Quiz 2 - Thyroid (updated)

Question 1

What connects the thyroid gland?

Answer 1

Isthmus

Question 2

What is the largest muscle in relation to the thyroid?

Answer 2

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Question 3

The longus colli muscle lies ____ in relation to the thyroid.

Answer 3

Posterior and lateral to lobes. (Hypoechoic tirangular structure adjacent to cervical vertebrae)

Question 4

Two _______ arise from external carotids and descend to upper poles.

Answer 4

superior thyroid arteries

Question 5

Two ____ arise from thyrocervical trunk of subclavian artery and ascent to lower poles.

Answer 5

inferior thyroid arteries

Question 6

What is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) produced by?

Answer 6

Pituitary gland

Question 7

What does calcitonin do?

Answer 7

Decreases concentration of calcium in blood by first acting on bone to inhibit its breakdown (helps maintain homeostasis)

Question 8

When thyroid is producing correct amount of thyroid hormone it is considered to be _____

Answer 8

euthyroid (normal)

Question 9

Under-secretion of thyroid hormones is ______.

Answer 9

hypothyroidism

Question 10

Hyperthyroidism may be caused by low intake of _____ in body.

Answer 10

goiter (iodine)

Question 11

Over-secretin of thyroid hormones is _____.

Answer 11

hyperthyroidism

Question 12

Many patients experiencing hyperthyroidism show signs of _____.

Answer 12

exophthalmos (protruding eyes)

Question 13

Terms to describe goiter

Answer 13

nodular hyperplasia, multinodular goiter, and adenmoatous hyperplasia.

Question 14

Define goiter

Answer 14

Enlargement of thyroid gland.

Question 15

____ occurs as diffuse thyroid enlargement not resulting from neoplasm or inflammation.

Answer 15

Nontoxic (simple) goiter

Question 16

Goiter sonographic findings

Answer 16

most hyperplastic or adenomatous nodules isoechoic compared to normal thyroid tissue, as gland enlarges may become hyperechoic, focal scarring and ischemia as well as necrosis and cyst formation, fibrosis or calcifications.

Question 17

Sonographic findings of a cyst:

Answer 17

degenerative changes of nodules correspond to their sonographic appearance, purely anechoic areas, 20% of solitary nodules cystic.

Question 18

Sonographic findings of adenoma

Answer 18

Anechoic - completely hyperechoic and commonly have peripheral halo.

Question 19

Define Halo

Answer 19

(thin echolucent rim surrounding lesion) is edema of compressed normal thyroid tissue or capsule of adenoma.

Question 20

Sonographic findings of malignant lesions

Answer 20

solid/partially cystic/largely cystic mass, neoplasm can be of any size, usually hypoechoic relative to normal thyroid

Question 21

Sonographic findings of papillary carcinoma

Answer 21

includes hypoechogenicity (90% of cases)

Question 22

How do microcalcifications appear

Answer 22

Tiny, they punctate hyperechoic foci (with or without acoustic shadowing)

Question 23

Sonographic findings of follicular carcinoma

Answer 23

irregular margins with thick irregular halo

Question 24

Medullary carcinoma sonographic finding

Answer 24

Lesions appear similar to that of papillary carcinoma as hypoechoic mass. Often calcium deposits.

Question 25

What does anaplastic mean

Answer 25

Undifferentiated; rare - accounts for less than 2% of thyroid cancers.

Question 26

Sonographic findings of anaplastic carcinoma

Answer 26

hypoechoic mass with invasion of surrounding muscles and vessels of neck

Question 27

Sonographic findings of lymphoma

Answer 27

nonvascular hypoechoic and lobulated mass

Question 28

Most common form of thyroiditis

Answer 28

hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 29

sonographic findings of hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Answer 29

diffuse coarsened parenchymal texture slightly more hypoechoic than normal thyroid. Hymogeneous enlargement initially occurs within nodularity, color doppler shows normal to decreased flow velocity occasionally “thyroid inferno” pattern when hypothyroidism develops