final

Question 1

schizophrenia Demographics

Answer 1

Approx. 1% of population develops schizophrenia during their lifetime
Over 2 million Americans in a given year

Affects both men and women with equal frequency
Some studies show increased frequency and severity in men
Often appears earlier in men
Men: late teens or early twenties
Women: twenties to early thirties

Question 2

schizophrenia Working memory problems

Answer 2

Tell a short story about pictures presented 30 seconds apart
On some trials, have additional task of paying attention to a series of letters
Attend to every second letter
Every second letter must decide if same as last second letter and press a key
Speech on stories becomes less clear when perform memory task
Speech somewhat incoherent like in schizophrenia
Shows how working memory impairment could be the central cause of other problems seen in the disorder

Question 3

schizophrenia diagnosis

Answer 3

Have to rule out other causes of behavioral disruption
Mood disorder with psychotic features
Substance use/abuse
Nutritional abnormalities

Question 4

Types of schizophrenia

Answer 4

Paranoid schizophrenia
Disorganized schizophrenia
Catatonic schizophrenia
Undifferentiated schizophrenia

Question 5

The inability to perceive color is a result of

Answer 5

the inability to discriminate wavelengths. If two wavelengths produce the same effect on the visual system, the wavelengths are indistinguishable.

Question 6

MT

Answer 6

is the motion center of the brain. Information is processed by neurons that are selective for a specific motion. Neurons with similar motion preferences are arranged nearby each other.

Question 7

The inferior temporal cortex

Answer 7

is important for perceiving stimulus and if it is not working properly than things such as Visual Agnosia or Prosopagnosia can develop.

Question 8

The Brain codes information according to:

Answer 8

1. Which neurons respond
2. The amount of response
3. The timing of their responses

Question 9

The cerebellum,

Answer 9

a small region involved in balance and coordination, has more neurons than the rest of the brain combined.

Question 10

Acetylcholine

Answer 10

is the neurotransmitter that is released into the neuromuscular junction and stimulates a muscle contraction.

Question 11

The motor cortex can be divided into 3 parts:

Answer 11

Primary motor cortex- allows us to move individual body parts necessary for movements
Premotor cortex- allows us to prepare for movements (ready, set..)
Supplementary cortex- allows us to plan and organize rapid sequences of movements

Question 12

Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease

Answer 12

both involve neurodegeneration in the Basal Ganglia

Question 13

. Each individual taste receptor

Answer 13

1. Each individual taste receptor cell can only detect one of the five tastes (sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami).

Question 14

Information from the receptors in the anterior two thirds of the tongue travels to the brain along the ———-while taste information from the posterior tongue and the throat travels along branches of the ———

Answer 14

chorda tympani, ninth and tenth cranial nerves.

Question 15

Different types of taste disorders are thought to originate from

Answer 15

the brainstem, the thalamus, or the cerebral cortex.

Question 16

. Saliva aids

Answer 16

the various receptors on the surface of the tongue in differentiating between the tastes of foods.

Question 17

Difference between Acute and Chronic Pain

Answer 17

Acute warns us of damage, chronic is a result of nerve damage or pain disorders. Don’t think about it in the sense of long term and short term pain because that is not always the case

Question 18

Four types of the nervous system that transmit pain signals from the periphery to the CNS

Answer 18

Nociceptors, Dorsal Horn Neurons, Ascending Tracts,and Supraspinal Projections

Question 19

Difference between Opioid mechanism and Cannabinoids mechanism in relieving pain

Answer 19

Opiates bind to receptors in spinal cord and PAG of the midbrain. These opiate receptors act by blocking the release of substance P. Opioid mechanisms are systems that respond to opiate drugs and similar chemicals
Cannabinoids Block certain kinds of pain, mainly in the peripheral nervous system, although receptors are present in the central nervous system

Question 20

Gene SCN9A and it’s role in Congenital Insensitivity using examples from the Case Study presented: Pakistani Boy

Answer 20

a mutation of the gene SCN9A stops the NaV1.7 voltage-gated