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Clinical Pathology > Quiz 2 part 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of an abscess

A

Collection of pus (necrotic cells) that builds up in a tissue

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2
Q

How are infarctions usually caused?

A

Most are caused by either thrombosis or emboli, They may be arterial or venous and may be classified as red or white

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3
Q

What determines the fate of infarcts?

A

Depends on factors such as their anatomic site, the general circulation of the patient, and the body’s capacity to repair the area of infarction.

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4
Q

Abscesses are associated with what?

A 
Bacterial infections (G- endotoxic shock)
Inflammation
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5
Q

What is the best prevention against thrombosis

A

Heparin

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6
Q

Describe an amniotic fluid embolus

A

The entry of amniotic fluid containing fetal cells and debris into the maternal circulation through a tear in the placental membranes and rupture of the open uterine and cervical veins

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7
Q

T or F, Amniotic fluid embolus are rare complications that are often acute and easily treated. They usually occur at the beginning of labor

A

Both statements are false.

  • They are catastrophic
  • Occur at end of labor
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8
Q

What are the classical findings of amniotic fluid embolus in the maternal bloodstream

A

Presence of epithelial squamous cells shed from fetal skin, lanugo hair and fat from vernix caseosa within the pulmonary vasculature

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9
Q

The onset of amniotic fluid embolus is characterized by what 5 things

A
  1. Sudden severe dyspnea
  2. Cyanosis
  3. Hypotensive shock
    Followed by:
  4. Seizures
  5. Coma
    - If pt survives, pulmonary edema develops along with DIC
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10
Q

Other names for shock lung syndrome

A

Adult Respiratory Distress syndrome (ARDS)

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11
Q

What is ARDS

A

Left ventricular insufficiency raises the intrapulmonary venous pressure, causing stagnation of blood in the pulmonary circulation, and favor the formation of pulmonary edema

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12
Q

Define Ecchymosis, Purpura and Petechiae

A

Ecchymosis: larger, blotchy bruises
Purpura: Small hemorrhages into skin & mucosa between 1mm to 1cm
Petechiae: Small hemorrhages into the skin & mucosa less than 1 mm in diameter

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13
Q

Define contusion and hematoma

A

Contusion: A bruise
Hematoma: blood released by internal hemorrhage fills body cavities

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14
Q

What is the pathophysiology surrounding bone marrow emboli

A

Complete with hematopoietic cells and fat are often seen in the lungs at autopsy. Usually encountered after cardiac resuscitation in which fractures of the bones of the sternum, thorax and ribs are common. No symptoms related to this event.

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15
Q

Causes of hypovolemic shock

A

Results from a loss of circulatory volume, attributed to massive hemorrhage or to water loss related to massive burn, vomiting, or diarhhea

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16
Q

What is Active hyperemia

A

A consequence or dilatation of the arterioles and mediated by neural signals that lead to the relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle.

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17
Q

What is Passive hyperemia

A

Congestive or congestion is caused by an increased venous back pressure and most often occurs in a chronic form

18
Q

Passive (reactive) hyperemia is typically a consequence of what?

A

Congestive heart failure, where the stagnation of venous deoxygenated blood contributes to cyanosis coloring of tissue & is often associated with peripheral or pulmonary edema.

19
Q

Is there an association with passive hyperemia and heart failure cells?

A

yes, chronic passive congestion of lungs leads to edema, extravasation of RBCs into alveoli & the “heart failure” cells are seen

20
Q

Name of the most common form of oral cancer

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (95%) of oral cancers

21
Q

In general, oral cancer accounts for approx. what percentage of all malignant tumors in men & women

A

Men – 5%

Women – 2%

22
Q

Oral cancers are more common in men or women? Why

A

Men by 2:1 ratio

- Greater use of tobacco and alcohol

23
Q

Average age for oral cancer

A

50-70 yrs. old and is unusual under the age of 40

24
Q

Where is oral cancer the single most common cancer in men?

A

India
- 40% of all cancer, due to chewing Paan, a combination of betel leaves and areca nuts, both considered precancerous to the oral cavity

25
Q

Risk factors for oral cancers

A
  1. Tobacco (chew and smoke, major cause of OC in US)
  2. Alcohol (potentiates carcinogenic effect of tobacco)
  3. Sunlight (UV light) (cancer of lips)
  4. Dental irritation and poor oral hygiene (
  5. Immunosuppression
  6. Leukoplakia & erythroplakia
  7. HPV - STI benign (papillomas) and malignant (squamous cell) cancers in throat and tonsils
  8. EBV - linked to hairy leukoplakia
26
Q

Most common locations of oral cancers in decreasing order

A
  1. Tongue
  2. Lower lip
  3. Floor of the mouth
  4. Gingiva and Edentulous Alveolar ridge
  5. Hard palate
  6. Buccal Mucosa
27
Q

Most common sites of oral cancer due to HPV

A

Tonsils, base of tongue, back of throat, uvula

MORE POSTERIOR REGIONS OF THE ORAL CAVITY

28
Q

Leukoplakia most often occurs where?

A

On the buccal mucosa, tongue and floor of mouth

29
Q

T or F, The plaques of leukoplakia may be solitary or multiple, vary in size from small to large patches, are easily removed by scraping

A

False, Usually cannot be removed by scraping

30
Q

Why should leukoplakia always be considered precancerous

A

Because eventually 20% of cases become malignant

31
Q

What is more precancerous, leukoplakia or Erythroplakia

A

Erythroplakia

- Less common than leukoplakia

32
Q

T or F, In erythroplakia, epithelial changes are atypical and have higher risk of malignant transformtion which is 50% vs leukoplakia that has 20%

A

True

33
Q

T or F, Leukoplakia is asymptomatic, has equal frequency in both sexes and is most common during 2nd decade

A

False, 3rd decade

34
Q

HPV causes what type of oral cancers

A

Benign (papillomas)

Malignant (squamous cell)

35
Q

what serotypes of HPV have associated with oral cancers

A

HPV 6 & 8 –> Genital warts (condyloma acuminatum)

HPV 16 & 18 – oral squamous cell cancers, squamous cell cancers of cervix, penis and anus

36
Q

Age groups affected by Oral HPV positive tumors vs Non-HPV tobacco-related groups

A

Oral HPV - occur in younger age groups

Also in white males and in non-smokers

37
Q

T or F, HPV group is the fastest-growing segment of oral cancer population

A

True

38
Q

Why is HPV related oral cancers increasing?

A

Oral sex

39
Q

T or F, there is a synergistic effect of tobacco and ethanol in this HPV-related group of oral cancer paitents

A

True

40
Q

T or F, Tobacco related groups of oral cancer are more susceptible to radiation therapy than HPV related oral cancers

A

False, HPV are more susceptible to radiation therapy and therefore have better outcomes and survivability

41
Q

Is # of tobacco related oral cancers increasing or decreasing?

A

Decreasing because of increased tobacco awareness

Clinical Pathology (7 decks)

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