Final Exam Flashcards
The expectations held by participants about normal relations among states.
International Norms
Intergovernmental Organizations such as the UN and nongovernmental organizations such as the international committee of the Red Cross.
International Organizations
The founding document of the United Nations is based on the principles that states are equal, have sovereignty over their own affairs, enjoy independence and territorial integrity, and must fulfill international obligations.
UN Charter
A body composed of all states that allocates UN funds, passes nonbonding resolutions, and coordinates third world developmental programs, and various autonomous agencies through the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
UN General Assembly
A body of five great powers and ten rotating member states that make decisions about international peace and security, including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces.
UN Security Council
The UNs executive branch, led by the secretary general.
UN Secretariat
The use of military peacekeepers, civilian administrators, police trainers, and similar efforts to sustain peace agreements and build stable democratic governments in societies recovering from civil wars.
Peace-building
A structure established in 1964 to promote third world development through various trade proposals.
UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
An organization based in Geneva that provides technical assistance to improve health conditions in the third world and conducts major immunization campaigns.
World Health Organization (WHO)
Also called the International Court of Justice, the judicial arm of the UN; located in the Hague, it hears only cases between states.
World Court
National laws that establish the conditions under which foreigners may travel and visit within a state’s territory, work within the state, and sometimes become citizens of the state.
Immigration Law
The process by which the status of embassies and that of an ambassador as an official state representative are explicitly defined.
Diplomatic Recognition
A privilege under which diplomats activities fall outside the jurisdiction of the host country’s national courts.
Diplomatic Immunity
A category in international law and political theory that defines when wars can be justly started and how they can be justly fought.
Just Wars
The rights of all people to be free from abuses such as torchere or imprisonment for their political beliefs and to enjoy certain minimum economic and social protections (economic and social rights).
Human Rights
The core UN document on human rights; although it lacks the force of the international law, it sets forth international norms regarding behaviour by governments towards their own citizens and foreigners alike.
Universal Declarations of Human Rights
An influential nongovernmental organization that operates globally to monitor and try to rectify glaring abuses of political human rights.
Amnesty International
Principle adopted by world leaders in 2005 holding governments responsible for protecting civilians from genocide and crimes against humanity perpetrated within a sovereign state.
Responsibility to Protect
Violations of the law governing the conduct of warfare, such as mistreatment of prisoners of war or the unnecessary targeting of civilians.
War Crimes
A category of legal offences created the Nuremberg trials after WWII to encompass genocide and other acts committed by the political and military leaders of the Third Reich.
Crimes Against Humanity
A permanent tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity.
International Criminal Court
Soldiers who have surrendered and who thereby receive special status under the laws of war.
Prisoners of War (POWs)
A nongovernmental organization that provides practical support, such as medical, care, food, and letters from home, to civilians caught in wars and to prisoners of war.
International Committee of the Red Cross
An economic theory and a political ideology opposed to free trade; it shares with realism the belief that each state must protect its own interests without seeking mutual gains through international organizations.
Mercantilism
An approach that generally shares the assumption of anarchy but does not see this condition as preluding extensive cooperation to realize common gains from economic exchanges. It emphasizes absolute over relative gains.
Economic Liberalism
The flow of goods and services across national boundaries unimpeded by tariffs or other restriction; in principle, free trade was a key aspect of Britain’s policy after 1846 and of the US policy after 1945.
Free trade
The value of a state’s exploits relative to its imports.
Balance of Trade
Exports more than imports.
Trade Surplus
Exports less than imports.
Trade Deficit
The principle that says states should specialize in trading goods that they produce with the greatest relative efficiency and at the lowest relative cost.
Comparative Advantage
A policy of self reliance, avoiding or minimizing trade and trying to produce everything one needs by oneself.
Autarky
The protection of domestic industries against international competition, by means of trade tariffs and other means.
Protectionism
The sale of products in foreign markets at prices below the minimum level necessary to make a profit.
Dumping
A duty or tax levied on certain types of imports as they enter a country.
Tariff
Forms of restricting imports other than tariffs such as quotas.
Non-Tarriff Barriers
A global, multilateral intergovernmental organization that promotes, monitors and adjudicates international trade.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
A principle by which one state, by granting another state MFN status, promises to give it the same treatment given to the first state’s most favoured trading partner.
Most Favoured Nation (MFN)
A mechanism by which some industrialized states began, in the 1970s, to give tariff concessions to third world staes on certain imports; an exception to the most favoured nation principle.
Generalized System of Preference (GSP)
A series of negotiations under the general agreements on tariff and trade that began in Uruguay in 1986 and concluded in 1994 with agreement to cicada the WTO.
Uruguay Round
A series of negotiations under the World Trade Organization that began in Doha, Qatar in 2001. It followed the Uruguay Round and has focused on agricultural subsidies, intellectual properties and other issues.
Doha Round
A free trade zone encompassing the USA, Canada and Mexico.
NAFTA ( North American Free Trade Agreement)
An association of producers or consumers of a certain product, formed for the purpose of manipulating its price on the world market.
Cartels
Its members control about half the world’s total oil exports, enough to affect the world price of oil significantly.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
The strategies by which a government works actively with industries to promote their growth and tailor trade policy to their needs.
Industrial Policy
The legal protection of the original works of inventors, authors, creators, and performers under patent, copyright and trademark law. Such rights became a contentious are of trade negotiations in the 1990s.
Intellectual Property Rights
The use of fossil fuel energy to drive machinery and the accumulation of such machinery along with the products created by it.
Industrialization
An economy in which political authorities set prices and decide on quotas for production and consumption of each commodity according to long term plan.
Centrally Planned Economy
Countries in Russia and Eastern Europe that are trying to convert from communism to capitalism, with various degrees of success.
Transitional Economies
Industries such as oil production companies and airlines that are owned wholly or partly by the state because they are thought to be vital to the national economy.
State Owned Industries
Economies such as those in the industrialized West that contain both some governmental control and some private ownership.
Mixed Economies
The world’s poorest regions where most people live.
Less Developed Countries
UN targets for basic needs measures each reducing poverty and hunger adopted in 2000.
Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
The fundamental needs of people for adequate food, shelter, health care, sanitation and education. Meeting such needs may be thought of as both a moral impetrate and a form of investment in “human capital” essential for economic growth.
Basic Human Needs
A lack of needed foods including proteins and vitamins; about 3 million children die each year from malnutrition related causes.
Malnutrition
Rural communities growing food mainly for their own consumption rather than for sale in local or world markets.
Subsistence Farming
Agricultural goods produced as a commodities for export to world markets.
Cash Crops
A shift of population from the country side to the cities that typically accompanies economic development and is augmented by displacement of peasants from subsistence farming.
Urbanization
Policies that arm to break up large landholdings and redistribute land to poor peasants for use in subsistence farming.
Land Reform
Movement between states, usually emigration from old states and immigration to new states.
Migration
People fleeing their countries to find refuge from war, natural disaster, or political persecution. International law distinguishes them from migrants.
Refugees
Money sent home by migrant workers to individuals in their country of origin.
Remittances
Created by investing money in productive capital rather than using it for consumption.
Economic Surplus
A view of the world in terms of regional class divisions, with industrialized countries as the core, poorest countries as the periphery, and other areas as the semi-periphery.
World System
The difficulties faced by resource-rich developing countries, including dependence on exporting one or few commodities whose prices fluctuate, as well as potentials for corruption and inequality.
Resource Curse
The acquisition of colonies by conquest or otherwise. Argued that European capitalists were investing in colonies where they could earn big profits and then using part of those profits to buy off portions of the working class at home.
Imperialism
The continuation in a former colony, of colonial exploration without formal political control.
Neocolonialism
A Marxist oriented theory that explains the lack of capital accumulation in the third world as a result of the interplay between domestic class relations and the forces of foreign capital.
Dependency Theory
A historically important form of dependency in which foreign capital is invested in a third world country to extract a particular raw material in a particular place- usually in a mine, well or plantation.
Enclave Economy
