Quiz 2 - Ch. 8 Flashcards
Mitosis
cellular reproduction for replacement, healing, growth, etc.
from diploid to diploid through 1 cell division
Meiosis
cellular reproduction for production of gametes (sex cells)
going from diploid to haploid in 2 divisions
Asexual Reproduction
genetically identical to parent; ex: plant cutting/budding in yeast
Sexual Reproduction
joining of 2 gametes; genetically diverse
Binary Fission
a means of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism, often a single cell, divides into two genetically identical individuals of about equal size (**prokaryotes)
Replication
copying DNA/chromosomes during S phase to reproduce (**eukaryotes); after replication, considered chromosome with 2 chromatids
Interphase Includes?
G1 – growth 1; includes checkpoint
S – middle part of interphase; DNA is synthesized (replicated)
G2 – growth 2; includes checkpoint
Mitotic (M) Phase Includes?
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Prophase
chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids); visible with a light microscope; mitotic spindle begins to form; nucleus is still intact
Prometaphase
nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the sister chromatids
Metaphase
all the cell’s duplicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase
sister chomatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell
Telophase
daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell
Cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm; technically separate from mitosis but usually occurs with telophase; different in animal and plant cells because of new cell plate/cell wall forming
Cancer
failure of cell cycle control; a checkpoint in G1, G2, of M is ignored
Benign Tumor
abnormal mass of cells that is contained/not cancerous
Malignant Tumor
abnormal mass of cells that can spread to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor
Chemotherapy
drugs designed to target rapidly dividing cells and stop them; other rapidly dividing cells (ie: hair cells, blood cells, immune system etc.) are hit as a side affect
Somatic Cells
body cells like bone or marrow; any cell in a multicellular organism other than a gamete
Gametes in Plants and Animals
male = sperm/pollen, female = eggs/ova; produced in gonads
Haploid
cells with only one copy of each chromosome; gametes
Diploid
cells with two copies of each chromosome; somatic cells
Homologous
similar/the same/matching ones – pairs with 1 copy from each parent; carry the same genes but may carry different alleles
Prophase I (Meiosis)
chromosome pairs come together and sometimes swap stuff (“crossing over”)
