Quiz # 2 Flashcards
What is Struggles of Orders?
From Latin: Ordo - Caste System- Born into Ordines
Two Orders in Ancient Rome
- Patrician: 10% of population –> “Fathers” of country - Noblitiy - Aristocrats
- Plebians: 90% of population –> everyone else
Written Law Code:
- Twelve tables of Roman Law (455-450 BCE)
- 10 patricians were tasked withs it creation
- Written on wood tablets in primitive Latin
Hortensian Law (287)
- Will threaten to leave Rome
- Revolts against the senate
What is Roman Law?
- 12 Tables of Roman Law (455-450 BCE)
a. foundation of all law - Criminal & Civil Law -> Crimen - Capitalis (Cives - Civil)
Give some examples of Crimes in Rome?
- Murder (unjustifed)
- Treason
- Perjury (lying under oath)
- Forgery
What did the Plebeian threaten?
Cessede from Rome
- 90% of population
- Forces senators to back down
- Appoint Dictator
a. Quintus Hortensius
b. 6 Month term = Dictators
Describe the Plebeian Council and how did they form?
- Can veto, propose laws (Legislative Body)
- Created Tribunes of the people
- Political Tribunes
What are Political Tribunes?
- Elected representatives (10)
- 1 year term
- Decisions on legislation must be unanimous
- Can sit/speak in senate
- Can’t vote in Senate
What are Optimate & Populares?
Replaced plebeias & Patricians after hortensian laws
What are 3 Punic Wars?
Date: (264 - 146 BCE)
- Turning point in Western Civ.
- Punic: punicus Phoenicians
Punic: latin form of phoenicans
- Term to demonize the enemy
- Language vastly different from that of Rome
- Became a word from someone untrustworthy
What is shorthand knowledge of the first Punic war?
War in Sicily
Date: (264-241 BCE)
Shorthand Knowledge for 2nd Punic War?
Carthage invaded Italy
Date (218-202 BCE)
Shorthand Knowledge for 3rd Punic War?
Genocide Rome destroys Carthage
date: (149-146 BCE)
What is etymology of Genocide?
Cido: to Kill
Geno: Race/Tribe/People
Why was Punic War Fought?
fought over resources (grain)
What are the battle differences between Rome and Carthage?
ROME:
- Little to no naval forces
- Little to no effective leadership
- can absorb massive casualties
CARTHAGE
- Mercenaries - No “traditional” army
- Great Generals
- Resorts to Guerilla Warfare
Define Attrition
Romans can wait/ wear the enemy down
Define Tenacity
Hanging on / never giving up
Who lost the 1st Punic War?
Carthaginians
What did the Romans gain
3 new territories
What is the difference between Rome and Carthage after the war?
ROME:
- Allegedly lost 200,000 men
CARTHAGE:
- Loss unknown - sources lost
- Accepted blame for war
- forced to pay for damage
Where does Carthage expand to? What do they call it?
- Expand to Iberian Peninsula “Spain”
- “New Carthage” in 237 BCE
- East Coast - Colonized by the Greeks
- Inland - Celto Iberians (indigenious peoples)
Why was Carthage expansion a concern for the Romans?
- Senate predicts war
- Senate provokes war in 219 BCE
How did Hamilcar die?
Drowned
How did the Roman senate provoke a war?
Sinister Means
- Alligans with Saguntum
- provokes rebellion against Carthage
- Promotes aid to Saguntum
- Has no intention to do so
Who leads the siege of Saguntum?
Hannibal ( Hamilcar’s son)
How does Rome declare war with Carthage?
Sagnutum falls
Who was Hannibal Barca?
- Very close to his father
- Eventually commits suicide
a. art of defience/tradition after loss in war
What is the oath of Hannibal?
- Underlying hatred for Rome
- When 9 years old - publicly assisted in animal scarfice with Hamilcar
- Swears to fight Rome to the Death
Describe the 1st Punic War
- Carthage/ Rome eyes Sicily; Both blame for war despite their treaties with each other
Senate sides with Campanian Pirates (Mamertines) in Messina
Naval War of Attrition (c. 265-245 BC) – Catastrophic loss of life
Roman tenacity and adaptiability at sea
Carthage/ Rome eye Sicily for expansion and conquest; both blame for war
Carthage under Hamilcar Barca (c. 275-228) fights gurerilla war of Attrition
Roman Attrition/Tenacity leads to ultimate victory 241 BC
3 New Territory: Sicily, Sardina, Corsica
Carthage pays annual installments to Roman Government
What is a “New Carthage”
- New Colonial empire in Spain (237); Cartagena is “New Carthage”
- Death of Hamilcar: 228 BC
- Roman Concerns lead to rebellion of Saguntum (219 BC)
- Fall of Sagnuntum = Roman Declaration of war
What is the best weapon for Rome?
Gladius
How did Hamilcar die?
fell off a horse and drowned
How long did it take for to capture Saguntum?
9 months
Describe the 2nd Punic War.
- Hannibal Foils Rome’s Grand strategy
- Enters the French Alps and invades Italy (218)
- Hannibal destroys Roman armies in major battles (218-217)
- His army is too small and weakend to move on Rome
- About a month to cross the Alps
- Killed 15- 16,000 Romans
- Drowning the Romans
- Cat & Mouse in Apennies
What are Fabian Tactics?
- Senate elects Quintus Fabius Maximus (273-203 BC) dictator (217)
- Delay Hannibal and prevent further victories
- Counting on defection of major italitan cities
- Hannibal’s cave drive near Capula
- Psyops
- Armies dont fight at night
3rd Punic War
Marcus P. Cato, the Elder (234-149 BC)
- Carthago Est delenda (Carthage muse be destoryed)
- Roman provocations as excuse for war
- Annihlation of Carthage under Scipio Aemilanus Africanus (185-129 BC)
- Mare Nostrum
- Cato the Elder wanted total destruction of Carthage
Battle of Cannae
- Largest battle
- August 2nd on 216
- Greatest military diaster in Roman history (ENTIRE)
- Southeast Corner of Italy
- Day won the Battle of Cannae but lost the war!
- TURNING POINT
- Oxymoron: wining Cannae; losing 2nd punic war
