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Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy 2 > Quiz 2 revision > Flashcards

Quiz 2 revision Flashcards

1
Q

Normal carrying angles

A

M- 5-10 degrees

D- 10-15 degrees

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2
Q

Normal carrying angles

A

M- 5-10 degrees

D- 10-15 degrees

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3
Q

What is cubitus varus

A
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4
Q

What is cubitus valgus

A

> 15-20 degrees

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5
Q

list the three medial collateral ligaments of the elbow

A

anterior oblique
posterior oblique
transverse oblique

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6
Q

List the lateral collateral ligaments

A

radial collateral ligament
lateral ulna collateral ligament

*resist varum stress

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7
Q

Which muscles flex the elbow

A

Biceps Brachii
Brachialis
Pronator Teres
Brachioradialis

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8
Q

Which muscles flex the elbow

A

Triceps Brachii

Anconeus

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9
Q

Primary elbow pronators

A

pronator quadratus

pronator teres

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10
Q

secondary elbow pronators

A

Flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
brachioradialis (supinated position)

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11
Q

Primary elbow supinators

A

biceps brachii

supinator

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12
Q

secondary elbow supinators

A

radial wrist extensors
extensor pollicis longus
extensor indicis
brachioradialis (pronated position)

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13
Q

Innervation of brachialis

A

musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)

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14
Q

Innervation of Biceps brachii

A

musculocutaneous nerve (C5. C6)

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15
Q

Innervation of brachioradialis

A

Radial nerve (C5, c6)

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16
Q

Innervation of pronator teres

A

median nerve (C6, C7)

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17
Q

Innervation of Triceps brachii

A

radial nerve (c5/6)

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18
Q

Innervation of anconeus

A

Radial nerve (C5/6)

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19
Q

Innervation of pronator quadratus

A

median nerve (C6/7

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20
Q

Innervation of supinator

A

radial nerve (C5, 6)

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21
Q

What limits elbow flexion

A

coronoid process engages fossa ‘tissue approximation’ SOFT END FEEL

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22
Q

What limits elbow extension

A

olecranon contacting fossa ‘ bone to bone’ HARD END FEEL

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23
Q

What limits elbow pronation

A

radius contacting ulnar ;elastic or tissue stretch’ FIRM END FEEL

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24
Q

What limits elbow supination

A

limited by soft tissues ‘elastic or tissue stretch FIRM END FEEL

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25
Q

“open” Loose packed position of humero ulna

A

elbow flexed at 70 degrees

forearm supinated at 10 degrees

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26
Q

close packed position for humero ulna

A

elbow fully extended and supinated

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27
Q

Open packed position for radiohumeral

A

elbow fully extended and supinated

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28
Q

Closed pack position for radiohumeral

A

elbow flexed 90 and supinated 5

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29
Q

Open packed position for superior radioulna

A

elbow flexed 70 and supinated 45

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30
Q

Closed pack position for superior radioulnar

A

Forearm supinated 5 degrees

interosseous membrane fully lengthened

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31
Q

open packed position for inferior radioulna

A

10 supination

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32
Q

close pack position for inferior radioulna

A

5 supination

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33
Q

What is the capsular pattern for humeroulna

A

more limited into flexion than extension

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34
Q

What is the capsular pattern for radioulnar

A

equal limitation in supination and pronation

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35
Q

What is the capsular pattern for radioulnar

A

equal limitation in supination and pronation

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36
Q

What is cubitus varus

A
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37
Q

What is cubitus valgus

A

> 15-20 degrees

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38
Q

list the three medial collateral ligaments of the elbow

A

anterior oblique
posterior oblique
transverse oblique

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39
Q

List the lateral collateral ligaments

A

radial collateral ligament
lateral ulna collateral ligament

*resist varum stress

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40
Q

Contributing factors to LE

A 
stiff elbow joint 
restricted cervical or thoracic spine
Neurodynamics (ULNTT2)
Restricted shoulder movement (rotation)
Unstable or stiff wrist
Training : technique, intensity, volume, equipment
Work duties, equipment
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41
Q

Which muscles flex the elbow

A

Triceps Brachii

Anconeus

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42
Q

Primary elbow pronators

A

pronator quadratus

pronator teres

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43
Q

secondary elbow pronators

A

Flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
brachioradialis (supinated position)

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44
Q

Primary elbow supinators

A

biceps brachii

supinator

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45
Q

secondary elbow supinators

A

radial wrist extensors
extensor pollicis longus
extensor indicis
brachioradialis (pronated position)

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46
Q

Innervation of brachialis

A

musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)

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47
Q

Innervation of Biceps brachii

A

musculocutaneous nerve (C5. C6)

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48
Q

Innervation of brachioradialis

A

Radial nerve (C5, c6)

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49
Q

Innervation of pronator teres

A

median nerve (C6, C7)

50
Q

Innervation of Triceps brachii

A

radial nerve (c5/6)

51
Q

Innervation of anconeus

A

Radial nerve (C5/6)

52
Q

Innervation of pronator quadratus

A

median nerve (C6/7

53
Q

Innervation of supinator

A

radial nerve (C5, 6)

54
Q

What limits elbow flexion

A

coronoid process engages fossa ‘tissue approximation’ SOFT END FEEL

55
Q

What limits elbow extension

A

olecranon contacting fossa ‘ bone to bone’ HARD END FEEL

56
Q

What limits elbow pronation

A

radius contacting ulnar ;elastic or tissue stretch’ FIRM END FEEL

57
Q

What limits elbow supination

A

limited by soft tissues ‘elastic or tissue stretch FIRM END FEEL

58
Q

“open” Loose packed position of humero ulna

A

elbow flexed at 70 degrees

forearm supinated at 10 degrees

59
Q

close packed position for humero ulna

A

elbow fully extended and supinated

60
Q

Open packed position for radiohumeral

A

elbow fully extended and supinated

61
Q

Closed pack position for radiohumeral

A

elbow flexed 90 and supinated 5

62
Q

Open packed position for superior radioulna

A

elbow flexed 70 and supinated 45

63
Q

Closed pack position for superior radioulnar

A

Forearm supinated 5 degrees

interosseous membrane fully lengthened

64
Q

open packed position for inferior radioulna

A

10 supination

65
Q

close pack position for inferior radioulna

A

5 supination

66
Q

What is the capsular pattern for humeroulna

A

more limited into flexion than extension

67
Q

what is the capsular pattern for radiohumeral

A

more limited flexion than extension

68
Q

What is the capsular pattern for radioulnar

A

equal limitation in supination and pronation

69
Q

what are contractures

A

when the muscle forms in a fixed position

70
Q

if PROM > AROM, what does it suggest

A

that nonarticular / contractile dysfunction

71
Q

If PROM = AROM, what does it suggest

A

possible articular dysfunction

72
Q

What is the most comfortable position for patients with elbow pain and why

A

80 degrees flexion - volume of air to space in joint is lowest
- may lead to contractures if the position is maintained too long

73
Q

one way to differentiate between ECRB and radial nerve

A

ECRB - pain on wrist flexion ROM

radial nerve - sharp shooting pain on wrist flexion ROM

74
Q

the three stages of the tendon pathology continuum

A

reactive tendinopathy
Tendon disrepair
Degenerative

75
Q

Differential diagnosis of medial elbow pain

A

medial epicondylalgia - golfer’s elbow

Medial collateral ligament sprain
LLE

arthritis
joint laxity
loose body
olecranon/coronoid impingement
Referred pain
nerve impingement
76
Q

how many bones are there in the wrist complex

A

8

77
Q

how many joints in the wrist complex

A

16

78
Q

Zero starting position for wrist joint complex

A

longitudinal axis through the radius and third metacarpal bone are in a straight line

79
Q

Resting position for the wrist joint complex

A

longitudinal axis through the radius and third metacarpal bone are in a straight line
+slight ulnar deviation

80
Q

Close packed position for wrist complex

A

wrist in maximal dorsal flexion (extension)

81
Q

Capsular pattern for the wrist complex

A

Restricted equally in all directions

82
Q

What are the two most important carpal bones regarding loss of range of motion with pathology

A

scaphoid and lunate

83
Q

If flexion is lacking, which joints should be focused on

A

partly radiocarpal, mostly mid carpal

84
Q

If extension is lacking, which joints should be focused on

A

radiocarpal then midcarpal

85
Q

What is radial deviation

A

proximal row of carpals and midcarpals slide into dorsal and ulna glide

86
Q

What is ulna deviation

A

proximal row moves into a palmar and radial glide

87
Q

What type of joint is the 1st CMC joint

A

biaxial saddle

-because of lax capsule, it functions as a ball and socket joint

88
Q

What type of joints are PIPs and DIPs

A

hinge joints

89
Q

De Quervain’s

A

APL & EPB ‘stenosing tendovaginitis of the first dorsal retinaculum

90
Q

Intersection syndrome

A

APL/EPB & ECR

91
Q

Dupuytren’s contracture

A

4th and 5th digits contracture

92
Q

where can a ganglion occur

A

on the dorsal radial side of the wrist

93
Q

what is a mallet finger tendon avulsion

A

avulsion of the extensor tendon

94
Q

what is a jersey finger tendon avulsion

A

avulsion of the flexor tendon

95
Q

What is Kienbock’s disease

A

avascular nercrosis of the lunate

96
Q

guyon’s tunnel

A

ulnar nerve entrapment - cyclists and karate

97
Q

definition of carpal instability

A

inability to bear physiological loads with an associated loss of normal carpal alignment

98
Q

What is an outcome measure

A

outcome = a change in a patient characteristic as a consequence of a specific intervention or treatment ‘

Outcome measure (OM) = 
tools or means to measure an outcome

A standardised test or a scale that has been demonstrated to measure a patient characteristic of interest

99
Q

What is responsiveness

A

the test or scale should be able to measure change over time

100
Q

Outcome measure

A

can evaluate a variety of specific patient characteristics such as
-impairment level .-e.g. pain
perceived function - level of disability, incapacity or distress

activity limitations
participation restrictions
mental state

101
Q

LASER acronym

A 
Light
Amplification by
Stimulated
Emission of
Radiation
102
Q

Class of lasers

A 
Class I : low power lasers
Class II: power out put up to 1mW (400-700nm wavelength)
Class IIIa: power out put up to 5mW
Class IIIb: power output up to 5-500mW
Class IV: Power output up to 500-700mW
103
Q

Stimulated emission of Radiation

A

Laser (lasing ) medium
Resonating Cavity
Power Source

104
Q

What is a lasing medium

A

a substance capable of being pumped with energy

105
Q

Resonating cavity

A

chamber to contain lasing medium
contains a pair of parallel reflecting surfaces / mirrors
Photons are reflected back and forth to produce an intense photon resonance
one reflecting surface (output coupler) is not a perfect mirror and allows output of the light

106
Q

What is monochromaticity

A

single coloured
clustered around a single wavelength
wavelength is a critical factor for determining biological effects

107
Q

What is collimation

A

rays of light / photons are all parallel
almost no divergence over distance
optical power is bundled on to a small area
But increases danger to the eye

108
Q

Scattering of incident light

A

change in direction of light as it passes through tissue with varying refractive indices relative to water content = loss of coherence

109
Q

Absorption of incident light

A

chromophores are biomolecules that absorb photons and include melanin and haemoglobin
therefore penetration Is limited to several millimeters but is wavelength dependant

110
Q

What is Arndt-Schultz law/rule

A

weak stimuli increases physiologic activity, moderate stimuli inhibit activity, and very strong stimuli abolish activity

111
Q

Cellular research

A

stimulate fibroblasts, macrophages and collagen production

112
Q

Thermal response

A

increase nerve conduction

increase capillary dilation

113
Q

Bioenergetic response

A

acupuncture - stimulate points

114
Q

Biochemical effect

A 
releses nitric oxide
increase ATP production
increase Fibroblast migration
increase macrophage activity 
increase keratinocyte activity 
RNA/DNA synthesis 
SOD production
115
Q

Bioelectric effects of laser

A

electromotive action, acting on membrane bound ion channels

-intracellular/extracellular/ ion gradient changes

116
Q

Clinical effects of laser

A

reduced spasm - pain relief - increased circulation
Improved flexibility and function - improved healing
reduced symptoms associated with osteoarthritis

117
Q

indications for laser

A

wound management
soft tissue injuries
arthritis
pain relief

118
Q

POwer output

A

expressed in milliwatts (mW)

More powerful machines (30-200mw) now common as deliver energy quicker

119
Q

Irradiance (power density)

A

mW/cm2

Usually kept high

120
Q

Energy

A

Joules
power output in W x secs application
eg. 30mW device for 60 sec = 1.8J

121
Q

contra indications for laser

A

for direct aim into eyes of humans or animals
over areas injected with steroids in the past 2-3 weeks
over areas that are suspicious or contain potentially cancerous tissue
over areas of active haemorrhage
over a pregnant uterus
over the neck (thyroid or carotid sinus region) or chest (vagus nerve or cardiac region of the thorax)
directly over areas with open wounds unless covered with a clear. protective barrier
treatment over sympathetic ganglia
for symptomatic local pain relief unless etiology is established or unless a pain syndrome has been diagnosed
infections, diseases
over bony growth centres
thoracic area with pacemaker
eye
vascular diseases

Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy 2 (10 decks)

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