Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards
water that contains dissolved or suspended substances such as glucose, mineral salts, and proteins
fluid
outside the cells
extracellular fluid
inside the cells
intracellular fluid
divisions of the ECF
intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid (major divisions) and transcellular fluid (minor division)
liquid portion of the blood
intravascular fluid
located between the cells and outside the blood vessels
interstitial fluid
secreted by the epithelial cells
transcellular fluid
compound that separates into ions when it dissolves in water
electrolytes
measure of the number of particles per kilogram of water
osmolality
fluid with the same concentration of non permeant particles as normal blood
isotonic
solution is more dilute than the blood
hypotonic
solution is more concentrated than normal blood
hypertonic
requires energy in the form of ATP to move electrolytes across cell membranes against the concentration gradient
active transport
passive movement of electrolytes or other particles down the concentration gradient
diffusion
a process by which water moves through a membrane that separates fluids with different particle concentrations
osmosis
movement across a membrane, under pressure, from higher to lower pressure
filtration
the force of the fluid pressing outward against a surface
hydrostatic pressure
an inward-pulling force caused by blood proteins that helps move fluid from the interstitial area back into capillaries
colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)
three processes of fluid homeostasis
fluid intake and absorption, fluid distribution, and fluid output
4 organs that fluid output occurs through
skin, lungs, GI tract, and kidneys
regulates the osmolality of the body fluids by influencing how much water is excreted in urine
ADH
disturbances of the amount of fluid in the extracellular compartment
volume imbalances
disturbances of the concentration of body fluids
osmolality imbalances
present when there is insufficient isotonic fluid in the extracellular compartment
ECV deficit (hypovolemia)
occurs when there is too much isotonic fluid in the extracellular compartment
ECV excess
water deficit, body fluids are too concentrated
hypernatremia
water excess or water intoxication, body fluids are too diluted
hyponatremia
decreased urine output
oliguria
Na+
135-145 mEq/L
Cl-
98-106 mEq/L
K+
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Ca2+
8.4-10.5 mg/dl
Mg2+
1.5-2.5++
PO
2.7-3.5mg/dl
specific gravity (urine)
1.003-1.030
serum osmolality
275-295
hematocrit
women 37-47% men 42-52%
hemoglobin
women 12-16 men 14-18
used to monitor a patient’s acid-base balance
arterial blood gases
pairs of chemicals that work together to maintain normal pH of body fluids
buffers
blood pH
7.35-7.45
PaCO2
35-45 mm Hg
HCO3-
22-26 mEq/L
PaO2
80-100 mm Hg
technique in which a vein is punctured through the skin by a sharp rigid stylet
venipuncture
deliver an accurate hourly IV infusion rate
electronic infusion devices (EID)
occurs when an IV catheter becomes dislodged or a vein ruptures and IV fluids inadvertently enter subcutaneous tissue around the venipuncture site
infiltration
inflammation of a vein that results from chemical, mechanical, or bacterial causes
phlebitis
an immune response to the transfused blood components
transfusion reaction
collection and rein fusion of a patient’s own blood
autologous transfusion
