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Clinical Pathology > Quiz 1 - Neoplasms Part 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 - Neoplasms Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which tumors have a limited growth potential and a good outcome?

A

Benign tumors

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2
Q

The definitive diagnosis of tumors, whether benign or malignant is achieved by what?

A

Pathologic Examination

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3
Q

What tumors grow uncontrollably and may eventually kill the host?

A

Malignant tumors

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4
Q

Describe the macroscopic features of Benign tumors (4)

A
  1. Sharply demarcated from normal tissue
  2. Often encapsulated.
  3. Capsule is usually composed of connective tissue
  4. Have an expansile growth and usually compress the normal, surrounding tissue.
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5
Q

Describe the macroscopic features of Malignant tumors (4)

A
  1. Lack a capsule
  2. Not sharply demarcated from normal tissue
  3. Invade surrounding tissue by infiltration, causing a hallmark “Hemorrhage and Necrosis” within the tissue
  4. Malignant tumors cannot be removed as easy as benign ones. (because of infiltrative growth and lack of sharp borders)
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6
Q

Describe the microscopic features of Benign tumors (3)

A
  1. Histologically, composed of cells that resemble the tissue from which they have arisen
  2. Cells composed of a uniform population in which all the cells have the same features, with regularly shaped round or oval nuclei, but all same size with evenly-distributed chromatin with normal nucleoli
  3. Well-developed cytoplasm
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7
Q

Describe the microscopic features of Malignant tumors (7)

A
  1. show prominent Anaplasia in that they exhibit new features not inherent to the tissue of their origins
  2. Undifferentiated
  3. Heterogeneous population of cells that often show Pleomorphism or variability
  4. Uneven, hyperchromatic nuclei that vary in shape and size, are usually larger than normal and have prominent, multiple nucleoli
  5. No specialized cytoplasmic function and therefore exhibit very little cytoplasm. (bc rapidly proliferate)
  6. High N/C ratio
  7. Contain more cells undergoing abnormal mitosis, reflecting rapid growth and replication.
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8
Q

What are the three main pathways of Metastasis?

A
  1. The lymphatics (breast cancer)
  2. The bloodstream (Many cancers)
  3. Direct extension of the primary tumor, usually by seeding of the surface of body cavities (renal cell carcinoma seeding to the adrenal gland)
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9
Q

How are benign tumors usually named?

A

The usually retain the microscopic features of their tissue of origin. Thus, they are named according to the cell type which they resemble the most, with the addition of the suffix “oma”.

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10
Q

What is a benign tumor called that is epithelial and of glandular origin?

A

Adenoma

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11
Q

What is a benign tumor called that is of squamous origin?

A

Papilloma

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12
Q

Benign tumor of cartilage tissue

A

Chondroma

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13
Q

Benign tumor of Osseous tissue

A

Osteoma

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14
Q

Benign tumor of Smooth muscle

A

Leiomyoma

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15
Q

Benign tumor of fat tissue

A

Lipoma

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16
Q

Malignant tumors of epithelial origin are called what?

A

Carcinoma

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17
Q

Names for malignant tumors of connective tissue origin are named how?

A

Named from root of cell type and a suffix “sarcoma”

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18
Q

Malignant tumor of fibrous tissue

A

Fibrosarcoma

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19
Q

Malignant tumor of fat tissue

A

Liposarcoma

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20
Q

Malignant tumor of bone tissue

A

Osteosarcoma

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21
Q

Malignant tumor of Skeletal muscle

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

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22
Q

T or F, All tumors that end in “oma” are benign

A

False, Not all tumors. Examples may include Lymphomas, Melanomas, Astrocytomas, and Seminomas which are all malignant

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23
Q

Malignant tumors composed of Embryonic tissue are called waht?

A

Blastomas

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24
Q

Tumors derived from the three germ cell layers, usually in testes or ovaries, are named what?

A

Teratomas or Teratocarcinomas

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25
Q

T or F, Some tumors cannot be classified according to existing criteria and are named for those who first described them. If true, give examples

A

True, Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, Ewing’s Sarcoma of Bone, Kaposi’s Sarcoma of the skin

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26
Q

Define Cytologic/Histologic cancer grading

A

Based on the degree of anaplasia and on the number of proliferating cells.

27
Q

In cancer grading, how is anaplasia determined?

A

By the shape and irregularity of the cells, large numbers of atypical mitoses, nuclear pleomorphism and tumor giant cells.

28
Q

What are the three grades that cancer grading schemes classify tumors into based on malignancy

A
  1. Grade I - Well-differentiated tumors
  2. Grade II - Moderately Differentiated
  3. Grade III - Poorly or Undifferentiated
29
Q

T or f, the correlation between histologic cancer grade and biological behavior of a neoplasm is not invariable.

A

True, there are many tumors of low-grade potential histologically that express substantial malignant properties.

30
Q

Describe cancer staging

A

Staging is done by clinically assessing the extent of tumor spread, based on examination, radiographic studies, and biopsy results and takes into account the size of the primary tumor and the presence or absence of lymph node and distant metastasis.

31
Q

What does TNM cancer staging system do?

A 
It gives a number designation to:
- Tumor size
- Lymph Node status
- Metastasis 
this is done to determine the stage
32
Q

What are the 4 commonly used criteria in cancer staging

A
  1. Tumor size
  2. Extent of local spread within the organ
  3. Lymph node metastasis
  4. Distant metastasis
33
Q

How do Nitrosamines cause cancer?

A

Nitrites, added to preserve processed foods, may react with other dietary components to form nitrosamines. They are implicated as potent carcinogens causing GI tract cancers, especially Esophageal and Stomach cancers

34
Q

Where in the body are Nitrosamines implicated as potent carcinogens?

A

GI tract, especially esophageal and stomach cancers

35
Q

What cancer does 3,4-benzpyrene cause?

A

Lung cancer.

- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (identified in cigarette smoke)

36
Q

Exposure to vinyl chloride causes what cancer?

A

Plastics

- Have been implicated in causing Angiosarcomas of the Liver

37
Q

What are the effects of UV radiation on cells? (5)

A
  1. Enzyme inactivation
  2. Inhibition of cell division
  3. Mutagenesis
  4. Cell death
  5. Cancer
38
Q

What is the most important biochemical effect of UV radiation?

A

The formation of pyrimidine dimers of DNA

  • Not seen with any other carcinogen
  • Both mutagenic and carcinogenic
39
Q

Describe radon exposure

A

A gas formed as a result of the decay chain of the uranium-radium series of elements
- The daughter products of radon emit alpha particles that bind to dust in the home and may be inhaled and deposited in the lungs

40
Q

Radon exposure is associated with what cancer?

A

Lung cancer

- this is based on the increased findings of this cancer in Uranium miners

41
Q

What is Asbestos?

A

A material widely used in construction (ship-building), insulation, and manufacturing (old brake linings), is a family of fibrous silicates.

42
Q

Asbestos exposure in respiratory tract increases risk of what?

A

Both Mesotheliomas and squamous cell cancers, especially in smokers.

43
Q

Define Mesothelioma

A

a rare form of cancer that develops from cells of the mesothelium, the protective lining that covers many of the internal organs of the body. Mesothelioma is most commonly caused by exposure to asbestos.

44
Q

Viral infection is estimated to be responsible for 15 % of all human cancers including what 4 viruses?

A
  1. HPV
  2. Hepatitis B
  3. Epstein-Barr Virus
  4. Human Herpesvirus 8
45
Q

Epstein-Barr Virus infection method

A

Infects B-cell lymphs and causes diseases such as Infectious Mono and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome as well as Burkitt Lymphoma and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

46
Q

Which viruses are involved with Kaposi Sarcoma?

A

AIDS

Human Herpesvirus 8

47
Q

What are the highest amount of stomach and colon cancers by country?

A

Stomach - Japan

Colon - U.S.

48
Q

Where are more common Squamous and Adenocarcinomas located?

A

Squamous - Breast

Adenocarcinoma - Prostate

49
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Mutated normal cellular genes that normally encode for proteins important for basic cell function that regulates growth and differentiation

50
Q

By what 4 mechanisms are Proto-oncogenes transformed into oncogenes?

A
  1. Point Mutations
  2. Gene Amplification
  3. Chromosomal Rearrangements
  4. Insertion of the viral genome
51
Q

Describe the point mutation in oncogene transformation

A

A single base substitution in the DNA chain, resulting in a miscoded protein that has an amino acid substituted for another amino acid.

52
Q

Describe Gene amplification in oncogene transformation

A

Cell acquires an increased number of copies of the proto-oncogene

53
Q

Describe Chromosomal Rearrangements in oncogene tranformtion

A

A translocation of one chromosomal fragment onto another, or deletion of a fragment of the chromosome, leads to juxtapositioning of genes that are normally distant from one another.

54
Q

Describe Insertion of the viral genome in oncogene transformation

A

The insertional mutagenesis, typical of slow, transforming viruses, results in the disruption of normal chromosomal architecture and genetic dysregulation

55
Q

Name the basic tumor suppressor genes

A 
Retinoblastoma gene (RB-1) and p53
- Loss of p53 results in colon or breast carcinoma
56
Q

Name the three Paraneoplastic syndromes that exibit Endocrine changes

A
  1. Cushing’s Syndrome
  2. Hypercalcemia
  3. Inappropriate Antidiuresis (ectopic ADH)
57
Q

Describe Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Small cell cancer of the lung

Caused by ACTH

58
Q

Describe Hypercalcemia

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

Caused by PTH like polypeptide, TGF-alpha, Vitamin D

59
Q

Name the two Paraneoplastic syndromes that exhibit Hematologic changes

A
  1. Polycythemia

2. Venous thrombosis

60
Q

Describe Polycythemia

A

Renal carcinoma

Caused by Erythropoietin

61
Q

Describe Venous thrombosis

A

Pancreatic carcinoma

Caused by Thromboplastin

62
Q

Name the two Paraneoplastic syndromes that exhibit Neuromuscular changes

A
  1. Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscular weakness)

2. Myasthenia gravis

63
Q

Describe Lambert-Eaton syndrome

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

Caused by antibodies to NMJ

64
Q

Describe Myasthenia gravis

A

Thymoma

Caused by Antibodies to NMJ

Clinical Pathology (7 decks)

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