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Bio 100 > Quiz 2 - Ch. 8 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 - Ch. 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mitosis

A

cellular reproduction for replacement, healing, growth, etc.

from diploid to diploid through 1 cell division

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2
Q

Meiosis

A

cellular reproduction for production of gametes (sex cells)

going from diploid to haploid in 2 divisions

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3
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

genetically identical to parent; ex: plant cutting/budding in yeast

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4
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

joining of 2 gametes; genetically diverse

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5
Q

Binary Fission

A

a means of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism, often a single cell, divides into two genetically identical individuals of about equal size (**prokaryotes)

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6
Q

Replication

A

copying DNA/chromosomes during S phase to reproduce (**eukaryotes); after replication, considered chromosome with 2 chromatids

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7
Q

Interphase Includes?

A

G1 – growth 1; includes checkpoint
S – middle part of interphase; DNA is synthesized (replicated)
G2 – growth 2; includes checkpoint

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8
Q

Mitotic (M) Phase Includes?

A

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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9
Q

Prophase

A

chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids); visible with a light microscope; mitotic spindle begins to form; nucleus is still intact

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10
Q

Prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the sister chromatids

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11
Q

Metaphase

A

all the cell’s duplicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

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12
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chomatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell

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13
Q

Telophase

A

daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell

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14
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm; technically separate from mitosis but usually occurs with telophase; different in animal and plant cells because of new cell plate/cell wall forming

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15
Q

Cancer

A

failure of cell cycle control; a checkpoint in G1, G2, of M is ignored

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16
Q

Benign Tumor

A

abnormal mass of cells that is contained/not cancerous

17
Q

Malignant Tumor

A

abnormal mass of cells that can spread to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor

18
Q

Chemotherapy

A

drugs designed to target rapidly dividing cells and stop them; other rapidly dividing cells (ie: hair cells, blood cells, immune system etc.) are hit as a side affect

19
Q

Somatic Cells

A

body cells like bone or marrow; any cell in a multicellular organism other than a gamete

20
Q

Gametes in Plants and Animals

A

male = sperm/pollen, female = eggs/ova; produced in gonads

21
Q

Haploid

A

cells with only one copy of each chromosome; gametes

22
Q

Diploid

A

cells with two copies of each chromosome; somatic cells

23
Q

Homologous

A

similar/the same/matching ones – pairs with 1 copy from each parent; carry the same genes but may carry different alleles

24
Q

Prophase I (Meiosis)

A

chromosome pairs come together and sometimes swap stuff (“crossing over”)

25
Q

Metaphase I (Meiosis)

A

chromosomes line up as pairs together; groups of four in random combinations of traits; “random alignment”

26
Q

Anaphase I (Meiosis)

A

sister chromatids separate with their new pairs

27
Q

Telophase I and Cytokinesis (Meiosis)

A

sister cells separate with pairs of chromosomes (homologous)

28
Q

Prophase II (Meiosis)

A

chromatin condense, spindles form again

29
Q

Metaphase II (Meiosis)

A

chromosomes line up as pairs and spindles start to pull

30
Q

Anaphase II (Meiosis)

A

chromosomes are pulled apart

31
Q

Telophase II and Cytokinesis (Meiosis)

A

daughter cells form; now we have 4 diverse gametes!

32
Q

Chiasma

A

location where crossing over takes place along the chromosomes

33
Q

Synapsis

A

process of homologous chromosomes coming together in a tetrad

34
Q

Humans: Autosomes/Sex Chromosomes

A

22 pairs of autosomes, pair 23 = sex chromosome (male XY) female (XX)

35
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Trisomy 21

3 chromosomes on pair 21

36
Q

Nondisjunction

A

failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

Bio 100 (11 decks)

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