what is our striving for identity and relationship to others in the existential approach

A
  • Wanting to be unique and centered but also wanting to have an interest in going outside of themselves by relating to others
  • Creating your own personal identity
  • Part of the human condition is the experience aloneness
    o A sense of isolation makes us realize that we cannot depend on others, we alone must make meaning in our lives and we alone must decide how we will live
    o To have solid relationships we other we must have a solid relationship with ourselves
77
Q

what is our search for meaning in the existential approach

A
  • Struggle for a sense of significance and purpose in life
78
Q

what is anxiety as a condition of living in the existential approach

A

anxiety is a part of life

79
Q

what is awareness of death and nonbeing in the existential approach

A
  • Does not view death negatively but holds the awareness of death as a basic human condition gives significance to living
  • Death is not a threat. It is a motivator to make us find meaning in life and appreciate the present moment
  • Instead of fearing death, reflecting on the reality of death can teach us how to live fully
80
Q

what are the goals of the existential approach

A
  • Move toward authenticity & presence
  • Face anxiety & create action based on meaning
  • Reclaim your life & take responsibility
  • Expand your life!
81
Q

what is existential tradition

A

seeks a balance between recognizing the limits and tragic dimensions of human existence on one hand and the possibility and opportunities of human life on the other hand

82
Q

what is inauthenticity in the existential approach

A

not accepting ones personal responsibility (not making choices)

83
Q

what is freedom in the existential approach

A

we are responsible for our lives, actions, and for our failures to take action

84
Q

what is existential guilt in the existential approach

A

: being aware of having evaded a commitment or having chosen not ot choose
o Not seen as neurotic or something that needs to be cured
o Seen as a motivator towards transformation and living authentically

85
Q

what is authenticity guilt in the existential approach

A

implies that we are living by being true to our own evaluation of what is a valuable existence for ourselves; it is the courage to be who we are

86
Q

what is one aim of existential therapy

A

is to help people face up to the difficulties of life with courage rather than avoiding life’s struggles

87
Q

what is existential anxiety

A

is the unavoidable result of being confronted with death, freedom, choice, isolation, and meaninglessness. Occurs when we come to realize about death, freedom, responsibility, isolation, and meaningless. Depending on how we respond, normal or neurotic anxiety occurs

88
Q

what is normal anxiety

A

an appropriate response to an event being faced. Accepting freedom and the responsibility for making decisions and live choices, searing for meaning and facing mortality can be frightening

89
Q

what is neurotic anxiety

A

anxiety about concrete things that is out of proportion to the situation. Typically our of awareness and tends to immobilize the person

90
Q

what is the initial phase of existential counselling

A

therapist assist clients in identifying and clarifying their assumptions about the world

91
Q

what is the middle phase of existential counselling

A

clients are assisted in more fully examining the source and authority of their present value system. Clients become aware of what life they think it worth living

92
Q

what is the final phase of existential counselling

A

focuses on helping people take what they are learning about themselves and put it into action

93
Q

what is being congruent

A

what I think and feel matches what I say on the outside

94
Q

what is the initial goal of gestalt therapy

A

clients expand their awareness of what they are experiencing in the present moment

95
Q

what is holism

A

o We cant be separated into little parts as humans

o We would use loose sort of our essence if we were divided out into these little parts

96
Q

what is field theory

A

o It relates to understanding reality within a particular context
o The field is our environment area
o Within the field you have the figure and ground.
o Figure: what I am currently aware of, the most salient experiences that I’m attuned to
o Ground: are sort of thing that are out of my awareness in this exact moment

97
Q

what is figure in field theory

A

Figure: what I am currently aware of, the most salient experiences that I’m attuned to

98
Q

what is ground in field theory

A

Ground: are sort of thing that are out of my awareness in this exact moment

99
Q

what is the figure formation process

A

o How do we sort of experience moment to moment?
o How do I shift my consciousness form the figure to the ground and back again?
o What else can I sort of shift through in a way in terms of what I am paying attention to

100
Q

what is the organismic self-regulation

A

o Organisms need to self-regulate

o We need something to come into our foreground that were aware of and then resolve it and then it goes back away

101
Q

what is contact in gestalt therapy

A

o Interacting with nature and with other people without losing one’s individuality

102
Q

what are boundary disturbances/resistance to contact

A

o The defences we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present fully

103
Q

what is introjection

A

 The idea that im going to take on the beliefs of other people and the standard of other people without really critically examining if it fits for me
 Taking on values from our family or friends without critically analyzing those beliefs

104
Q

what is projection

A

 We disown certain parts of ourselves or our thinking and we assign them to other people or we assign them to others in our environment
 Ex. if I go to a part and im feeling like “oh gosh, everyones really cold and judgment” what might be happening is that I am actually anxious and intimidated and im projecting my experience onto others

105
Q

what is retroflection

A

 When we sort of turn back on ourselves, what were interested in doing to other people or what were interested in like our response to our environment is turned back on ourselves
 Ex. self harming behaviour- when they are feeling anxious, depression, or overwhelmed with emotions will cut themselves in order to sort of release some of that pain and some of that energy
 Directing the anger towards ourselves instead of addressing the environmental concerns

106
Q

what is deflection

A

 This process of sort of like attempting to diffuse contact, authentic contact that is too intense for the person
 Ex. laughing off whatever is going on or im going to pretend I didn’t hear that hurtful comment that was said about me
 Coming into contact in those moments feels too difficult or feels too intense

107
Q

what is confluence

A

 When we sort of blur the boundaries between ourselves and our environments
 Agreeing and laughing along with your friends even though you authentically might not agree with it but you act like you do because you want to be liked and accepting

108
Q

what is it talk

A

o Coming into authentic contact with that experience ex. not saying it is hard to make friends and instead of saying it is hard for me to make friends

109
Q

what is you talk

A

o You talk is when you use the word you instead of talking about yourself and using I

110
Q

what is the experiment therapeutic technique

A

o Getting clients to partake in experiments

o Like making them take on the role of their mother or act out a traumatic experience

111
Q

what is internal dialogue exercise therapeutic technique

A

o Exercise where we can look at sort of these splits within ourselves
o Our inner critical or we can talk about our top dog and our underdog. And maybe roleplaying between the two sides

112
Q

what is empty chair therapeutic technique

A
  • Different ways to do empty chair
    o Assigning a different part of myself to the empty chair (ex. topdog vs underdog) and having a full conversation with that part
  • Two empty chair technique
    o Where we put someone else who we might have unfinished business with and speak to the person as if they are in the chair and then switch chairs and talk to the yourself as if you were the person with unfinished business
113
Q

what is rehearsal exercise therapeutic technique

A

o Practicing or rehearing a conversation that you might have with someone in your life

114
Q

what is reversal therapeutic technique

A

o Making someone act the opposite of how they are

o Ex. if someone is shy you make them act outgoing

115
Q

what is the exaggeration l therapeutic technique

A

o Getting people exaggerate

116
Q

what is staying with the feeling therapeutic technique

A

o Getting people to really practice sitting with their feelings and not just deflecting or jumping away into something that feels more pleasant

117
Q

what is making the rounds therapeutic technique

A

o Sometimes happen in group therapy where you can get clients to speak authentically in different ways to everyone around the circle

118
Q

what is the dream work therapeutic technique

A

o You sort of break down what happens in the dream and each part is meant to be a projection of yourself

119
Q

what is future projections therapeutic technique

A

o Anticipate a future event and then bring it into the present and then probably do some role playing around that

Psychotherapy (3 decks)

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