Quiz 1 Flashcards
The Brain Controls
Movement Perception Personality Memories Emotions Inner thought Creativity and artistic expression Mental illness and disease
Neuroscience
The study of the brain and nervous system. This includes both the Central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
Neuroscience Fusion of:
Fusion of: Molecular and cell biology Genetics Behavioral biology Systems anatomy Physiology Psychology Chemistry Physics
Molecule:
Two or more atoms held together by covalent chemical bonds
Amino acid:
An organic molecule that serves as the building blocks of proteins (multiple amino acids put together make up a protein)
Protein: A three-dimensional biological compound constructed from amino acids
A three-dimensional biological compound constructed from amino acids
Enzyme:
A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
Cell:
The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms; the smallest unit of life that can be classified as a living thing
Lipid:
A family of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are insoluble in water
Ion:
An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring charge
Voltage:
The electric potential difference between two points
What are the types of cells in the brain
Neurons & Glia
Neurons are large and convey messages
While Glia are small and do not.
Human brain from top and bottom a is called
From top = Dorsal view
From Bottom = Ventral view
Nervous System
Unit composed of many cells
Central Nervous System (CNS):
Brain & Spine
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
Somatic Nervous System- Volantary muscle movement
Autonomic Nervous System- Parasympathetic nervous system = “rest and digest” & Sympathetic =”fight or flight”
Outline a cell to neural system
Cells → single units
Many cells = circuit → combine many single units
Multiple circuits = neural systems
The structures of a cell:
Nucleus
Contains genes
Mitochondria
Energy maker, require fuel and oxygen to function
Plasma membrane
Surface of cells that isolates the inside of the cell from the outside environment
Also called the lipid bilayer
Plasma membrane (lipid bilayer) :What can cross easily and what cant pass?
Cross Easily: Small Molecules,Non-polar molecules, fats/some types of nutrients.
Can’t Pass: Charged Polar Molecules, Big things
4 Parts of Neurons and what do they do?
Dendrites: Receives info
Soma(cell body):Contains nucleus
Axon: Sends Info the Next Cell (Axon terminal = end of the axon)
Cytosol: Thliquid
Motor Neuron:
Sends info from CNS to muscles
Sensory Neurons:
Receives info from the environment and sends it to the CNS
Projection Neurons:
Long axons that send info to another region
Interneurons:
Local circuit neurons small axons that signal locally
Effarent Neurons:
Carry info away from a structure or CNS (Motor neuron)
Affarent Neurons:
Carry info in to the CNS
Glia cells:
Support neurons
4 types of Glia Cells:
Astrocytes- Maintain environment for signaling blood flow, Remove things that don’t belong.
Microglia-Remove waste material.
Radial glia- Guide migrating neurons.
Oligodendrocytes- Build Myeline
Myelin
Made from oligodendrocytes in the CNS
80% lipid and 20% protein
Forms layer around axons
Myelin sheath
Myelinated axons are white
“White matter” in the CNS
Nodes of Ranvier:
Breaks in Myelin.
Transportes:
Help more specific molecules from blood to brain.
4 structures of an animal cell
membrane-structure of that separates the inside of the cell from the out side environment
Mitochondrion-structure that performs metabolic activities, proving the energy that the cell requires.
Ribosomes- Are the sites at which cell synthesizes new protein molecules
Endoplasmic reticulum- network of thin tubes that transfer newly synthesizes proteins to other locations.
The Big Questions of Neuronal Signaling
Who, what, where, why, when, How?
Who: Neurons in the nervous systems
What: Generation of signals to transmit information between neurons
Where: All over the nervous systems
Why: This is how information is carried, without it you would literally be brain dead
When: When a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by a stimulus
How: We’ll get to this over the next few lectures
Electricity
Movement of charged particles
like a wire conducts electricity from the source of the electricity
A neuron conducts electricity to provide information to the next neuron(s)
Measuring Electricity in Neurons
Electrode
Microelectrode
Electrode
Can be used to apply electrical stimulation and record electrical information
Microelectrode
A very fine electrode, generally used to record electrical activity of individual neurons
abbreviations for sodium,potassium, chloride, calcium.
Sodium=Na+
Potassium=K+
Chloride=Cl-
Calcium=Ca+2
Extracellular Space
Intracellular Space
Extracellular Space (outside the neuron) Intracellular Space (inside the neuron)
Transport Across Plasma Membrane
Passive transport via ion channels
Ion diffuses down its electrochemical gradient
Passes through a protein in the membrane designed specifically to let it through
Active transport via ion transporters
Ion is moved (sometimes against its will) by a protein
This process requires fuel as it is often energetically unfavorable
Diffusion:
Movement down a gradient to equilibrium
Ion Gradients
Active transporters maintain concentration gradients and thus the membrane potential
Move ions against their gradients
Keep more K+ inside and Na+ outside the neuron
Ion channels
Allow ions to passively diffuse down electrochemical gradient
Permeable to selective ions
Cocentration Gradient
A force acting on ions, making them move until equally distributed.
Electrical Gradient:
opposite electrical charges attract.
Electrochemical Gradient:
the concentration and electrical gradient that cause ions to move
Electrical potential
Differences in electrical charge between two spaces
Membrane potential
Diffrence in charge between inside and outside of neuron
Action Potential
Messages sent by axons
neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by environment.
-sharp depolarization of neuron
APs are all or none
Sub-threshold depolarization in the membrane will not result in anything
Depolarization in membrane to or above threshold will cause an AP
Greater depolarization (stronger stimulus) does NOT result in a greater AP
Hyperpolarization:
increased polarity across the membrane insider of neuron becomes more Cl- leaves K+ leaves
Depolarzation
decreased polarity across the membrane , inside of the neuron becomes pos
Na+ enters Cal+enters Cl- leaves
Voltaged gated Ion Channels
open when a stimulus respond to change in the me empotential (mv)
VG K+ channels are slow to open and close
Refractory period
another ap cant occur
Axon hillock
Where the axon leave the cell body, the ap starts here
what allows the ap to move down the axon
sodium diffusion allows for ap to move down the axon
Synapse
The junction at which two neurons communicate with each other
NT
Molecules used for chemical communication between neurons
Never enters the post synaptic cell. it is either broken down in the cleft or it is taken back up in the terminal
Receptors
Are proteins in the post synaptic membrane that bind NT and conveys its signal
Epsp
Excitory post synaptic potential-Incresed likely hood of post synaptic action potential
Ipsp
Inhibitory Postsynaptic potential- Decreases the likely hood of an action potential
Directional Terms to view the brain
Coronal Plane- front
Sagital Plane - side
Horixantoal-
Major brain divisions
Hindbrain, MidBrain, Forebrain
Hindbrian
Basic Contents: Medulla- controls reflexes, breathing, HR, Salvation Pongs-important for sleep wake cycle Cerebellum-balance and coordination
Midbrain
Contains many dopamine Neurons
substantianigrai
Forbrain
- Composed of 2 cerebral hemispheres
- ommucaite by corpascollosum
- Corpascollosum- bunch of mynilated axons that connect the two hemispheres
- Right brain controls the left side
- cerebral cortex:0uter most layer of neurons surrounding the brain
