Quiz 2 - Ch. 10/11 Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA

A

a polymer of nucleotides

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2
Q

Nucleotide (includes 3 things)

A

Phosphate, Sugar, Nitrogenous Base

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3
Q

Sugars in Nucleotides

A

Deoxyribose in DNA

Ribose in RNA

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4
Q

Nitrogenous Base

A

Thymine (T)/Uracil (U) in RNA
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)

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5
Q

Complementary Strands of DNA

A

A with T
G with G
ALWAYS!

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6
Q

Where are the things in the nucleotide?

A

Sugars and Phosphates on the outside, Nitrogenous Base in the middle

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7
Q

Types of Bonds in DNA

A

Covalent bonds hold together the outside and hydrogen bonds hold together the inside

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8
Q

Antiparellelism

A

DNA strands run in opposite directions (5 prime and 3 prime)

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9
Q

DNA Replication

A

starts in multiple locations (“replication bubbles”) at once

“unzips” and fills in the blanks

during S Phase

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10
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

enzyme that synthesizes new piece of DNA in 5’ to 3’ (based on carbons) direction

super super fast

hardly ever makes mistakes

can’t go backwards

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11
Q

Origins of Replication

A

where DNA replication bubbles start

multiple at once

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12
Q

Central Dogma of Biology (aka: purpose of stuff)

A

DNA ⇒ RNA ⇒ Protein

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13
Q

Transcription

A

process of creating RNA from DNA

in the nucleus for Eukaryotic cells

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14
Q

Translation

A

process of creating protein from RNA

uses 2 base sequences of RNA = codon (three letters long) ⇒ to code for an amino acid

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15
Q

Genes to Proteins

A

we have a lot less genes than a bunch of simpler things (like corn), but from those genes we make endless proteins that do endless amounts of things

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16
Q

3 Types of RNA

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

17
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA (90%)

18
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

part of ribosome

19
Q

rTNA

A

transfer RNA

carries amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

20
Q

Promoter DNA

A

signals the beginning of a DNA sequence

activates RNA polymerase

21
Q

Terminator DNA

A

signals the end of a DNA sequence

deactivates/drops RNA polymerase

22
Q

Splicing of mRNA

A

introns are removed and exons are spliced together; to eventually diversify amino acid sequence and Δ end product (proteins)

23
Q

What happens during protein creation?

A

groups of three from the DNA sequence make amino acids which them make proteins

24
Q

Regulation of Gene Expression

A

Environmental Influences
Developmental Stage
Cellular Differentiation

25
Q

Access of RNA Polymerase to Promoter

A

Enzymes/Proteins blocking or signaling promoter

Chromosome structure