Quiz 2 Infection control Flashcards
Infection
the invasion of a susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms, resulting in disease.
Colonization
a microorganism invades the host but does not cause infection
Disease results from
Entry and multiplication of organisms
the body’s first line of defense is?
Intact Skin-
Communicable disease
infectious process transmitted from one person to another.
symptomatic infection
If pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms
asymptomatic
clinical signs and symptoms are not present
Hand hygiene
the most important technique to use in preventing and controlling transmission of infection.
Chain of Infection
Infectious agent or pathogen Reservoir or source for pathogen growth Portal of exit Mode of transmission Portal of entry Susceptible host
Immunocompromised
means having an impaired immune system.
Virulence
ability to produce disease
Aerobic bacteria
require oxygen for survival and for multiplication sufficient to cause disease
Anaerobic bacteria
no oxygen required
bacteriostasis
prevention of growth and reproduction of bacteria.
bactericidal
destructive to bacteria
Infectious Process
incubation period
Prodromal Stage
Illness stage
Convalescence
Risks of Infection
Inadequate hand hygiene (client and caregivers). Individuals who are immuno-compromised. Older adults Clients living in crowded environments Individuals with poor lifestyle choices Caregiver providing medical or surgical asepsis that does not follow established standards. Clients who have poor hygiene poor nutrition smokes or drinks alcohol excessively high levels of stress.
Defenses Against Infection
Normal flora
Body system defenses
Inflammation
Signs of local inflammation and infection
Swelling, redness, heat, pain or tenderness, and loss of function in the affected body part
Inflammation
Vascular and cellular responses
Delivers fluid, blood products and nutrients to an area of injury.
Neutralizes and eliminates pathogens or dead necrotic tissue and establishes a means of repairing body cells and tissues.
Exudates (serous, sanguineous, or purulent)
Tissue repair
Health Care–Associated Infections (HAIs)
Results from delivery of health services in a health care facility
Patients at high risk of HAIs
Multiple illnesses
Older adults
Poorly nourished
Lowered resistance to infection
Types of HAI infection
Iatrogenic, Exogenous, Endogenous
Latrogenic HAI
Results from a procedure
Exogenous HAI
Comes from microorganisms outside the patient
Endogenous HAI
when the patient’s flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results
Major sites for HAI infection
Surgical or traumatic wounds
Urinary and respiratory tracts
Bloodstream
Nursing diagnoses for infection
- Risk of infection
- nutrition less than the body requires
- impaired oral mucous membrane
- risk for impaired skin integrity
- social isolation
Common goals of care to patients with infection
Preventing exposure to infectious organisms
Controlling or reducing the extent of infection
Maintaining resistance to infection
Verbalizing understanding of infection prevention and control techniques
Screening for Infection
Increased WBC
Elevated sedimentation rate
Positive cultures of urine and blood
Assessment for Infection
Fever presence of chills increased pulse and respiratory rate malaise fatigue anorexia nausea vomiting abdominal cramping diarrhea enlarged lymph nodes. Older adults- confusion, agitation, incontinence
Asepsis
Absence of pathogenic microorganisms.
Aseptic technique
Practices/ procedures that assist in reducing the risk for infection
Medical asepsis, or clean technique
procedures or practices for reducing the number, growth, and spread of organisms present and preventing the transfer of organisms.
Surgical asepsis or sterile technique
procedures or practices to eliminate or prevents contamination of an open wound, serves to isolate the operative area from the unsterile environment, and maintains a sterile field for surgery.
Disinfection
process that eliminates many or all microorganisms, with the exception of bacterial spores, from inanimate objects
Sterilization
the complete elimination or destruction of all microorganisms, including spores
Infection Prevention and Control
Patient safety Including, separate personal care items Wound cleaning Patient education Cough etiquette Isolation and isolation precautions Surgical asepsis
Cough Etiquette
cover nose/mouth
surgical mask when transporting patient
Perform hand hygiene after contact with contaminated respiratory secretions
Maintain spatial separation greater than 3 feet from persons with respiratory infection
Isolation
separation and restriction of movement of ill persons with contagious diseases.
Contact precautions
Direct and indirect contact with patients and their environments
Droplet precautions
Large droplets expelled into the air and travel 3 to 6 feet from the patient.
Airborne precautions
Smaller droplets which remain in air for longer periods of time. Requires specially equipped room with negative air flow.
Protective environment
Requires specialized room with positive airflow. No flowers or potted plants
Personal protective equipment
Gowns, masks, eye protection, gloves
Principles of Surgical Asepsis
- A sterile object remains sterile only when touched by another sterile object
- Only sterile objects may be placed on a sterile field.
- A sterile object or field out of the range of vision or an object held below a person’s waist is contaminated.
- A sterile object or field becomes contaminated by prolonged exposure to air.
- When a sterile surface comes in contact with a wet, contaminated surface, the sterile object or field becomes contaminated by capillary action.
- Fluid flows in the direction of gravity.
- The edges of a sterile field or container are considered to be contaminated.
