Quiz #2 Flashcards
A model in which decision makers calculate the costs and benefits of each possible course of action, then chose the one with the highest benefits and lowest costs.
Rational Model
A decision making model in which policy making models or policy makers or lower level officials rely largely on standardized responses or standard operating procedures.
Organizational Process Model
A model that sees foreign policy decisions as flowing from a bargaining process among various government agencies that have somewhat divergent interests in the outcome (where you stand depends on where you sit) .
Government Bargaining Model / Bureaucratic Politics Model
The mistaken processing of the available information about a decision; one of several ways - along with affective and cognitive bias- in which individual decision making diverges from the rational model.
Misperceptions and Selective Perceptions
The subconscious or unconscious filters through which people put the information coming in about the world around them.
Information Screening
The rationality of individual cost benefit calculations is undermined by emotions that decision makers feel while thinking about the consequences of their actions.
Affective Bias
Systematic distortions of rational calculations based not on emotional feelings, but simply on the limitations of the human brain in making choices.
Cognitive Bias
Two sides in a conflict maintaining very similar enemy images of each other.
Mirror Image (Form of Cognitive Bias)
Uses them to make decisions by thinking back in history.
Historical Analogies (Form of Cognitive Bias)
Two modifications to the rational model of decision making.
1) Bounded Rationality
2) Prospect Theory
Takes into account the costs of seeking and processing information.
Bounded Rationality
Picking the very best option; contrasts with satisfying or finding a satisfactory but less than best solution to a problem. Decision makers generally satisfied than optimize.
Optimizing
Holds that options are assessed by comparison to a reference point, which is often the status quo but might be some past or expected situation
Prospect Theory
The act of finding a satisfactory or “good enough” solution to a problem.
Satisfying
Frame options available
Editing Phase
Asses options and chose one.
Evaluation Phase
The tendency of groups to validate wrong decisions by becoming overconfident and underestimating risks.
Groupthink
Foreign Policy situations in which outcomes are very important and time frames are compressed.
Crises
Affects the formulation of foreign policy.
Interagency Tensions
Coalitions of people who share a common interest in the outcome of some political issue and who organize themselves to try to influence the outcome.
Interest Groups
Process of talking with legislatures or officials to influence their decisions on some set of levels.
Lobbying
A huge interlocking network of government agencies, industrial corporations, and research institutes, all working together to promote and benefit form military spending.
Military-Industrial Complex
Executives in military industries are often appointed as government officials responsible for military procurement decisions and then return to their companies again.
Revolving Door Process
In IR, the range of views on foreign policy issues held by the citizens of a state.
Public Opinion
Is the minority of the population that stays informed about the international issues.
Attentive Public
People with power and influence who affect foreign policy.
Elite
The public’s increased support for government readers during wartime, at least in the short term.
“Rally Round The Flag” Syndrome
Foreign Policy adopted to distract the public from domestic political problems.
Diversionary Foreign Policy
One conduit through which interest groups and public opinion may wield influence.
Legislatures
Strategies the government uses to guide their actions in the international area.
Foreign Policy
The process by which foreign policy arrives at an implement.
Foreign Policy Process
The study of foreign policy in various states in order to discover whether similar types of societies or government consistency have similar types of foreign policy.
Comparative Foreign Policy
Three major sources of a state’s foreign policy decisions.
1) Individual Influence
2) State or Internal Influences ( governmental and societal sources )
3) Global Influences ( external sources).
Foreign policy influenced by cognitive, emotional, and psychological factors.
Individual Level
Emphasizes characteristics of states.
Staes Level
Influence of external context/ environment on state behaviour.
System Level
War for control of the entire world order- the rules of the international system as a whole.
Hegemonic War
Warfare by one state waged to conquer and occupy another; modern total war originated in the Napoleon wars, which relied on conscription on a mass scale.
Total War
Military Actions that seek objectives short of the surrender and occupation of the enemy.
Limited War
Limited Wars that consist of a single action.
Raids
A war between factions within a state trying to create or prevent a new government for the entire state or some territorial part.
Civil War
Warfare without front lines and with irregular forces operating in the midst of , and often hidden or protected by civilian populations.
Guerilla War
Governmental bodies established in several countries after internal wars to hear honest testimony and bring to light what really happened during these wars, and in exchange to offer most of the participants asylum form punishment.
Truth Commissions
A difference in preferred outcome in a bargaining situation.
Conflict
An effort to explain tendencies towards war in the international system as cyclical, for example by linking wars with long waves in the world economy.
Cyclical Theories
Conflicts Over Ideas
1) Ethnic
2) Religious
3) Ideological
Conflicts Over Interests
1) Territorial
2) Governmental
3) Economic
Identification with and devotion to the interests of one’s nation. It usually involves a large group of people who share a national identity and often a language, culture, or ancestry.
Nationalism
Large groups of people who share ancestral language, cultural, or religious ties and a common identity.
Ethnic Groups
The tendency to see one’s own group in favourable terms and an out group in unfavourable terms.
Ethnocentrism
Stigmatization of enemies as subhuman or non human, leading frequently to widespread violence.
Dehumanization
An intentional and systemic attempt to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, in whole or in part. It as confirmed as a crime under international law by the UN genocide convention.
Genocide
Created apart from religious establishments and in which there is a high degree of separation between religious and political organizations.
Secular
A broad and diverse world religion whose divergent populations include Sunni Muslims, Shi’ite Muslims, and many smaller branches and sects from Nigeria to Indonesia, entered in the Middle East and South Africa.
Islam / Muslims
Describing a political ideology based on instituting islamic principles and laws in government. A broad range of groups using diverse methods come under this category.
Islamists
A form of nationalism whose goal is to regain territory lost to another state ; it can lad directly to violent interstate conflicts.
Irredentism
Conflict over borders.
Secession
Euphemism for forced displacement of an ethnic group, or groups from a territory accompanied by massacres and other human rights violations; it has occurred after the break up of multinational states, notable in the former Yugoslavia.
Ethnic Cleansing
The waters near the states shores generally treated as part of national territory. The UN convention of law of the sea and a 200 mile exclusive economic zone.
Territorial Waters
The space above a state that is considered its territory, in contrast to outer space, which is considered international territory.
Airspace
A practice of centuries past in which trade and foreign economic policies were manipulated to build up a monetary surplus that could be used to finance war.
Mercantilism (Economic Conflict)
Theory states that the economic growth of states lead to geographic expansions as they seek natural resources behind their borders.
Lateral Pressure ( Economic Conflict)
The capacity to produce military equipment.
Military Industry
Smuggling, which deprives states of revenue and violates states legal control of their borders.
Drug Trafficking
