Quiz 2 Flashcards
What is a deductive argument?
An argument intended to provide logical CONCLUSIVE support for its conclusion
What is an inductive argument?
An argument in which the premises are intended to provide probable,NOT CONCLUSIVE, support for it’s conclusion
Give an example of a deductive argument.
Anything that is 100% backed up
All Canadians have facebook
Adriano is Canadian
Therefore Adriano has facebook
Give an example of a inductive argument
Anything that is not backed up 100%
90% of Italians have brown hair
Adriano is Italian
So Adriano has brown hair
Or
90% of Canadians have facebook
Adriano is Canadian
So Adriano has facebook
What is an valid argument? Is it a deductive or inductive argument?
Deductive
An argument that succeeds in providing conclusive support for its conclusion
What is an invalid argument? Is it a deductive or inductive argument?
Deductive
Fails to provide conclusive support for is conclusion
What is truth-preserving?
A characteristic of a valid argument in which the logical structure guarantees the truth of the conclusion if the premises are true
Give an example of an valid argument.
Any premises that back up the conclusion
Adriano is amazing with computers
Microsoft needs people that are amazing with computers
Therefore Microsoft needs Adriano
Give an example of an invalid argument.
Anything that does not support a conclusion
If the sky is blue it’s a beautiful day
The ocean is blue
Therefore it’s a beautiful day
What’s are the two subsections of a inductive argument?
Strong argument and weak argument
What’s a strong argument?
An inductive argument that succeeds in providing probable- but not conclusive- support for it’s conclusion
What’s a weak argument?
An inductive argument that fails to provide strong support for it’s conclusion
Example of a strong argument.
Anything where the premises are supporting the conclusion
Most people talk
I am a person
Therefore I can probably talk
Example of weak argument
Anything that doesn’t support the conclusion
Most humans can’t talk
I’m a human
Therefore I can probably talk
What is a sound argument?
A deductively valid argument that has true premises
Give an example of a sound and unsound argument
Sound- anything that is true
If the stars are out then it is night outside
the stars are out
Therefore it’s nighttime
Unsound- anything that is false
If the stars are out it is day time
The stars are out
Therefore it is day time
What is a cogent argument?
A strong inductive argument with all true premises
Give an example of a cogent argument
Anything that is true
1% of people in canada are making $200 000 a year
Adriano is Canadian
Therefore he probably doesn’t make $200 000 a year
What’s conditional statement?
An “if _____ then ______” statement; it consists of the antecedent and consequent
What is an antecedent?
The first part of a conditional statement (if_______, then ________) the component that begins with if
What is a consequent?
The part of a conditional statement (If _______, then ________) introduced by the word then
What is affirming antecedent?
A valid argument form
If P then Q
P
Therefore Q
What is denying the consequent?
A valid argument form:
If p, then q
Not q
Therefore not p
What is hypothetical syllogism?
A valid argument made up of three hypothetical or conditional statements
If P, then Q.
If Q, then R
Therefore, if P, then R.
What is a syllogism?
A deductive argument made up of three conditional statements- two premises and a conclusion
What is denying the antecedent?
An invalid argument form
If P, then Q.
Not P.
Then not Q.
What is affirming the consequent?
An invalid argument form:
If P, then Q.
Q.
Therefore P
What is disjunctive syllogism?
A valid argument form:
Either P or Q
Not P.
Therefore Q.
In the second premise of the syllogism, wither disjunct can be denied
What’s is a disjunct?
Is the two parts of a disjunction. Has to have the word “or”
What is Subjective Relativism?
the idea that truth depends on what someone believes
Subjective Fallacy- accepting the notion of subjective relativism or using it to try to support a claim
Philosophers find that there is a problem with this since what ever someone believes in anything can be true
What is Social Relativism?
Social Relativism- The view that the truth is relative to SOCIETY
Believes that all beliefs in societies are equal
Critics point out that its self defeating, if they are saying its objectively true (meaning its true for everyone) it is not because every society does something different so it’s not objectively truth
What is an independent premise?
A premise that not depend on other premises to provide support for the conclusion
If one of the premises is moved then the other premises are not affected in terms of affecting the conclusion
What is a dependent premise?
A premise that depends on at least one other premise to provide joint support to the conclusion
If the dependent premise is removed then the other premise is undermined or completely cancelled out
