Quiz 2 Hormone Releasing Glands Flashcards
Hypothalamus Hormones
Produces hormones (releasing factors) that stimulate the pituitary gland to produce other hormones
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, GH, Prolactin
ACTH
Stimulates cortisol production in adrenals (with negative feedback loop, to both pituitary and hypothalamus)
*diurnal variation, peaks in the morning and lowest in afternoon/evening
GH
Somatotropin, directs energy towards growth
Prolactin: stimulation of, inhibition
Stimulates breast growth and milk creation, turns off LH and FSH
Stimulated by TRH and inhibited by Dopamine
Hyperprolactinemia: shuts down gonads
Posterior Pituitary
ADH (vasopressin), Oxytocin
Made in Hypothalamus, stored in pituitary
ADH
Anti-diuretic, tries to hold on to water, stimulated by osmolality of your serum
SIADH
Syndrome of ADH, inappropriately high levels of ADH
Decreased ADH
Diabetes Insipidus
Oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contractions and letdown of milk
Glucose Suppression Test
Glucose in normal patients will suppress the release of growth hormone. Patients with tumors producing growth hormone will continue to release growth hormone after glucose infusion.
Adrenal Hormone Production
Central portion is where epinephrine and norepinephrine are made
Aldosterone
Mineralocorticoid, Controlled by Renin-Angiotensin system (promotes salt and water retention by kidneys, as well as control blood pressure)
Hyperaldosteronism
Conn’s Syndrome (Primary): retain water and sodium
Secondary: Renin problem
Hypoaldostreronism
Addison’s Syndrome: atrophy of adrenal gland
low sodium and increased K
Cortisol
Increases blood glucose, gluconeogenesis (from fatty acids), lipolysis, shuts down protein synthesis and switches to protein breakdown, turns off inflamm. response
Controlled by ACTH, negative feedback loop
Has diurnal variation like ACTH
Hypercortisolism
Cushing’s (Primary): increased cortisol levels, lose diurnal variation, hyperglycemia, low ACTH, weight gain
Secondary: excessive ACTH production
(Nor)Epinephrine Metabolism
Epinephrine -> Metanephrine -> VMA (Vanillylmandelic acid)
Norepinephrine -> normetanephrine -> VMA
Metabolites excreted in urine
Pheochromocytoma
Benign tumor that secretes (Nor)epinephrine
Neuroblastoma
Malignant tumor producing (nor)epinephrine and dopamine in children
Dopamine becomes HVA (homovanillic acid) found in urine
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone, increases estrogen levels and stimulates follicle growth
Feedback to Hypothalamus and Pituitary via negative feedback
LH
Produces progesterone and causes ovaries to ovulate
Feedback to Hypothalamus and Pituitary via negative feedback
Thyroid Hormones
T4 and T3, stored within follicles, cells around these follicles make calcitonin
Control metabolism
Thyroid Axis
Hypothalamus produces TRH to Pituitary which produces TSH
Thyroid hormones feedback negatively to Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Hashimotos’ Disease
Ab to thyroid hormone: Thyroperoxidase (TPO), Anti-microsomal Ab (TMA), and Thyroglobulin Ab (TGAB)
Grave’s Disease
Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), attaches to same receptor as TSH and causes unregulated production of thyroid hormone
Hypothyroidism (3 Causes)
- Primary: tissue destruction, removal (TSH up)
- Secondary: pituitary damage
- Tertiary: hypothylamic damage
Hyperthyroidism
T4 and T3 are increased, TSH is decreased
Grave’s disease is most common cause of Hyperthyroidism
Secondary: Pituitary overproduction
Tertiary: Hypothalamic overproduction
Screening for Thyroid Disorders
TSH levels primary way
T3 and T4 levels (free levels)
Estrogen
Secreted by ovarian follicles and Placenta during pregnancy
Estradiol is the principal estrogen made
Purpose is to develop and maintain female reproductive system
Progesterone
Secreted by ovarian follicles (mainly the corpus luteum following ovulation) and Placenta during pregnancy
PTH
Preprohormone with a half-life of less than 5 min.
Regulates calcium and phosphate in the bones/kidney directly and in the intestines through Vit D
Hyperparathyroidism
Primary: Tumor or hyperplasia in parathyroid cause high serum Ca
Secondary: Vit D deficiency or chronic renal failure
