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Anatomy > Quiz 2 - The Back > Flashcards

Quiz 2 - The Back Flashcards

1
Q

2 basic parts of a vertebrae

A

the vertebral body and the vertebral arch

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2
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Opening formed by the fusion of the vertebral body and vertebral arch

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3
Q

Other parts of the vertebrae that you should be familiar with:

A
  1. Pedicle (between body and transverse process)
  2. Transverse process (sticking out to the side)
  3. Spinous process (sticking out of your back)
  4. Lamina (between transverse process and spinous process)
  5. Superior/inferior vertebral notches
  6. Superior/inferior articular processes
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4
Q

Atlas

A

C1

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5
Q

Axis

A

C2

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6
Q

Typical cervical vertebrae

A
  • bifid spinous process
  • foramen in each transverse process (called transverse foramen)
  • uncinate processes (bony margins that project from the lateral edges of the superior surface of the vertebral body)
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7
Q

What is unique about C7?

A
  • does not conduct the paired vertebral arteries that are traveling towrds the head, like the other cervical vertebrae
  • is called the “vertebra prominens” because it is a very prominent spinous process
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8
Q

Typical thoracic vertebrae

A
  • Costal facets for articulation with ribs
  • Long, sloping spinous processes
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9
Q

Typical lumbar vertebrae

A
  • sturdy vertebral bodies
  • short, blunt spinous processes
  • the “typical” vertebrae that you think of; their large size reflects the fact that they support more weight
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10
Q

Anterior and posterior sacral foramina

A

serve the same purpose as the intervertebral foramen between vertebral bodies

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11
Q

Sacrum articulates superiorly with _____

A

L5

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12
Q

The sacrum articulates laterally with the _____

A

pelvic bones

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13
Q

The sacrum articulates inferiorly with the _____

A

coccyx

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14
Q

The vertebrae, sacrum, and coccux are stacked together to form the _____

A

Vertebral column

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15
Q

What houses the spinal cord?

A

The vertebral canal, which is superiorly continuous with the cranial cavity via the foramen magnum

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16
Q

Sacral canal

A
  • the portion of the vertebral canal that extends into the sacrum
  • ends inferiorly at the sacral hiatus
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17
Q

Extension of back

A

bending back

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18
Q

flexion of back

A

touching your toes

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19
Q

lateral flexion of back

A

tilting side to side

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20
Q

Joints of the back are held together by?

A

Ligaments and intervertebral discs

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21
Q

Joints between vertebral bodies?

A

Symphysis; in the case of the back this is the intervertebral disc

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22
Q

Joints between articular processes

A

Synovial facet (zygapophyseal) joints; these occur between the superior articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of another vertebra

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23
Q

Two layers of the intervertebral disc

A
  • anulus fibrosus (outer layer of fibrocartilage; remember fibrocartilage contains both type I and type II collagen)
  • nucleus pulposus (inner gelatinous core)
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24
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A
  • formed when a superior vertebral notch on one vertebrae meets an inferior vertebral notch on adjacent vertebrae
  • provides access to the vertebral canal
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25
Q

Primary movement in the thoracic region

A

Rotation

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26
Q

Primary movement in the lumbar region

A

flexion and extension

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27
Q

Herniated (ruptured) disc

A
  • Annulus fibrosus tears due to trauma or degenerative changes, and the nucleus pulposus protrudes through the torn area.
  • Typically, protrusion of nucleus pulposus occurs in a posterolateral direction, because the annulus is thinner in that area, and no support is provided by the longitudinal ligaments.
  • Prolapsed nucleus pulposus may compress spinal nerve roots causing back pain
  • HERNIATED DISCS MOST COMMON IN LUMBAR REGION (L4/L5/S1)
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28
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A
  • continuous band found on anterior aspect of vertebral bodies
  • important for preventing hyperextension of the vertebral column
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29
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A
  • continuous band found on the posterior aspect of vertebral bodies (anterior to the vertebral canal)
  • limits flexion of the vertebral column
  • this is the one that’s kind of in between the spinous processes and the vertebral body
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30
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A
  • runs along the tips of spinous processes from C7-sacrum
  • limits flexion of the column
31
Q

Ligamentum nuchae

A
  • takes place of the supraspinous ligament in the cervical region
  • “the cranial continuation of the infraspinous and supraspinous ligaments”
  • attached superiorly to the external occipital protuberance of the occipital bone; ends at C7
  • helps support weight of the head; limits flexion of head and neck
32
Q

The spaces between adjacent spinous processes are filled by the ______

A

Interspinous ligaments

Their ventral surface meets the ligamentum flavum and their dorsal margin blends into the supraspinous ligament.

33
Q

Ligamentum flavum

A
  • named for its yellow color due to the high concentration of elastic fibers
  • connects adjacent laminae
  • forms part of the posterior wall of the vertebral canal (fills in gaps, especially in lumbar region)
34
Q

Best place for epidural?

A

Region between L2 and S2 because spinal cord is not present and there are gaps between adjacent vertebrae that allow access with a needle

35
Q

Vertebral column curves anteriorly in which plane?

A

The sagittal plane

36
Q

Primary curvature of embryo

A

(Concave anteriorly) remains in the thoracic and sacral regions

37
Q

Secondary curvatures (convex anteriorly)

A

begin to form before birth in the cervical and lumbar regions

38
Q

When do the curvatures develop fully?

A

after the baby holds its head up and leads to stand

39
Q

Kyphosis

A

Exaggerated thoracic curvature (hunchback). Most commonly due to osteporosis of the anterior parts of the vertebral bodies, or compression fractures

40
Q

Lordosis

A
  • exaggerated lumbar (secondary) curvature (sway-back)
  • due to anterior rotation of the pelvis that can be caused by obesity or temporarily in pregnancy
41
Q

Scoliosis

A
  • lateral curvature of the spine in the CORONAL PLANE
  • usually due to an imbalance of forces (asymmetry in muscle strength or in development of vertebrae)
42
Q

Label the parts of the skull

A

Should know occipital bone, superior/inferior nuchal lines, external occipital protuberance and crest, and mastoid process of temporal bone

Can’t see on this pic: foramen magnum, occipital condyles

43
Q

Posterior view of the scapular landmarks for the back

A

Should know: superior/inferior angles, superior border, acromion, spine, medial/lateral borders

44
Q

Extrinsic back muscles

A
  • Innervated by the VENTRAL rami of spinal nerves (except for trapezius)
  • include superifcial layer and intermediate layer
45
Q

Intrinsic back muscles

A
  • Innervated by the DORSAL rami of spinal nerves
  • include deep layer
46
Q

Superficial layer (extrinsic)

A
  • contains muscles that move the upper extremity
  • trapezius
  • latissimus dorsi
  • levator scapulae
  • rhomboid major and minor
47
Q

Trapezius O, I, N, Fx (extrinsic, superficial)

A

O: superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 to T12

I: lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

N: accessory nerve (CN XI)

Fx: superior fibers elevate and laterally rotate scapula; middle fibers retract scapula; inferior fibers depress and laterally rotate scapula

48
Q

Levator scauplae: O, I, N, Fx (extrinsic, superficial)

A

O: Transverse processes of C1 to C4

I: superior angle of the scapula

N: dorsal scapular nerve

Fx: elevates scapula

49
Q

Rhomboid minor/major O, I, N, Fx (extrinsic, superficial)

A

O: spinous processes of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae

I: medial border of scapula (minor is superior to the spine; major is inferior)

N: dorsal scapular nerve

Fx: retracts and medially rotates the scapula

50
Q

Latissimus dorsi O, I, N, Fx (extrinsic, superficial)

A

O: spinous process T7-L5, sacrum, iliac crest

I: Intertubercular groove of humerus

N: thoracodorsal nerve

Fx: extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus

51
Q

Intermediate layer (extrinsic)

A
  • two thin muscles
  • serratus posterior superior
  • serratus posterior inferior
  • thought to be respiratory muscles but are not clinically relevant
52
Q

Deep layer (intrinsic)

A
  • separated from the extrinsic muscles by the thoracolumbar fascia
  • organized in layers
  • splenius capitis
  • splenius cervicis
  • erector spinae
  • semispinalis capitis
53
Q

Splenius capitis & cervicis O, I, N, Fx

A

O: ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 and upper thoracic vertebrae

I, capitis: mastoid process and superior nuchal line

I, cervicis: transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae

N: dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Fx: bilaterally - extend the head and neck; unilaterally - rotate the head to one side

54
Q

Erector spinae O, I, N, Fx

A

O: sacrum, iliac crest, ribs, spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae

I: spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae, ribs, and skull

N: dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Fx: bilaterally - extend the head trunks; unilaterally - bend the trunk laterally. Also important for controlling flexion against gravity.

**The erector spinae is the primary muscle that extends the vertebral column

55
Q

Semispinalis capitis O, I, N, Fx

A

O: transverse processes of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae

I: occipital bone near nuchal lines

N: dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Fx: bilaterally - extend the head and neck; unilaterally - rotate the head to one side

**Part of the transversospinal group, which consists of small postural muscles that stabilize the vertebral column and provide proprioceptive feedback

56
Q

Skin of the back is innervated in a segmental fashion by…

A

the DORSAL rami of spinal nerves

57
Q

What vessel supplies the skin and intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Recurring branches from the descending aorta

58
Q

Branches from the aorta associated with thoracic vertebrae

A

Posterior intercostal arteries

59
Q

Branches from the aorta associated with lumbar vertebrae

A

Lumbar arteries

60
Q

Transverse cervical artery

A

Supplies blood to trapezius! And other extrinsic muscles (?)

61
Q

What differentiates to form a sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome?

A

Somites. The sclerotomes form vertebrae, ribs, and parts of the intervertebral discs. The dermatomes form dermis/hypodermis of back. The myotome forms skeletal muscles for back, body wall, and limbs

62
Q

Sclerotome

A
  • comprised of loosely organized mesenchymal cells from the core of the somite
  • these cells are mesenchyme cells or embryonic CT
  • mesenchymal cells can differentiate into different cell types (fibroblasts, chondroblasts, or osteoblasts)
63
Q

To where do the cells of the sclerotome migrate?

A

-around the neural tube and notochord

64
Q

What do the sclerotome cells around the neural tube form?

A

The vertebral arch

65
Q

What do the sclerotome cells around the notochord form?

A

The vertebral bodies

66
Q

How does the sclerotome form ribs?

A

Ribs grow distally from the costal processes of thoracic vertebrae

67
Q

The vertebrae are derived from the _____

A

Sclerotome

68
Q

From where are the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus derived?

A

Anuulus fibrosus = sclerotome

Nucleus pulposus = notochord

Vertebral body = sclerotome

69
Q

Cells of the myotome differentiate into what?

A

Myoblasts, which give rise to skeletal muscle

70
Q

Further development of the myotome produces what two regions?

A
  • a dorsally located epaxial group (intrinstic back muscles, innervated by dorsal rami)
  • a ventrolateral hypaxial group (muscles of ventrolateral body wall and limbs; innervated by ventral rami)
71
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

“Closed” neural tube defect

-occurs when left and right sclerotomes fail to fuse, causing a gap in the vertebral canal but NOT in the neural tube

72
Q

Congenital scoliosis

A

-occurs when a slerotome from one side fails to divide or form completely

73
Q

The trapezius can only _______ rotate the scapula

A

LATERALLY

74
Q

What muscle produces shrugging motion?

A

Trapezius

Anatomy (13 decks)

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