Quiz 2 (b) Flashcards
Growth and development of neurons ( 5 stages)
Proliferation Migration, differentiation, myelination, synaptogenesis
1Proliferation
The production of new cells. Generation of specific classes of neuron production of new cells
2Migration
cells moving to position with in the CNS
This process is coordinated by chemical cells.
Signals attract and repels.
3differentiation
Development of the neuron phenotype.
4Myelination
Axonconverd by myelin sheath
Olgeinderiytes.
5Synaptogenesis
formation of synapses
alot happens after birth
non functional synapses
Apoptosis
Neurenal-Pruning
Neurotrpphin
Chemical that promotes survival and activity of neurons- a class of chemicals
Healthy Aging
“Health is merely the slowest possible rate at which one can die” (Andy Rooney)
Lack of disease
Relative term indicating soundness of body and mind
Physical decline is a natural part of healthy aging
Cognitive decline is a natural part of healthy aging
Use age-adjusted approaches to quantify cognitive abilities in elderly individuals
The Psychology of Aging: Mental Disorders
1
Geropsychology:
subfield of psychology concerned with psychological disorders in late life
Common psychological problems among the elderly:
Anxiety disorders
Increased stress
Depression
Substance abuse
Psychological problems often co-morbid with medical problems
Difficulties with Diagnosis in the Elderly
Condition due to medical problem?
Side effects of medications?
Older people may not present the same symptoms as younger people
Often complain of physical problems instead of psychological problems
Issues disregarded as “part of aging”
Psychological disorders stigmatized
Causes of Dementia
Causes of dementia Alzheimer’s disease Stroke Parkinson’s disease Brain injury Huntington’s disease
Brain Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease
Extrme shrinkage of the cerebral cortex,
Extreme shrinkage of the hippocampus,
Severely enlarged ventricles
Alzheimer’s Disease
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is broken by either α-secretase or β- and γ-secretase
α-secretase breakage result in a protein that may be protective
β- and γ-secretase breakage results in a protein that aggregates into gooey plaques (amyloid β plaques)
The basal forebrain acetylcholine neurons
Neurons in the basal forebrain are acetylcholine (cholinergic) neurons
Send their projections (axons) to the frontal cortex and the hippocampus
Very important for memory and cognition
Lesions of the basal forebrain impair cognition
Drugs that block acetylcholine receptors impair cognition
Drugs that activate acetylcholine receptors can improve cognition
Basal forebrain acetylcholine neurons die in Alzheimer’s disease
Lin et al., 1998
What evidence is there for a relationship between cholinergic function and amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) processing?
What does IgG-saporin do? Where was the IgG-saporin injected in the rats?
Why do you think the authors were interested in assessing cognitive function for this study?
Interpret Figure 1A and 1B
Interpret Figure 3
Changes in cognition w/ healthy aging
Dec hormone levels Dec Processing Speed Memory loss Dec volume of brain/ hippocampus Changes in perception changes in NT levels/dec in acetohoiline and dopmian levels dec in fun functional synapes
Chollnergic system
Dec # of muscarinic receptor
dec #celinorsic cells
important for cognition memory ,leacing
Dementia
serve cognition impairments in a pre… … person beyound what is expected with w/ aging .
Alzheimers disease symptoms
Servere memory loss Cognitive impairments agation and irritiability,confusion dec # chonlingic cells in the basal forbrain Depression Hallucination and delusions dec ...recptopers
Basal forebrain contains
accepor acetycholine,songs ….hipppocpus and frontal cortex
Risk factors for AD
AGE
Low psyscal activity
head truma
low mental activity
AD family
get it in their 40s
gene related
Why do we need to sleep?
Why do we do study Sleep?
Sleep changes over the life span?
Not really sure
We know it is bad if we dont sleep it’s bad
sleep deprivation causes cognitive impairments
2yrs average 8 hours
teens require more sleep
Electroence phalography eeg limits and output
Limitions not s measuring of aps in neurons measuring outside Output= eeg waves
EEG wave output
amlitude
frequency
Stages of sleep cycle
wake
nonrem
4stages
3-4=deep sleep
REM
Dreams
eye moving
muscle atoniaWake
Sensory signals reaching brain/cortex Motor signals reaching muscles EEG WAVES: high freqency low apitutude asynchrenas activiaty lots of aps not firing at the same time
Nonrem sleep
Sensory signails not reaching cortex
reduced motor signaling
eeg waves
Stage 1 nrem: moderate frequency+ low amplitude
Stage2 sleep spindle- burst of waves lasting 1/2 secound..K complex-sharp hifh ampplitude waves
stages 3-4 nrem:deep sleep,slow wave sleep
EEg waves:High,amplitude/ lowfrea … are not as many aps…synchronized activity
Sleep wake/ sleep talking
REM sleep
More sensory info reaching cortex vs nrem
muscle antonia/ muscle parolized
rapid eye movements
EEG :HIGH frequency low amplitude
Reticular formation
area in brain steam
involved in beahavioral arousal
stimulate RF to wake some one up
decrease during sleep
EOG
EMG
electro-oculogram (measures eye movements)
electromyogram (measures muscle tone)
PGO
p:PONS
G: genicule nucles….thalamus
O: OCCIPITAL CORTEX
The Circadian Cycle of Sleep
Circadian pattern of sleep
Self-sustained oscillation
~24 hour clock occurs in the absence of cues
Circadian “clock” maintains appropriate periods of wake and sleep
The Circadian Cycle of Sleep
Retinal cells: Glu
SCN: GABA
Pineal gland: melatonin
Aging and Sleep
Aging is associated with:
Decreased ability to stay asleep
Decreased time spent in stage 3 and 4 of nREM sleep
Slight decreases in REM associated with increased time spent awake during the night and less time sleeping overall
Cognition and Sleep
Slow wave sleep (stages 3 and 4) is important for cognitive function and feeling rested
Some studies report no cognitive or behavioral effects of REM deprivation in the context of undisturbed slow wave sleep
Some studies show memory impairments following REM deprivation
Theory that REM is important for memory formation and strengthening
Bringing It All Together
Orexin neurons in the hypothalamus receive circadian information indirectly from the SCN
Melatonin interacts with the neurotransmitter systems in the sleep/wake cycle
Together we get a biological clock that is influenced by light and interacts with the neurotransmitters involved in maintaining wake/sleep
