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Clinical Chemistry > Quiz 2 Hormones > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Hormones

A

Steroid, Protein, and Amines

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2
Q

Steroid Hormones: synthesized by/from, transport

A

By: Adrenal glands, gonads, placenta
From: Cholesterol, lipid-soluble, made as needed rather than stored
Transport: Need a carrier protein to circulate

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3
Q

Clinically Significant Steroid Hormones

A

Cortisol, Aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone

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4
Q

Mechanism of Action: steroid hormones

A

Diffuse into cell and intercellular receptor, telling it to make new mRNAs
Controlled by negative feedback loop

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5
Q

Protein Hormones: synthesized by/from, transport

A

By: Anterior Pituitary, placenta, pancreas, parathyroid
From: Made and stored
Transport: do not need carrier protein, water-soluble

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6
Q

Clinically Significant Protein Hormones

A

Pituitary: FSH, LH (lutinizing), TSH, Growth Hormone, Prolactin
Placenta: HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin)
Pancreas: Insulin, Glucagon
Parathyroid: PTH
*Those with acronyms all have the same Alpha chain but different Beta chains

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7
Q

Mechanism of Action: protein hormones

A

Attach to mem. receptor, stimulate cellular action

Feedback: change in hormone level or analyte

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8
Q

Amine Hormones: synthesized by/from, transport

A

By: Thyroid, adrenal
From: amino acids
Transport: Thyroids do, Adrenals do not

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9
Q

Clinically Significant Amine Hormones

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine [Catecholamines]

Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)

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10
Q

Mechanism of Action: amine hormones

A

Adrenals: react with cell surface receptor
Thyroid: diffuse into cell
Feedback: activated by nervous system (adrenals)

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11
Q

TBG

A

Thyroxine binding globulin

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12
Q

CBG

A

Cortisol binding globulin

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13
Q

SHBG

A

Sex hormone binding globulin

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14
Q

Androgens

A

Hormones produced in adrenal cortex/gonads

androgens (testosterones), progesterone, estrogens

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15
Q

Hypothalamus/Pituitary/End Organ System

A

Hypothalamus makes releasing hormone that stimulates pituitary to release stimulating hormones that in turn cause an end organ to produce hormones or initiate a process

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16
Q

Primary Hyper/hypo conditions

A

End Organ problem

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17
Q

Secondary Hyper/hypo conditions

A

Pituitary problems

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18
Q

Tertiary Hyper/hypo conditions

A

Hypothalmic problem

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19
Q

Regulation of Hypothalamus/Pituitary/End Organ System

A

End organ product or process feeds back to Hypothalamus and Pituitary to stop hormone production

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20
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

Stimulate metabolic processes for growth and development
T4 is converted to T3 in tissues, T4 concentration is higher
99.97% T4 is bound to TBG and TBPA, 0.03% is free
99.5% T3 is bound and 0.5% is free
Only the free portions are metabolically active

21
Q

TBG and TBPA

A

Thyroxine Binding Globulin

Thyroxine Binding PreAlbumin

22
Q

Primary Hyperthyroidism

A

Low TSH, High T4 and T3

Most commonly caused by Graves disease

23
Q

Graves Disease

A

Autoimmune
Antibodies to TSH receptors push the thyroid to produce T3/T4 and suppress TSH
T3/T4 levels are normal or high, TSH is low

24
Q

Primary Hypothyroidism

A

Low T3/T4 and high TSH

Causes: Congenital (cretinism), Myxedema (severe thyroid deficiency), Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

25
Q

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

A

Autoantibodies to Thyroid, low T3/T4 and high TSH

26
Q

Thyroid Function Tests

A

TSH, Total thyroxine, Free T4, Direct T3

27
Q

Hypothalamus/Pituitary/Thyroid System

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) -
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) -
Thyroid -
T3/T4

28
Q

Hypothalamus/Pituitary/Adrenal Cortex System

A

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) -
Adrenocorticotropic Releasing Hormone (ATCH) -
Adrenal Cortex -
Cortisol, Aldosterone, Estrogens, Testosterone

29
Q

Hypothalamus/Pituitary/Ovaries-Testes System

A 
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) -
Leutinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) -
Ovaries or Testes -
Ovulation or Spermatogenesis
30
Q

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

A 
Produces 3 kinds of Steroid hormones:
Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Sex hormones (Androgens/Estrogens)
Regulated by cortisol feedback to hypothalamus/pituitary
31
Q

Aldosterone

A

Maintain BP, sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

Regulated by Renin-angiotensin system

32
Q

Renin-angiotensin System

A

Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which is converted to angiotensin II that stimulates aldosterone production

33
Q

Hyperaldosteronism

A

Conn’s Disease

Causes increased Na and lowered K with hypertension

34
Q

Hypoaldosteronism

A

Addison’s Disease
Lowered Na, Cl, cortisol, hemoglobin, and urinary steroids
ACTH is increased if primary and decreased if secondary/tertiary

35
Q

Cortisol

A

Causes increased Glucose through gluconeogenesis and decreases carbohydrate use
Inhibits protein synthesis
Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory

36
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

High cortisol
Seen in diabetes mellitus, with lowered plasma proteins and hypertension
Signs include Truncal obesity, facial hair, “buffalo hump” osteoporosis, and scant menses

37
Q

Androgens

A

Secreted by testes, ovaries, and adrenals

17-ketosteroids: metabolites of androgens found by the Zimmerman reaction

38
Q

Estrogens

A

Estradiol: secondary sexual characteristics
Estrone: metabolite of estradiol
Estriol: increases during fetal development, most steadily in third trimester

39
Q

Cortisol Function Tests

A

Cortisol: Free or total in serum, plasma, or urine; has diurnal variation and is highest in the morning
- Dexamethasone suppression: suppresses cortisol production, if cortisol still high it indicates Cushing’s

40
Q

Aldosterone Function Tests

A

Aldosterone levels increase while patient is in upright position

41
Q

Renin Function Tests

A

Produced in kidneys, drawn from either renal vein
Renin Activity or Direct Renin Testing
Will be low in Conn’s

42
Q

ACTH Function Testing

A

Distinguishes between primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism

43
Q

Adrenal Medulla Hormones

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)
Homovanillic acid is a metabolite of dopamine
Metanephrines and vanilylmandelic acid are metabolites of epinephrine
Produced by Chromaffin cells

44
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Tumor of adrenal medulla causing hypertension

45
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Fatal tumor in children

46
Q

Catecholamines Testing

A

Plasma or urine

Metanephrines in urine best screen for pheochromocytoma, VMA and HVA are tested for in urine

47
Q

Serotonin

A

Vasoconstrictor in platelets, brain, and other tissue
Increased production in tumors of chromaffin cells of GI tract
Breakdown product 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid is measured in urine

48
Q

Natriuretic Hormones

A

ANP, CNP, BNP (Brain)
Promote excretion of sodium and water by increasing GFR
BNP additionally in synthesized in the myocardial ventricles in response to volume overload (Congestive Heart Failure) to dilate vessels and promote water loss to reduce fluid amount

Clinical Chemistry (38 decks)

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