Quiz 2 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
What two types of variables are there?
A
Independent and dependent
2
Q
What determines the dependent variable?
A
Other variables in the study
3
Q
What is the dependent variable?
A
The outcome of interest
4
Q
What is the independent variable used to explain?
A
Outcome of interest (the dependent variable)
5
Q
What is another name for the independent variable? Why?
A
Predictor variable because they’re used to predict the dependent variable
6
Q
What does variance mean?
A
Diversity in data for a single variable
7
Q
What does variance reflect?
A
How the values for a variable are dispersed.
8
Q
What is standard deviation?
A
Square root of the variance.
9
Q
What is distribution?
A
Refers to how the findings are dispersed.
10
Q
What is frequency distribution?
A
The spread for how frequently each category occurs or is separated.
11
Q
What are the mean, median, and mode most commonly used to measure?
A
Central tendency.
12
Q
What is the mean?
A
Average of all values for a variable. Sum of all the values divided by the number of values.
13
Q
What is mode?
A
Values that occurs most frequently.
14
Q
Median?
A
Value that falls in the middle of the distribution when the numbers are in numeric order.
15
Q
What is the alpha level most commonly set at?
A
0.05
16
Q
If a p value >0.05 what does that mean?
A
There is no statistical significance of the results.
17
Q
If a p value is <0.05 what does that mean?
A
There is statistical significance in the results.
18
Q
What is a nominal variable?
A
No numbers. Example: yes/no.
19
Q
What is an ordinal variable?
A
Variables in order. 1st, 2nd, 3rd place. Ranking order, do not tell anything else.
20
Q
What is an interval variable? What is this type of variable commonly used for?
A
There are equal distances between variables on a tool or scale. Example: thermometer. Opinions/attitudes like preassigning numbers for pain rating.
21
Q
What is a ratio variable?
A
Absolute 0. Either you have it or don’t have it. Each value has the same distance between the measures and has a true zero.
22
Q
What is the most rigorous variable?
A
Ratio variable.
23
Q
What variables are involved in parametric data? Assumption or no assumption about population?
A
Ratio, interval. Assumption about population.
24
Q
What variables are involved in non-parametric data?
A
Nominal, ordinal. No assumption about population.
25
What are inferential statistics?
Trying to infer from the sample data what the population might think. Make judgements of the probability that an observed different between groups is reliable or happened by chance.
26
What is hypotheses testing?
Determine if there is enough evidence in a sample of data to infer that a certain condition is true for the entire population.
27
What is a population?
Larger group, all of the individuals that the researchers are interested in studying (adolescents)
28
What is a sample?
Subset of overall population that is included in a study.
29
What are the types of sampling for qualitative research?
Purposive sampling, convenience sampling, snowball sampling.
30
Purposive sampling?
Consists of participants who are intentionally or purposefully selected because they have certain characteristics related to the purpose of the research.
31
Convenience sampling?
Includes members of the population who can be readily found and recruited and are convenient for the researcher to recruit.
32
Snowball sampling?
Researcher will start with one participant or member of the population and will use that members contacts to identify other potential participants for the study and so on.
33
Generally, what is the sampling size in qual research?
<50
34
What does saturation mean?
Point in data collection at which the data becomes repetitive and no new information or participants is being added.
35
What is bias?
Occurs when some unintended factor confuses or changes the results in a way that can lead to incorrect conclusions
36
What approaches do non-probablility sampling use?
Approaches that don't necessarily ensure everyone in the population of interest has a chance of being included in the study.
37
What types of sampling are included in non-probability sampling?
Convenience, purposive, quota, matched.
38
What is quota sampling?
Every member of the population doesn't have equal chance to participate. One or more characteristics are identified that are important to the study and they're used to establish limits/quotas on number of subjects included.
39
Non-probability vs probability sampling, which is more likely to have bias? What can we do to avoid it?
Non-prob. Random sampling.
40
Matched sample?
Researcher compares two groups to explain or understand something that differentiates them but knows that some other important characteristics could confused or bias understanding. Researcher selects subjects whose important characteristics are the same/matched.
41
What types of sampling are included in probability?
Simple random, stratified, cluster, systematic.
42
Simple random sampling?
All members of a population are identified and given a number, and from there randomly selected.
43
Stratified random sampling?
Population of interest divided into groups based on characteristics important to the study and then members within each group are randomly selected.
44
Cluster sampling?
Selecting groups that relate to the population of interest, then sampling smaller groups until eventually every individual subjects are selected.
45
Systematic sampling?
Members selected at intervals. Every 5th, or 10th member for example.
46
What does random assignment ensure?
All subjects have an equal chance of being in any particular group within the study.
47
What goal drives the sample size in quant research?
Generalizability
48
What is power analysis?
Helps quantitative researchers determine how large of a sample they need
49
What is the goal for sampling in qualitative research?
Include as many sources as possible that add richness, depth, and variety of data.
50
What is the approach to sampling for qual driven by?
Driven by data as it is collected, therefore flexible and evolving as the study develops.
51
What is the language for those in the sample of qual?
Participants, volunteers, informants.
52
What is the general goal for sampling in quant?
Ensure only the variables of interest influence the results of the study by limiting extraneous variations in the sample.
53
What is the approach to sampling in quant?
Established before beginning the process of sampling and following strictly to avoid introducing bias into the sample.
54
What is the language used for those in the sample of quant?
Subjects.
55
What is an outlier? What can cause an outlier?
Observation which doesn't appear to belong with other data. Can result because of error in data collection.
56
What is theoretical sampling?
Process of data collection for generating a theory where the analyst jointly collects codes and analyses of data and decides what data to collect next and where to find them in order to develop a theory as it emerges.
57
What are concepts? What types of studies can these be variables in?
Abstract description of phenomena. Can be words or mental images. Can be variables in quant studies.
58
What is a model? Generally included in what type of research?
Shows relationships between concepts. Qual.
59
What are theories? What type of research are they usually included in?
Proposed relationship between concepts. Quant.
60
Concepts need to be defined in order to develop what?
Models/theory.
61
What are the five human rights?
Right to...
1. self determination.
2. privacy and dignity.
3. anonymity and confidentiality.
4. fair treatment.
5. protection from discomfort and harm.
62
What is informed consent?
Legal principle that an individual can make a decision about participation in a research study only after being given all of the relevant information pertaining to the study as well as being given a reasonable amount of time to consider the decision to participate
63
What is the risk-benefit ratio?
Comparison of the level of risk present for participants compared with the level of benefit
64
What is a "risk" in research studies?
Breach of confidentiality, anonymity, or both.
65
What is confidentiality?
Neither the identities of the participants nor any info that participants provide individually will be revealed to anyone.
66
What is coercion?
Controlling or forcing someone to do something
67
What is the goal of research with humans?
Minimize risks and maximize benefits
68
What does assent mean?
To agree/concur and (in case of research) it reflects a lower level of understanding about the meaning of participation in a study than consent does.
69
What does exempt mean? What types of research can be exempt from IRB review?
Study falls under a category of research that is free from some of the constraints that are normally imposed upon research involving human subjects. Ex. research on educational curriculum efficacy, observation of human behaviour etc.
70
On what two levels can variables be defines?
Theoretical and operational
71
What is a theoretical definition of a variable? Is this definition always clearly measurable?
One that is described and understood conceptually not concretely. No.
72
What is operational definition of a variable?
One that is defined in specific, concrete terms that allows us to see how we might actually measure the variable.
73
What is an example of operationalizing a variable?
Asking a QOL question using a 10 point scale.
74
Why must researchers have a clear understanding of a variable?
Because measurement of that concept might be inconsistent which can lead to disagreement about what was actually measured.
75
What is operationalizing a variable like?
Translating from one language to another. Translating abstract theoretical variable into a concrete measure
76
What is error?
Difference between what is true and the answer we obtained.
77
What are some data methods for constructing meaning of variables in QUAL research?
Interviews, journaling, participant observation, art analysis.
78
Should operational variables be found in QUAL research? Why or why not?
No. Because qual doesn't attempt to measure variables concretely.
79
What are unstructured interviews?
Asking questions in an informal, open fashion.
80
What is included in field notes?
Data collection - participant words, notes on their tone, expressions, and associated actions and what is occurring in the setting
81
What is participant observation?
Researcher imbeds him/herself into the environment and records observations, feelings, conversations and experiences.
82
What are group interviews?
Interview more than 1 person at a time. Collect information re participant's responses and responses that occur due to the interaction between group members.
83
What is rigor?
Strict process of data collection and analysis as well as a term that reflects overall quality of that process in qual research.
84
What 4 things reflect rigor in QUAL?
Trustworthiness, confirmability (consistency), transferability, credibility.
85
Trustworthiness?
Honesty of the data collected from/about participants
86
Confirmability?
Consistency and repeatability of the decision making about the process of data collection and data analysis
87
What can be done to ensure confirmability?
Audit trail.
88
What is an audit trail?
Ongoing documentation re the researchers decision about the data analysis and data collection.
89
What might be included in an audit trail?
Field notes, theoretical notes, methods notes.
90
Transferability?
Extent to which the findings of a study are confirmed by or are applicable to different group/different setting from where the data was collected.
91
Is transferability and generalizability the same thing? Why or why not?
No. Different because the focus is not on predicting specific outcomes in a general pop, but confirming that what was meaningful in one setting is also meaningful and accurate in another.
92
What can be done to ensure transferability? Describe this process.
External checks. See if a second group agrees with the themes that have arisen.
93
Credibility?
Confidence that the researchers and user of research can have in the truth of the findings.
94
What are two processes that can be done to ensure credibility?
Member checks, triangulation.
95
What is member checks?
Data findings are brought back to original participants to seek their input concerning the accuracy, completeness, and interpretation of the data.
96
What is triangulation?
Using more than one approach or source to include different views or to look at the phenomenon from different angles.
97
What types of methods for data collection are included for QUANT?
Physiologic measurements, chemical lab tests, systematic observations, written measures containing carefully defined questions, questionnaires/scales.
98
What is the goal of QUANT re variables?
Measure variables numerically so they can be statistically described and analyzed
99
What type of definition should all variables included in QUANT have?
Operational
100
What is an instrument?
Used in research to refer to a device that specifies and objectifies the data collection process
101
What are examples of instruments?
Questionnaire, scales etc.
102
What are semistructured questions?
Collect data that specifically target objective factor of interest.
103
What are structured questions?
Provide measurable choices of answers to questions
104
What is a questionnaire?
Instrument used to collect specific written data
105
What is a scale?
Set of written questions or statements that, in combo, are intended to measure a specific variable
106
What is an item?
Question/statement included on a scale
107
What type of responses can you get in QUANT research?
True/false, likert-typa response scale, visual analog.
108
What is Likert-type response scale?
Rate an item on a continuum
109
What is a visual analog?
A straight line of a specific length that has extremes of responses at either end, but doesn't have any other responses noted at points along the way.
110
What is reliability?
Measure can be relied on consistently to give the same result if the aspect being measured hasn't changed.
111
Interrater reliability?
Present when two or more independent data collectors agree in the results of their data collection process
112
Test-retest reliability?
Complete the questionnaire/scale at two or more time points that are close enough together that we wouldn't expect the "real" answers to have changed
113
Internal Consistency Reliability Coefficient?
Compilation of how closely the answers to different questions or items within a scale are related
114
Alpha coefficients range from 0-1. What does it mean if the value is 0? 1?
0 = no relationship among the responses to different items. 1 = answers completely connected or related to each other
115
Validity?
Reflect how accurately the measure yields info about true/real variable being studied
116
Content validity?
Asks whether items or questions on a scale are comprehensive and appropriately reflect the concept that they are supposed to measure
117
Face validity?
One person's interpretation of content validity. Judgement of how clearly the items on a scale reflect the concept they are intended to measure.
118
Criterion-related validity?
Extent to which results of one measure match those of another measure that is also supposed to reflect the variable under study.
119
Construct validity?
Broadest type of validity and can encompass both content and criterion-related validity because it is the extent to which a scale or an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure
