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COGS 100 > Quiz 2 (Psychology) > Flashcards

Quiz 2 (Psychology) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the psyche?

A
  • the breath of “life”

- one’s inner private mind

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2
Q

What does the psyche represent?

A

1) “human” nature
2) the “soul” (for dualists)
3) the HUMAN mind and its associated conscious states
4) the inner private workings of the mind

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3
Q

What is psychology?

A
  • the study of mind and behaviour

- the relationship between the internal states of mind and external states of behaviour

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4
Q

Psychology vs Cognitive Science

A

Psychology:
-focus on behaviour, the “psyche”, and personality

Cognitive science:

  • focus on the mind in general
  • mind as information processor (psyche not necessary)
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5
Q

What is voluntarism?

A

mental elements could be assembled into higher cognitive components through the power of will

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6
Q

What are the mental elements of voluntarism?

A
  • thoughts
  • feelings
  • pictures
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7
Q

Immediate experience

A
  • internal perception and apperception
  • our direct awareness of something
  • what we think of things without any previous memory/knowledge of them
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8
Q

Mediate experience

A
  • related to self-observation and reliance on memory systems

- come from a mental reflection about an object

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9
Q

Apperception

A

the mental process by which a person makes sense of an idea by assimilating it to the body of ideas he or she already possesses

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10
Q

Wundt’s idea of introspection

A

-a kind of internal perception that could be objectively measured

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11
Q

How Wundt performed introspection tests

A

1) put themselves to a ready state of attention prior to their introspecting
2) The students would repeat their observations several times
3) Wundt would then modify specific aspects of the stimulus, such as size and duration of the experience

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12
Q

Wundt’s Tri-Dimensional Theory of Feeling

A

1) pleasure-displeasure
2) tension-relaxation
3) excitement-depression

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13
Q

Wundt’s Principle of Creative Synthesis

A
  • the mind perceptually organizes constituent parts in order to create a whole containing new properties
  • empiricists viewed this process as passive rather than active (a criticism)
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14
Q

What is will?

A
  • there are many different definitions

- A desire, purpose, or determination, especially of one in authority

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15
Q

Wundt’s definition of will

A

-a voluntary effort of the mind

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16
Q

Who was the founder of structuralism?

A

Edward B. Titchener

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17
Q

What is structuralism?

A

-similar to voluntarism except it replaces introspection with the scientific method
-Mental elements are combined passively
according to mechanistic laws
-a theory that emphasizes studying the structure or basic elements of the mind and how they combine

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18
Q

stimulus error

A

confusing our true experience of an object with a description of the object based on language and past experience

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19
Q

What are structuralist subjects treated as?

A

-reagents (in chemistry, a substance added to a mixture in order to produce a particular chemical reaction)

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20
Q

How many elements in Titchener’s Periodic Table?

A

-32,820 visual elements
-11,600 auditory elements
= 44,420 sensation elements

21
Q

Titchener’s Periodic Table 5 attribute groups

A
  • Quality (What makes a particular sensation unique from other sensations)
  • Intensity (the strength of a sensation)
  • Extensity (the extent to which a sensation fills or occupies space)
  • Duration (how long, short, or persistent a sensation is)
  • Clearness (how distinguishable from other sensations)
22
Q

What is functionalism (psychology)?

A
  • more concerned with what something does than what something is made of
  • the acquisition, fixation, retention, organization, and evaluation of experiences and their subsequent utilization in the guidance of conduct
23
Q

Angell’s 3 major themes of Functionalism

A
  1. mental operations (How does the mind operate and what does the mind operate on?)
  2. Fundamental utilities of consciousness ( Why are we conscious? What is the utility/value of being conscious?)
  3. Psychophysical [embodiment] relations (How the physical body relates to the physiological mind, relationship between organism and environment)
24
Q

Functionalist complaint about introspection

A
  • every time one used introspection to describe a discrete object, one had to artificially “freeze” their thought processes
  • In fact, describing experiences in general is ultimately, a reflective practice and ironically, part of mediate experience
  • Therefore, these mental elements were actually synthetized or created for the experimenter rather than existing naturally
25
Q

Functionalist belief about consciousness

A

-a flowing and constantly changing (dynamic)
stream of cognition
-This cognitive information stream could be manipulated by the mind
-Stopping this flow through introspection of discrete (static) mental elements is counter-productive

26
Q

Psychologist’s Fallacy

A

Functionalists did not believe that people would perceive/imagine the exact same thing nor perceive/imagine something in the exact same way

27
Q

Substantive thought

A

occurs when the mind slows down, perhaps when focusing attention

28
Q

Transitive thought

A

less focused more associative form of thinking

29
Q

Who is the most famous psychologist/psychoanalyst/psychotherapist?

A

Sigmund Freud

30
Q

What is the Id? (The pleasure principle)

A

Concerned with (usually) repressed basic survival-related impulses and drives: sex, hunger etc

31
Q

What is the ego? (the realistic principle)

A

works out a compromise between our inner desires/drives (ID) and our ideal self and situation (Superego)
-otherwise, we would go crazy

32
Q

What is the superego? (the idealistic principle)

A

represents our ethical sense and our “ideal” self

33
Q

Defense mechanisms

A
  • repression
  • sublimation
  • justification
34
Q

Wallas’ and Kohler’s Insight Learning

A
  1. Preparation
  2. Incubation
  3. Illumination
  4. Verification
35
Q

Founders of Gestalt Psychology

A
  • Baron Christian von Ehrenfels
  • Kurt Koffka
  • Max Wertheimer
  • Wolfgang Köhler
36
Q

What is reification?`

A

-making something real
-the perception of an object as
having more spatial information than is actually present

37
Q

Wertheimer’s “Principles of Perceptual Organization”

A
  1. Proximity
  2. Similarity
  3. Closure
  4. Pragnanz
  5. Continuity law
38
Q

Operant vs classical learning

A

Classical: involuntary responses that result from experiences that occur before a response

Operant: changes in behavior as a result of experiences that occur after a response

39
Q

What type of psychology is Cognitive Psychology mose related to?

A

Functionalism

40
Q

How are modules domain-specific

A

A module is designed to operate only on a specific class of information

41
Q

How are modules informationally encapsulated?

A

A module’s function is not directly influenced by other things going on in the brain

42
Q

Serial Processing vs Parallel processing

A

Serial: One at a time
Parallel: all happening at once in a cycle

43
Q

CPU Cycle

A
  • Fetch
  • Execute
  • Decode
  • (Write back)
44
Q

Top down vs bottom up theories

A

Top down: The agent is explicitly told what kind of stimuli to expect/anticipate
Bottom up: the agent is not told in advance

45
Q

Template matching theory

A

We’re storing many different templates in our mind and try to match them to what we’re seeing

46
Q

Feature detection theory

A

Allows features to partially match rather than needing to be a perfect match

47
Q

Regocnition by components theory

A

uses object constancy to isolate a recognizable visual object despite visual noise/distractors

48
Q

How many geons are there and what are their properties?

A
  • 36 geons

- view invariance, discriminability, resistance to visual noise

49
Q

Feature integration theory

A
  • there is a preattentive stage in which we are parallel processing, then there is a focused attention stage in which we are serial processing
  • not stimulus driven

COGS 100 (4 decks)

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