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Biological Psychology > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Brain Controls

A 
Movement
Perception
Personality
Memories
Emotions
Inner thought
Creativity and artistic expression
Mental illness and disease
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2
Q

Neuroscience

A

The study of the brain and nervous system. This includes both the Central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

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3
Q

Neuroscience Fusion of:

A 
Fusion of:
Molecular and cell biology
Genetics
Behavioral biology
Systems anatomy
Physiology
Psychology
Chemistry
Physics
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4
Q

Molecule:

A

Two or more atoms held together by covalent chemical bonds

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5
Q

Amino acid:

A

An organic molecule that serves as the building blocks of proteins (multiple amino acids put together make up a protein)

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6
Q

Protein: A three-dimensional biological compound constructed from amino acids

A

A three-dimensional biological compound constructed from amino acids

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7
Q

Enzyme:

A

A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

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8
Q

Cell:

A

The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms; the smallest unit of life that can be classified as a living thing

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9
Q

Lipid:

A

A family of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are insoluble in water

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10
Q

Ion:

A

An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring charge

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11
Q

Voltage:

A

The electric potential difference between two points

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12
Q

What are the types of cells in the brain

A

Neurons & Glia
Neurons are large and convey messages
While Glia are small and do not.

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13
Q

Human brain from top and bottom a is called

A

From top = Dorsal view

From Bottom = Ventral view

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14
Q

Nervous System

A

Unit composed of many cells

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15
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS):

A

Brain & Spine

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16
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):

A

Somatic Nervous System- Volantary muscle movement

Autonomic Nervous System- Parasympathetic nervous system = “rest and digest” & Sympathetic =”fight or flight”

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17
Q

Outline a cell to neural system

A

Cells → single units

Many cells = circuit → combine many single units

Multiple circuits = neural systems

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18
Q

The structures of a cell:

A

Nucleus
Contains genes

Mitochondria
Energy maker, require fuel and oxygen to function

Plasma membrane
Surface of cells that isolates the inside of the cell from the outside environment
Also called the lipid bilayer

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19
Q

Plasma membrane (lipid bilayer) :What can cross easily and what cant pass?

A

Cross Easily: Small Molecules,Non-polar molecules, fats/some types of nutrients.

Can’t Pass: Charged Polar Molecules, Big things

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20
Q

4 Parts of Neurons and what do they do?

A

Dendrites: Receives info
Soma(cell body):Contains nucleus
Axon: Sends Info the Next Cell (Axon terminal = end of the axon)
Cytosol: Thliquid

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21
Q

Motor Neuron:

A

Sends info from CNS to muscles

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22
Q

Sensory Neurons:

A

Receives info from the environment and sends it to the CNS

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23
Q

Projection Neurons:

A

Long axons that send info to another region

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24
Q

Interneurons:

A

Local circuit neurons small axons that signal locally

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25
Q

Effarent Neurons:

A

Carry info away from a structure or CNS (Motor neuron)

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26
Q

Affarent Neurons:

A

Carry info in to the CNS

27
Q

Glia cells:

A

Support neurons

28
Q

4 types of Glia Cells:

A

Astrocytes- Maintain environment for signaling blood flow, Remove things that don’t belong.

Microglia-Remove waste material.

Radial glia- Guide migrating neurons.

Oligodendrocytes- Build Myeline

29
Q

Myelin

A

Made from oligodendrocytes in the CNS

80% lipid and 20% protein

Forms layer around axons
Myelin sheath

Myelinated axons are white
“White matter” in the CNS

30
Q

Nodes of Ranvier:

A

Breaks in Myelin.

31
Q

Transportes:

A

Help more specific molecules from blood to brain.

32
Q

4 structures of an animal cell

A

membrane-structure of that separates the inside of the cell from the out side environment

Mitochondrion-structure that performs metabolic activities, proving the energy that the cell requires.

Ribosomes- Are the sites at which cell synthesizes new protein molecules

Endoplasmic reticulum- network of thin tubes that transfer newly synthesizes proteins to other locations.

33
Q

The Big Questions of Neuronal Signaling

Who, what, where, why, when, How?

A

Who: Neurons in the nervous systems
What: Generation of signals to transmit information between neurons
Where: All over the nervous systems
Why: This is how information is carried, without it you would literally be brain dead
When: When a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by a stimulus
How: We’ll get to this over the next few lectures

34
Q

Electricity

A

Movement of charged particles

35
Q

like a wire conducts electricity from the source of the electricity

A

A neuron conducts electricity to provide information to the next neuron(s)

36
Q

Measuring Electricity in Neurons

Electrode

Microelectrode

A

Electrode
Can be used to apply electrical stimulation and record electrical information

Microelectrode
A very fine electrode, generally used to record electrical activity of individual neurons

37
Q

abbreviations for sodium,potassium, chloride, calcium.

A

Sodium=Na+
Potassium=K+
Chloride=Cl-
Calcium=Ca+2

38
Q

Extracellular Space

Intracellular Space

A 
Extracellular Space (outside the neuron)
 Intracellular Space (inside the neuron)
39
Q

Transport Across Plasma Membrane

A

Passive transport via ion channels
Ion diffuses down its electrochemical gradient
Passes through a protein in the membrane designed specifically to let it through

Active transport via ion transporters
Ion is moved (sometimes against its will) by a protein
This process requires fuel as it is often energetically unfavorable

40
Q

Diffusion:

A

Movement down a gradient to equilibrium

41
Q

Ion Gradients

A

Active transporters maintain concentration gradients and thus the membrane potential
Move ions against their gradients
Keep more K+ inside and Na+ outside the neuron

Ion channels
Allow ions to passively diffuse down electrochemical gradient
Permeable to selective ions

42
Q

Cocentration Gradient

A

A force acting on ions, making them move until equally distributed.

43
Q

Electrical Gradient:

A

opposite electrical charges attract.

44
Q

Electrochemical Gradient:

A

the concentration and electrical gradient that cause ions to move

45
Q

Electrical potential

A

Differences in electrical charge between two spaces

46
Q

Membrane potential

A

Diffrence in charge between inside and outside of neuron

47
Q

Action Potential

A

Messages sent by axons
neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by environment.
-sharp depolarization of neuron
APs are all or none
Sub-threshold depolarization in the membrane will not result in anything
Depolarization in membrane to or above threshold will cause an AP
Greater depolarization (stronger stimulus) does NOT result in a greater AP

48
Q

Hyperpolarization:

A

increased polarity across the membrane insider of neuron becomes more Cl- leaves K+ leaves

49
Q

Depolarzation

A

decreased polarity across the membrane , inside of the neuron becomes pos

Na+ enters Cal+enters Cl- leaves

50
Q

Voltaged gated Ion Channels

A

open when a stimulus respond to change in the me empotential (mv)

VG K+ channels are slow to open and close

51
Q

Refractory period

A

another ap cant occur

52
Q

Axon hillock

A

Where the axon leave the cell body, the ap starts here

53
Q

what allows the ap to move down the axon

A

sodium diffusion allows for ap to move down the axon

54
Q

Synapse

A

The junction at which two neurons communicate with each other

55
Q

NT

A

Molecules used for chemical communication between neurons

Never enters the post synaptic cell. it is either broken down in the cleft or it is taken back up in the terminal

56
Q

Receptors

A

Are proteins in the post synaptic membrane that bind NT and conveys its signal

57
Q

Epsp

A

Excitory post synaptic potential-Incresed likely hood of post synaptic action potential

58
Q

Ipsp

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic potential- Decreases the likely hood of an action potential

59
Q

Directional Terms to view the brain

A

Coronal Plane- front
Sagital Plane - side
Horixantoal-

60
Q

Major brain divisions

A

Hindbrain, MidBrain, Forebrain

61
Q

Hindbrian

A 
Basic
Contents:
Medulla- controls reflexes, breathing, HR, Salvation 
Pongs-important for sleep wake cycle
Cerebellum-balance and coordination
62
Q

Midbrain

A

Contains many dopamine Neurons

substantianigrai

63
Q

Forbrain

A
  • Composed of 2 cerebral hemispheres
  • ommucaite by corpascollosum
  • Corpascollosum- bunch of mynilated axons that connect the two hemispheres
  • Right brain controls the left side
  • cerebral cortex:0uter most layer of neurons surrounding the brain

Biological Psychology (5 decks)

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