Quiz 2 (Modules 6-10) Flashcards
Latifundia
huge farm plantations
____ bought farms from ____ ____
rich, poor soldiers
What did the Licinian-Sextian Law of 367 BCE limit
Any one Roman from owning more than 320 acres of land
What did the Patrician governors set out to govern
The new provinces
How many years did Patrician Governors serve
1
T/F the patrician governors were corrupt
True
What were the 3 fortunes Patrician Governors tries to amass while in office
Bribe the jury, hire the best lawyers, retired on after the trial
What was seen as “dirty work” to the Patrician Governors
collecting taxes for Rome from their province
What is a Publicani
A tax collector
What were the two violently competing factions in Rome’s politics
Populars and Optimates
What were the Populars and who did they seek support from
Those of the people, look for support from popular assembly, Plebeians, and the mob
What were the Optimates and who did they look to support from
Those of the best men, support from Patricians and Senate
What political position did Tiberius Gracchus hold
Plebeian Tribune
What did Tiberius Gracchus want to buy from who and make into what
Larger Latifundias from the Patricians and Senators and to make them into smaller ager publicus farms
Who did Tiberius Gracchus sell/rent farms to
Former farmer-soldiers
What law did Tiberius Gracchus propose to revise
Licinian-Sextian law
Who opposed revisions to Licinian-Sextian law
Patricians and Senators
What did Tiberius Gracchus do that was illegal
Ran for second consecutive term to save his life and legislation
Who killed Tiberius Gracchus
Senate and Pontifex Maximus get “The Mob” to murder him
What happens after Tiberius Gracchus dies
Checks and Balances in the law start to fail and violence becomes the way to solve political challenges
Who is Gaius Gracchus related to
younger brother Tiberius
What did Gaius Gracchus re-enact
Brother’s land reform legislation among other reforms
What did the Senate fear Gaius Gracchus was trying to do
create the powerbase of a Tyrant
Who is Gaius Marius (3) and what government positions did he have (2)
Equestrian (Populares), military man, Tribune and then Consul
Gaius Marius is from a _____-_____ family AKA “_____ ____”
non-Consular family AKA Novus Homo
What were the Marian reforms (4)
Remodels army, full-time pro army, additional pay from looting, reorganizes the Roman legions to be more flexible
What did Gaius Marius do to Rome’s Italian allies
Allies wanted more rights so he put down their threat to Rome
How many times did Gaius Marius make Consul in 20 years, was this constitutional?
7 times, no
Who became Rome’s first great “warlord”
Gaius Marius
What did Lucius Cornelilus Sulla call himself, what did this mean?
Felix, lucky/fortunate one
Who was Lucius Cornelius Sulla (3)
Patrician, colleague of Marius, soldier
What was King Mithridates of Pontus the ruler of
Rich kingdom on the Black sea
King Mithridates of Pontus was an ______ and ______ king
Aggressive and expansionist
How many Italians did King Mithridates kill in 1 day
80,000
What is the Rostra in the Roman Forum
raised platform where citizens and politicians could make public speeches and where citizens came to hear news
What did Marius’ men post on the Rostra in the Roman Forum
Lists of his enemies
What were Sulla’s friends declared as and what happened to them (3)
Outlaws, property confiscated, could be killed on sight for reward
What was set on the Rostra as a warning to others
Sulla’s friends’ heads
Triumvirate
Rule of 3 men, political alliance of the 3 most powerful men in Rome to bring stability
Who was the wealthiest man in Rome and how did he make his fortune
Crassus, real estate
Who is Known as the fireman of Rome
Crassus
Who was given the title “magnus” and what did this mean
Pompey, great
What was Pompey called earlier in life
Adulescens carnifex (butcher boy)
Was Julius Caesar popular or unpopular with the people
Popular
What did Caesar want to run for
Consul
What started the civil war between Caesar and the Senate/Pompey
They refused him becoming a consul so he crosses the Rubicon River with his army
What does Alea Iacta est mean
The die is cast
Who defeated who in the battle of Pharsalus
Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies
What did King Ptolemy present to Caesar and what was Caesar’s reaction
Pompey’s head, Caesar was horrified because Pompey was a Roman and friend and his victory was robbed
Who are the two leaders in the Egyptian civil war
King Ptolemy and Cleopatra
Caesar was viewed as… (3)
Arrogant, heavy-handed, power hungry
What were the Honestioers, what is drawn from this
more honourable upper class, Senators
What were the humiliores
the lower class
Your gentes (clan) can provide your ____ for ____ ____
Pedigree, political office
What are the Senatorials, how many
governing body of Republican Rome, 300
What were the nobiles (3)
Nobility, patrician, senatorial class
Equites (Equestrians)
richest class of Plebeians
What does Novus Homo mean
new man
Cives
Citizens
Full Roman citizen’s rights (7)
Vote/hold office, marry other citizens and make a will, commerce, trial before urban praetor, appeal criminal case, wear toga, bear 3 names
How are the 3 names formatted
given/clan/family
Ius Latii
Latin (partial) citizenship
What was the incentives for Latins to gain Roman citizenship (6)
no vote, limited political/legal rights, must serve in military, hard to marry into Roman family, Roman woman would lose her status if married a non-roman, could do business in Rome
Peregrines
Non-Romans, non-Latins
What did Peregrines lack
All rights of Roman citizens
T/F Peregrines could marry non-citizens
True
What is the patron-client system
Social inferior (client) attaches self to a social superior (patron) for legal and political protection
What is the Patronus/Patron required to do
Provide support and protection to his clients
What are clients expected to do
Meet at Patron’s house each morning and offer him the salutatio
What is Salutatio
client’s morning greeting to patron
What is a sportula and who gives it
Little basket (money or food) given by patron to client
What is servus, what is it a symbol of (3)
Slave, manpower, status, wealth
Vernae
Slaves born on the master’s estate
What is the “best” slave job
Domestic/household
What were the worst slave jobs
Agriculture and mine
Ergastula
Prison barracks where escaped slaves were locked up
What does a tag with TMQF or “tene me quia fugio” mean
Hold me, because I run away
Who was a leader in the 3rd Servile war
Spartacus
Contubernium, what was it a term for
Cohabitation with a fellow slave, term for slave common law marriage
Manumission
setting a slave free
3 reasons for manumission
long/exceptional service, saving master’s life, exchange for peculium (buying freedom)
3 methods for manumission
by the rod, testament, informal
freed slave become ___ of ____ ____
client, former master
libertus
freedperson/ex-slave
T/F libertus children cannot move up the political ranks
False
collegia
burial/social clubs
What did the family paedagogus do
Escorted, tutored, and disciplined children in wealthier families
Athens was the world’s first ____
university
Ludus
school
School day was from ___ to _____
dawn, mid afternoon
numen
divine power
Pontifex Maximus
chief priest
what does the Pontifex Maximus do (3)
oversees religious orthodoxy, chooses priests, Vest Virgins
Vestal Virgins (3)
sworn to chastity, guardians of the numen of the house and womanly virtues
Augur
priests who examine movements of star, bird flights, other natural phenomena to see the will of the gods
Haruspex
Priests who examine entrails of sacrificial animals to see the will of the gods
Suovetaurilia
sacrifice of pig, sheep, and bull
God of Potrunus was god of what
Harbors and ports
Lares
gods of field and property
Penates
Gods of closets and cupboards
Official periods of mourning: parents/children over 6, children under 6, husband or wife, close blood relative
parents/children: 1 years, children under 6: 1 month, husband/wife: 10 months, close blood relative: 8 months
Columbarium
underground chamber with niches carved into the walls to hold urns
Family mausoleum
Roman catacombs
Collegium
social club for poor and ex-slaves/freedpersons which provides funerals and banquets for members
Why were Epicureans banned from Rome
shunned for their immoral pleasures
What is the universe made up of according to the atomic theory of Democritus
Atoms and Void
According to the atomic theory of Democritus, atoms are… (4)
Eternal, indestructible, always there, invisible
What happens to Atoms upon death of person
Break apart and form something new
Romans believed that you shouldn’t fear death because
you will be reborn
What was the most popular philosophy among Romans
Stoicism
What did Stoicism believed about emotions (2)
Irrational and harmful
What did Stoicism believed about nature
Live in harmony with nature
Stoics believed in a _______ of ___
Brotherhood, man
What did Marcus Aurelius write
Stoic philosophy in Meditations
Contubernium
marital union not recognized by law
Betrothal min. age
10
What did Roman brides wear on wedding day (5)
Long white dress, hercules knot, flame red veil and shoes, ornate hair with ribbons, floral headress
Confarreatio
Religious wedding
Manus
husband’s legal control over wife
Lucius Livius Andronicus is the father of ____ _____
Latin Literature
Quintus Ennius was the father of _____ _____
Latin poetry
Who was Polybius (3)
Greek historian, soldier, political hostage
Who was Titus Maccius Plautus
Roman comedic playwright
Who was Terence
Comedic playwright
Cato was the father of _____ _____
Latin Prose
Gaius Lucilius was one of the earliest ______ ______
Roman satirists
Who wrote De Re Publica and De Legibus
Cicero
Who is the historian who wrote Jugurthine war, Catiline conspiracy, and the histories
Sallust
Who were early Rome laws passed by (3)
Paterfamilias, King, Consuls
Who were the edicts of magistrates carried out by (2)
Praetors and Peregrine Praetors
What did the magistrate edicts rely on and provide
Rely on professional legal experts, provide remedies for new civil matters
What were the 3 edicts of Emperors
Mandata, Decreta, Rescripta
What is the Mandata
administrative instructions to the Emperor’s officials
What is the Decreta
judicial decision of the Emperor
What is the Rescripta
Imperial statement of what Emperor’s decision would be if the facts proved as stated in the petition or request made to him
What is the consilium principis
emperor’s council or jurists and legal experts
What did jurists begin
The study of law
What were the 12 tables
Rome’s first written law code
T/F, the Twelve Tables were a complete code of law
False, list of definitions of various private rights and procedures
What were all Roman Laws gathered into
Corpus Juris Civilis
What was a major influence in modern Western Law
Justinian’s code
What were the four parts of the CJC
The Code, Digest, Institutes, Novels
What is the Digest component of the CJC
Contained all decisions made by great Roman jurists
What is the Institutes component of the CJC
general textbook used by law students
What is the Novels component of the CJC
all of the new laws passed by Justinian himself during his reign
What did Cicero say about the law
Spirit of law instead of Letter of law, basically what the law means (principles) not just what it says
How many days to pay fines
30 days
What two crimes resulted in public executions
Corruption and rebellion
Who were treated better during punishment, rich or poor
Rich
All cases in Roman law look at what two circumstances
Aggravating and mitigating
Who were the Police force supplemented by
Vigiles (firemen)
What type of clock was used in law courts
Water clock
Julius Caesar assassinated on the _____ of March
Ides
How many days were in Caesar’s calendar
365 1/4 days
Who was July named after
Julius Caesar
Who was August named after
Augustus
Who were the two leading conspirators in the assassination of Caesar
Brutus and Cassius
What were the citizen’s reactions to the assassins
Did not rise up in support so the assassins had to flee
What did Octavian Caesar change his name to (4)
Gaius Julius Casar Octavianus
What did Octavian and Lepidus create
alliance to share power and keep the peace
What was the purpose of tha alliance called the Triumvirs for the Restoration of the State (3)
Bring Caesar’s assassins to justice, avenge his murder, and return Empire to stability
Who does Antony marry
Cleopatra
Was the marriage between Antony and Cleopatra legal and why?
No, Cleopatra is a foreigner under Roman law
Who wins the Battle of Actium
Octavian
Who flees after the Battle of Actium (2), what do they do after they flee
Antony and Cleopatra, commit suicide
What did Octavian do when he gained sole power in Rome
Created the appearance of a Republic by giving most of his power back to the Senate through a process of Trial and Error
What title did Octavian prefer
Princeps (First Citizen)
What did Octavian’s rule become known as
Principate
What is Pax Romana
The Roman Peace (long period of peace and prosperity)
Who aided Octavian
3rd wife Livia
What are the 4 Pillars of the Principate
People, Equestrians, Senate, Army
Who is Julia
Only natural child of Caesar to survive and was exiled to a small island for adultery
