Quiz 1 - Cell Adaption Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Atrophy

A

Decrease in the size of a tissue, organ or the entire body

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2
Q

Give examples of physiologic atrophy (3)

A
  1. Thymus undergoing involution
  2. Ovaries, uterus and breasts after menopause
  3. Atrophic bones and muscles in the elderly become thin and prone to fracture
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3
Q

Give examples of pathologic atrophy (3)

A
  1. Ischemic organs are typically small (kidneys involved with atherosclerosis)
  2. Testicular atrophy
  3. Alzheimer dementia
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4
Q

Describe Hypertrophy

A

Increase in the size of tissue or organs due to enlargement of individual cells

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5
Q

Give examples of physiologic hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of skeletal muscles in body builders due to weights

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6
Q

Give examples of pathologic hypertrophy

A
  1. Hypertrophy of the heart that occurs as an adaptation to increased workload
  2. Concentric hypertrophy of left ventricular muscle typically seen in hypertension
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7
Q

Describe Hyperplasia

A

An adaptive increase in the number of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs

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8
Q

Examples of hyperplasia

A
  1. Endometrial hyperplasia due to estrogens

2. Hyperplastic polyps of the colon or stomach

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9
Q

T or F, Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy cannot be seen together

A

False, they can.

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10
Q

Give two examples of hyperplasia and hypertrophy together

A
  1. Phsiologic hypertrophy of the uterine smooth muscle cells during pregnancy is also accompanied by hyperplasia
  2. A hyperplastic prostate, (BPH) increases both the size and number of glands and stroma
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11
Q

Describe Metaplasia

A

An adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit the environment

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12
Q

Examples of Metplasia

A
  1. Squamous metaplasia of the broncial epithelium due to smoking
  2. Gastric or glandular metaplasia of GE junction in Barrett Esophagus
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13
Q

Describe Dysplasia

A

Disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection

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14
Q

T or F, Dysplasia is considered a precancerous condition

A

True

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15
Q

Example of dysplasia

A

Detection of cervical dysplasia base on PAP smears

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16
Q

T or F, there is an association of dysplasia and cervical cancers with HPV

A

True

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17
Q

Describe Anaplasia

A

Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells

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18
Q

4 examples of anaplasia

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix
  2. Cancer of the lung
  3. Malignant melanoma
  4. Renal cell carcinoma
19
Q

What is the hallmark of malignant transformation

A

Anaplasia

20
Q

Other names for anaplasia

A

Malignancy, carcinoma, cancer, neoplasm

21
Q

Simply differentiate between reversible injury and irreversible injury

A

If stress is removed in time, or if cell is able to withstand the assault, cell injury is reversible. If stress is severe, irreversible injury may lead to cell death

22
Q

What characterizes reversible cell injury

A

Typically mild or short-lived, cellular swelling (hydropic degeneration) and reflects increased influx of water into cytoplasm and mitochondria

23
Q

Give an example of reversible cell injury

A

Hypoxia, causes dysfunction of the ATP-driven Na+/K+ pump altering the permeability. Once ATP function is restored, the Na+ and the water are pumped out of the cell and the swelling disappears

24
Q

What happens in mitochondria in reversible cell injury

A

Swollen mitochondria generate less energy, so instead of oxidative ATP production, the cell reverts to anaerobic glycolysis which results in excessive production of lactic acid, cell pH becomes acidic which further slows down cell metabolism

25
Q

What determines reversible from irreversible cell injury?

A

If the nucleus remains untouched and if the energy source is restored, the cell will revert to its normal state.

26
Q

What constitutes irreversible cell injury?

A

If acute stress to which a cell must react exceeds its ability to adapt, the resulting changes in structure and function lead to death of a cell.

27
Q

How can irreversible cell injuries be diagnosed?

A

Can be seen by both light microscopy as well as ultrastructurally (EM)

28
Q

Damage to nucleus can present in what three ways?

A
  1. Pyknosis - condensation of chromatin
  2. Karyorrhexis - Fragmentation of the nucleus into small particles (nuclear dust)
  3. Karyolysis - Invovles dissolution of the nucleus and lysis of chromatin by enzymes
29
Q

T or F, cytoplasm fragmented and lost is an example of irreversible cellular changes

A

True

30
Q

How can cytoplasm fragments and lost diagnosed?

A

Cytoplasmic enzymes such as AST or LDH are released from damaged cells and can be measured in the blood.

31
Q

Differentiate between necrosis and autolysis

A

Necrosis: seen in living (with inflammation )
Autolysis: seen in tissues after death

32
Q

What are the 4 types of necrosis

A
  1. Coagulative
  2. Liquefactive
  3. Caseous
  4. Fat
33
Q

Describe coagulative necrosis

A

Occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured. Cell outlines are preserved and the cytoplasm appears finely granular

34
Q

Example of Coagulative necrosis

A

Occurs in solid internal organs

Best example is heart tissue undergoing a myocardial infarction

35
Q

Describe liquefactive necrosis

A

Refers to a process by which dead cells liquify under the influence of certain cell enzymes. Tissue becomes soft and gel-like

36
Q

Example of liquefactive necrosis

A

Most often in brain where the brain cells lose their contours and liquify

37
Q

Describe Caseous necrosis

A

Form of coagulative necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, cheesy substance forms

38
Q

Example of caseous necrosis

A

Typically found in TB

Called Ghon Complex

39
Q

Describe Fat necrosis

A

Specilaized form of liquefaction necrosis caused by the action of lipolytic enzymes

40
Q

Example of fat necrosis

A

Limited to fat tissue, usually around the pancreas

41
Q

What is Dystrophic Calcifications

A

Necrotic tissue attracts calcium salts and frequently undergoes calcification
- Macroscopic deposition of calcium in injured or dead tissues

42
Q

What is Metastatic calcifications

A

Reflects deranged calcium metabolism (not cell injury) usually associated with increased serum calcium levels, leading to deposition of calcium in other locations.

43
Q

Example of metastatic calcifications

A

Hyperparathyroidism, Vitamin D toxicity, Chronic renal failure

44
Q

Example of dystrophic calcifications

A
  • Atherosclerotic coronary arteries
  • Mitral or aortic valves
  • Breast cancers
  • Infant periventricular calcifications seen in congenital toxoplasmosis