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NURS360 - Research > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 key elements of an EBP model?

A

Assess, ask, acquire, appraise, apply, and evaluate.

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2
Q

What is involved in the “assess” portion of the EBP model?

A

Assess situation. Identify issue, concern, or question in clinical practice.

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3
Q

What is involved in the “ask” portion of the EBP model?

A

Ask a question. Using a question format (PICO or PICo) to ask question relevant to clinical situation.

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4
Q

What is involved in the “acquire” portion of the EBP model?

A

Find research applicable to the situation/question. Find credible and current information to find evidence from scientific research studies.

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5
Q

What is involved in the “appraise” portion of the EBP model?

A

Validate research findings. Analyze, critique, and evaluate the research study for validity (truthfulness) and applicability.

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6
Q

What is involved in the “apply” portion of the EBP model?

A

Application of EBI. Integrating clinical, patient perspectives, and scientific knowledge (EBI) into a plan of action in the provision of care.

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7
Q

What is involved in the “evaluate” portion of the EBP model?

A

The last step in the process. Evaluate or measure patient outcomes as a result of your action is important in adding knowledge to the profession, providing support for policy changes, and incorporating EBI into clinical practice (EBP)

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8
Q

PICO is used to develop questions for what type of research?

A

Quantitative

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9
Q

PICo is used to develop questions for what type of research?

A

Qualitative

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10
Q

What are examples of research-based evidence?

A

Reports of multiple research studies, individual randomized clinical trials and non experimental research

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11
Q

What are examples of nonresearch-based evidence?

A

Clinical reports, nurse’s experiences, textbooks, opinions/beliefs/untested ideas

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12
Q

What is an abstract?

A

Summary or condensed version of a research report. Provide skeleton of key points of research report.

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13
Q

What is a systematic review?

A

Addresses a specific clinical question by summarizing multiple research studies, along with other evidence.

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14
Q

What is one of the strongest forms of evidence for EBP?

A

Systematic review

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15
Q

What is identified in the ‘problem/introduction’ portion of a research study?

A

Describes the gap in knowledge that will be addressed in the research study

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16
Q

What is identified in the ‘methods’ section of research reports?

A

Describes the process of implementing the research study

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17
Q

What is identified in the ‘results’ section of a research report?

A

Summarizes the specific information gathered in the research study

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18
Q

What is identified in the ‘conclusion’ section of a research report?

A

Describes the decisions or determinations that can be made about the research problem

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19
Q

What is the goal of the research process?

A

Generate knowledge that can be used in practice

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20
Q

What are ‘limitations’ in a research study?

A

Aspects of how the study was conducted that create uncertainty concerning the conclusion that can be derived from the study as well as the decisions that can be based on it

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21
Q

What are themes?

A

Abstractions that reflect phrases, words, or ideas that appear repeatedly when a researcher analyzes what people have said about a particular experience, feeling, or situation.

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22
Q

What is the mean?

A

Average for a set of numbers.

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23
Q

What are descriptive results?

A

Summary of information without comparing it to other information.

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24
Q

What is an example of descriptive results?

A

How many people were in the study, average age of those studied, percentage who responded in a particular manner

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25
Q

What does significance indicate?

A

Indicates a low likelihood that any differences or relationships found in a study happened by chance.

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26
Q

Significance is indicated by…

A

P values

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27
Q

What is a p value?

A

Indicates what percentage of the time the results reported would have happened by chance alone

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28
Q

What does a multivariate indicate?

A

The study reports findings for three (multi) or more factors (variate) and includes the relationships among these different factors

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29
Q

What is logistic regression?

A

Statistical procedure that allows to look at relationships between more than two factors and test whether those relationships are likely to occur by chance.

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30
Q

What do qualitative methods focus on?

A

Understanding the complexity of humans within the context of their lives. Seeks to build a picture of a phenomenon of interest.

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31
Q

What do quantitative methods focus on?

A

Focus on understanding and breaking down the phenomenon into parts to see how they do or do not connect. Involve collecting information that is specific and limited to the particular parts of events or phenomena being studied

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32
Q

What do mixed methods focus on?

A

Focuses on elements of both qualitative and quantitative methods by describing individuals’ personal experiences, feelings, or perceptions and the measurable portions of the variables.

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33
Q

What is a sample?

A

A smaller group, or subset of a group, of interest that is studied in a research study.

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34
Q

What is a meta synthesis?

A

Report of a study of a group single studies using qualitative methods..

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35
Q

What are measures?

A

Specific methods used to assign a number or numbers to an aspect or factor being studied (abstract concepts are assigned numbers so that the concepts can be analyzed using statistical procedures)

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36
Q

What is a literature review?

A

Focused summary of what has already been published regarding the question or problem.

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37
Q

What is a theory?

A

A written description of how several factors may relate to and affect each other

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38
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A prediction regarding the relationships or effects of selected factors on other factors.

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39
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

A quantitative approach to knowledge development that applies statistics to numeric results from different studies that addressed the same research problem to look for combined results that would not have happened by chance alone

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40
Q

What is quality improvement?

A

A process of evaluation of healthcare services to see if they meet specified standards or outcomes of care and to identify how they can be improved.

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41
Q

Quality improvement studies look at what?

A

Factos that may affect the outcome or actions of interest.

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42
Q

What is process improvement?

A

A management system that in which all participants involved strive to improve customer satisfaction.

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43
Q

How many steps are there to take in the research process?

A

Five

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44
Q

What is done in the first step of the research process?

A

Define and describe a knowledge gap or problem

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45
Q

What is done in the second step of the research process?

A

Developing a detailed plan to gather information to address the problem/gap in knowledge

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46
Q

What is done in the third step of the research process?

A

Implement study

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47
Q

What is done in the fourth step of the research process?

A

Analyze and interpret the results of the study

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48
Q

What is done in the fifth step of the research process?

A

Disseminate findings from study

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49
Q

What is included in the ‘discussion’ portion of a research report?

A

Summarizes, compares and speculates about the results of the study

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50
Q

What information is given in the ‘summary’ portion within the discussion in a research report?

A

Summary of key results. Addresses results that directly relate to the major research question.

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51
Q

When comparing results from findings to another, what section of the research report would we expect to find this? What is the key purpose of doing this?

A

In the discussion section. Key purpose is to offer explanation of the results by comparing to results of others similar studies.

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52
Q

What is confirmation?

A

Verification of results from other studies.

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53
Q

What is the main purpose of a replication study?

A

To duplicate an earlier study to see if results match and can confirm those results of another study.

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54
Q

Does the discussion portion of a research report give the reader a FULL picture of ALL of the results in the study?

A

No, only a select few that relate directly to the question posed.

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55
Q

What is speculation?

A

Reflecting on results and offering explanation for them.

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56
Q

What is conceptualization?

A

Creating a picture of an abstract idea; it is a picture of some aspect of health.

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57
Q

Qualitative studies do what in relation to the phenomenon of interest?

A

Conceptualize

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58
Q

Quantitative studies do what in relation to the phenomenon?

A

Objectify and isolate parts of the phenomenon.

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59
Q

What is the goal of research?

A

Generalization

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60
Q

What is generalization?

A

Ability to apply a particular study’s findings to the broader population represented by the sample

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61
Q

Why is it important for limitations to be included in the discussion of research reports?

A

So that the reader can appraise the findings before applying them to practice

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62
Q

What is the study design?

A

The overall plan or organization of a study.

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63
Q

What are 3 common errors in research reports?

A

Failure to include one or more major aspects of a discussion and conclusion, presenting a confusing summary of key findings/presenting new results, over interpreting the results

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64
Q

What is an inference?

A

Reasoning that goes into the process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence.

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65
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

Statistical procedures used in most quantitative studies. Coming up with conclusions based on evidence using statistics.

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66
Q

Qualitative studies increase _______ of a phenomenon

A

Understanding

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67
Q

Quantitative studies ______ and _____ a phenomenon allowing us to infer what would happen to other similar groups

A

Describe and explain

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68
Q

Results that allow us to predict include information about the _____ and ______ of events or factors

A

Order, timing.

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69
Q

Only results that allow us to ______ provide information that is useful to predict future responses or situations if the same set of circumstances applies.

A

Infer

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70
Q

Research results that only _____ or _____ cannot be used to predict future outcomes or directly identify the cause of the findings

A

Describe, explain.

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71
Q

What is a variable?

A

An aspect of the phenomenon of interest/research problem that is difference among people or situations.

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72
Q

What is univariate analysis?

A

Analysis of data at a given point that focuses on only one variable.

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73
Q

What is bivariate analysis?

A

Analysis with only two variables.

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74
Q

T/F both qualitative and quantitative studies have variables?

A

T

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75
Q

What is content analysis?

A

Process of understanding, interpreting, and conceptualizing the meanings in qualitative data.

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76
Q

How would a researcher perform content analysis?

A

Break down the data into units that are meaningful and then develop a categorization scheme

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77
Q

What is a categorization scheme?

A

An orderly combination of categories carefully defined so that no overlap occurs.

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78
Q

What does coding/data reduction mean?

A

Breaking down and labelling large amounts of data to identify the category to which they belong

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79
Q

What is a theme?

A

An idea or concept that is recurrent throughout the data

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80
Q

What is data saturation in qualitative research?

A

Point at which all new information collected is the same as the information that has already been collected.

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81
Q

What are the two variables in quantitative research called?

A

Independent, dependent.

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82
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

Depends on other variables in the study. It is the outcome variable of interest.

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83
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

Used to explain/predict the dependent variable/outcome of interest. Called the predictor variable.

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84
Q

Provide examples of independent variables?

A

Age, perceived well-being, race, marital status.

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85
Q

What is variance?

A

Diversity in data for a single variable.

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86
Q

What does variance reflect?

A

How the values for a variable are dispersed.

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87
Q

Variance (is a number) can tell us how much _____ or ______ exists in a group of numbers

A

Difference, variety

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88
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

Square root of the variance.

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89
Q

Provide an example of why variance and standard deviation are important to understand when interpreting results from a study?

A

If both studies for pain control had a reporting average rate for pain of 2, but one study had an SD of .7 and the other had an SD of 2.2, we can tell the latter study had more variance in results meaning some people experienced more/less pain than the average rated 2/10. This is important for healthcare as we are looking for consistency among pain relief for patients.

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90
Q

What is distribution?

A

Refers to how the findings are dispersed.

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91
Q

What is frequency distribution?

A

How frequently each category occurs or is selected.

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92
Q

Normal curve is a _____ distribution. Meaning?

A

Theoretical. If we could measure a variable for every individual, the result would be a perfectly symmetrical bell-shape.

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93
Q

In quantitative studies, a measure of central tendency shows what?

A

Common or typical numbers.

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94
Q

What three things give us central tendency?

A

Mean, median, mode

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95
Q

What is the median?

A

Value that falls in the middle of the distribution when numbers are in numeric order.

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96
Q

What is the mode?

A

Most frequently occurring number.

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97
Q

When distribution ‘leans’ this is what?

A

A skew

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98
Q

Measures of central tendency and distribution are ________ statistics that ______ information about a ________

A

Univariate, summarize, variable

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99
Q

What is demographic data?

A

Descriptive information about characteristics of subjects.

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100
Q

What are two common errors in the reports of descriptive results?

A

Incomplete information and confusing information.

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101
Q

Descriptive statistical results allow us to know and explain what?

A

Variables that we are interested in understanding.

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102
Q

Inferential statistics takes descriptive statistics a step further by…

A

Predicting or inferring how variables may occur in the future.

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103
Q

What is tested for in inferential statistics?

A

Relationships, associations, and differences among variables that are statistically significant.

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104
Q

What do confidence intervals state?

A

The range of actual values for the statistic we are computing in which 95/100 values would fall.

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105
Q

Interpretation of confidence interval tells us what?

A

The smaller the range, without zero in it, the more confident we can be that the test statistic reflects the ‘real’ world

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106
Q

Interpretation of p value tell us what?

A

The smaller the value, the less likely that the test result occurred by chance alone

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107
Q

What does statistical significance mean?

A

That there is less than 5% chance that the amount of relationship or difference found happened by chance

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108
Q

What are nonparametric statistics used for?

A

Numbers that don’t have a bell-shaped distribution curve and are categoric or ordinal.

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109
Q

What do categoric or ordinal numbers represent?

A

Variables for which there is no established equal distance between each category (like numbers used to represent gender or rating of preference for car colour)

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110
Q

What 2 criteria must be met in order to apply parametric statistics to numbers?

A
  1. numbers must be normally distributed (like frequency distribution, bell-shaped curve) 2. numbers must be interval or ratio numbers (like age or intelligence score), the numbers must have an order, and there must be equal distance between the numbers
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111
Q

The t test is what?

A

A parametric statistical test

112
Q

Kruskal-Wallis is a what?

A

Nonparametric test

113
Q

What are three reasons why we use statistical tests?

A
  1. look at differences between groups for one or more variables 2. look at relationships among two or more variables 3. look at relationships of factors within a variable itself
114
Q

What does a t test reflect?

A

Differences in the means of a variable for two different groups or at two different times for one group

115
Q

What does it mean when two variables covary?

A

Two variables are connected in some way

116
Q

What is an example of two variables covary?

A

Height and weight covary in healthy growing children - as height increases weight increases

117
Q

What is the statistical test used to examine how much two variables covary?

A

Correlation

118
Q

What are two things important to note about a correlation statistic?

A
  1. negative or positive # (will be + if both variables move in same direction - like increasing height and weight of healthy children, or will be negative is variables move in opposite directions) 2. magnitude of the number for a correlation coefficient
119
Q

The bigger the value of the correlation coefficient the more _____ and _____ the relationship is between the two variables

A

consistent, stronger

120
Q

___ is used to denote a Pearson correlation statistic

A

R

121
Q

The p value is >0.05, are the results statistically significant?

A

NO

122
Q

The p value is <0.05, are the results statistically significant?

A

YES

123
Q

What is analysis of variance?

A

Tests for difference in the means for three or more groups

124
Q

What does ANOVA compare?

A

How much members of a group differ or vary among one another with how much the members of the group differ or vary from the members of other groups

125
Q

What does the beta value tell us?

A

Relative contribution or connection of an independent variable to the dependent variable

126
Q

Factor analysis can be used to look at what?

A

Discrete groups of statements that are more closely connected to each other than to other statements

127
Q

What is a research hypothesis?

A

Is a prediction of the relationships or differences that will be found for selected variables in a study

128
Q

What is the null hypothesis?

A

Predicts that there will be no relationship or difference in selected variables

129
Q

The size of the sample, or number of cases, in a study affects the likelihood of what?

A

That statistical significance will be found

130
Q

Does statistical significance directly equate with clinical meaningfulness?

A

No

131
Q

What are two common errors in results sections of a research study?

A

Incomplete information and confusing information

132
Q

What is a sample?

A

Subset of the overall population of interest

133
Q

What are three qualitative sampling methods?

A

Purposive, snowball and convenience sampling.

134
Q

What is purposive sampling?

A

Participants are intentionally chosen based on certain characteristics related to the purpose of the research.

135
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

Includes members of the population who can be found and recruited conveniently. First-come-first serve basis.

136
Q

What is snowball sampling?

A

Researcher uses first participant’s contacts and adds them into study and continues until enough participants have been added to study.

137
Q

Sample size is usually dictated by the _______ in qualitative research

A

Data analysis

138
Q

Are sample sized in qualitative data smaller or larger than quantitative?

A

Smaller. Less than 50 usually.

139
Q

What is bias?

A

Some unintended factor confuses or changes the results in a way that can lead to incorrect conclusions.

140
Q

What are the two categories of sampling in quantitative research?

A

Probability and nonprobability

141
Q

What do non probability samples ensure?

A

Not everyone in the population has an equal chance of being included in the study.

142
Q

What are the types of sampling included in non-probability sampling?

A

Quota, matched, convenience and purposive.

143
Q

What is quota sampling?

A

Every member in pop doesn’t have an equal chance of participation. One or more characteristics important to study are identified, and are used to establish limits on/quotas for number of subjects included.

144
Q

What is matched sampling? When is this used?

A

Selects subjects whose important characteristics are the same/matched. Used when researcher plans to compare 2 groups and knows that some important characteristics could confuse or bias understanding.

145
Q

What is probability sampling?

A

Ensure every member of the pop has an equal opportunity to participate in the study.

146
Q

What are the types of sampling included in probability sampling?

A

Simple random, stratified random, cluster and systematic sample.

147
Q

What is simple random sampling?

A

All members of a population identified and assigned a number. Researchers then use device (computer program etc) to select who will be in study. Then researchers randomly pick a number from the random number table.

148
Q

What is stratified random sampling?

A

Population of interest is first divided into 2+ groups based on characteristics important to the study, and then members within each group are randomly selected.

149
Q

Nonprobability or probability sampling - which might introduce bias into the sample?

A

Nonprobability (because there is no random sampling)

150
Q

What is cluster sampling?

A

This type of sampling occurs in stages. Starting with selecting groups of subjects who are part of a larger element that relates to the population and then sampling smaller groups until eventually individual subjects are selected.

151
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Members of the population identified and assigned numbers. Members are selected at fixed intervals.

152
Q

What does random assignment ensure?

A

Ensures all subjects have an equal chance of being in any particular group within the study.

153
Q

What is a sampling unit?

A

The element of the population that will be selected and analyzed in the study.

154
Q

In quantitative research the goal ________ drives the sample size

A

Generalizability

155
Q

In quantitative research, what process can be used to determine how large of a sample size is needed?

A

Power analysis

156
Q

What is the response rate?

A

The proportion of individuals who participate in a study divided by the number of people who agreed to be in a study but didn’t participate in it.

157
Q

What are some common errors that occur in the study reports of sampling?

A

Lack of adequate detail

158
Q

What are the five human rights in research?

A

Right to:
- self determination, privacy and dignity, anonymity and confidentiality, fair treatment, protection from discomfort and harm.

159
Q

What is informed consent?

A

Legal principle that an individual or his or her authorized representative can make a decision about participation in a research study only after being given all relevant information pertaining to study

160
Q

What is a risk-benefit ratio?

A

Comparison of the level of risk presenter participants compared with the level of benefit

161
Q

It is unethical and illegal to implement a research study that uses animal or human subjects without ______

A

IRB approval

162
Q

What is the goal of research with human subjects?

A

Minimize risks and maximize benefits

163
Q

A subject has the right to what at any time?

A

Withdraw

164
Q

What is coercion?

A

Involves some element of controlling or forcing someone to do something

165
Q

What does it mean when research is exempt?

A

The study falls under a category of research that is free from some of the constraints the are normally imposed upon research involving human subjects

166
Q

What is a theoretical definition of a variable?

A

A variable that is described and understood conceptually, not concretely.

167
Q

What is an operational definition of a variable?

A

One that is defined in specific, concrete terms that allows us to see how we might actually measure the variable.

168
Q

What does ‘error’ refer to?

A

Difference between what is true and the answer obtained from our data collection

169
Q

In what ways can one construct the meaning of variables in qualitative research?

A

Unstructured interviews, field notes, participant observation, group interviews.

170
Q

What are unstructured interviews?

A

Involve asking questions in an informal and open fashion without a previously established set of categories or assumed answers.

171
Q

What are field notes?

A

Record of researchers observations about overall setting and experience of the data collection process

172
Q

What is participant observation?

A

Participant intentionally imbeds him/herself in the environment from which data will be collected and becomes a participant.

173
Q

What are group interviews?

A

Interviewing more than one participant at a time. Gather responses from participants and also from conversations between participants

174
Q

What is rigor?

A

Strict process of data collection and analysis

175
Q

What are the 4 things necessary for rigor?

A

Trustworthiness, confirmability, transferability, credibility.

176
Q

What is trustworthiness?

A

Refers to the honesty of data collected from or about the participants

177
Q

What steps can be taken to ensure trustworthiness of data collected?

A

Meaningful relationship with participants, using a consistent protocol in data collection.

178
Q

What is confirmability?

A

Consistency and repeatability of the decision making about the process of data collection and analysis

179
Q

What is something we can do to ensure confirmability of data collected in qualitative research?

A

Audit trail

180
Q

What is an audit trail?

A

Ongoing documentation regarding the researcher’s decisions about the data analysis and collection processes

181
Q

What is transferability?

A

Extent to which the findings of a study are confirmed by or are applicable to a different group or in a different setting from where data were collected

182
Q

Is transferability the same as generalizability?

A

No

183
Q

What is something we can do to ensure transferability?

A

External checks.

184
Q

What is an external check?

A

Describe themes found in one group and see if a second group agrees with them.

185
Q

What is credibility?

A

Refers to the confidence that the research can have in the truth of the findings of the study.

186
Q

What are two ways to ensure credibility?

A

Member checks, triangulation

187
Q

What are member checks?

A

Data findings are brought back to original participants to seek their input concerning the accuracy, completeness, and interpretation of the data

188
Q

What is triangulation?

A

Process of using more than one approach or source to include different views or to look at the phenomenon from different angles

189
Q

In every quantitative study every variable should have an ________ that specifies how the variable was measured

A

Operational definition

190
Q

What methods are used to measure variables in quantitative research?

A

Semistructured questions, structured question, questionnaire

191
Q

What are semistructured questions?

A

Asking questions to collect data that specifically target objective factors of interest

192
Q

What is a structured question?

A

Provide measurable choices of answers to questions

193
Q

What is an instrument?

A

Device that specifies and objectifies the data collecting process

194
Q

What is a questionnaire?

A

An instrument used to collect specific written data

195
Q

What is a scale?

A

Set of written questions or statements that, in combination, are intended to measure a specified variable

196
Q

What is a likert-typa response scale?

A

Asks for a rating of the item on a continuum that is anchored at either end by opposite responses

197
Q

What is a visual analog?

A

Straight line of a specific length that has extremes of responses at either end but doesn’t have any other responses noted at points along the line

198
Q

What are some common errors in quantitative data collection?

A

Quality of the measures used to collect data and implementation of those measures or the data collection process itself

199
Q

____________ is a reliable measurement. _________ or _______ measurement is valid measurement.

A

Consistent measurement. Accurate, correct.

200
Q

What is reliability?

A

Measure can be relied on consistently to give the same result if the aspect being measure hasn’t changed.

201
Q

What is interrelated reliability?

A

Two or more independent data collectors agree in the results of their data collection process

202
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

Re-testing participants at different points to ensure the ‘real’ answers haven’t changed

203
Q

What are ways that reliability are measured?

A

Test-retest reliability, measuring alpha coefficient

204
Q

What is the internal consistency reliability?

A

Extent to which responses to a scale are similar and related

205
Q

What is validity?

A

Reflects how accurately the measures yields information about true or real variable being studied

206
Q

What are three types of validity?

A

Content validity, criterion-relaid validity, and construct validity.

207
Q

What is content validity?

A

Do the items/questions on a scale appropriately reflect the concept that they are supposed to measure?

208
Q

What is criterion-related validity?

A

Extent to which the results of one measure match those of another measure that is also supposed to reflect the variable under study

209
Q

What is construct validity?

A

Broadest type of validity and can encompass both content and criterion-related validity because it is the extent to which a scale or an instrument measure what is supposed to measure.

210
Q

What is measurement validity?

A

Instruments are accurate measure of the study variables

211
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Results of the study are accurate for the patients included in the study

212
Q

What is external validity?

A

Results of the study are accurate for patients who are similar to those in the study

213
Q

What are the two types of validity mentioned frequently when discussing research design

A

Internal and external validity

214
Q

What are threats to internal validity (within a quantitative study)?

A

History, maturation, testing, instrumentation, mortality, and selection bias.

215
Q

What are threats to rigor (within a qualitative study)?

A

Trustworthiness, confirmability, credibility, consistency.

216
Q

What is history (as a threat to internal validity)?

A

Some factor outside those examined in a study affecting the outcome or dependent variable

217
Q

What is maturation (as a threat to internal validity)?

A

Refers to a change in the dependent variable simply because of the passage of time

218
Q

What is testing (as a threat to internal validity)?

A

Changes in a dependent variable that result because it is being measured or because of the measure itself.

219
Q

What is instrumentation (as a threat to internal validity)?

A

Refers to changing the measures used in a study from one time to another

220
Q

What is mortality (as a threat to internal validity)?

A

Refers to the loss of subjects from a study because of a consistent factor related to the dependent variable

221
Q

What is selection bias (as a threat to internal validity)?

A

Refers to subjects having unique characteristics that in some manner relate to the dependent variable, raising a question whether the findings from the study resulted from the independent variable or the characteristics of the sample

222
Q

What are threats to external validity?

A

Reactivity effects, Hawthorne effect, measurement effects, experimenter effects

223
Q

What are reactivity effects?

A

Responses of subjects being studied

224
Q

Studies having problems in ____ automatically will have problems in _________. Having _____ however does not ensure the study will have ______.

A

Internal validity, external validity. Internal validity, external validity.

225
Q

What are measurement effects?

A

Changes in the results of a study resulting from various data collection procedures

226
Q

What are Hawthorne effects?

A

Subjects knowing that they’re being observed changes responses

227
Q

What are novelty effects?

A

Occurs when the knowledge that what is being done is new and under study somehow affects the outcome, of a study, the enthusiasm or doubts that affected the results are no longer present, so the results are no longer accurate in a setting that is not known to be a study.

228
Q

What are experimenter effects?

A

Some characteristic of the researcher or data collector influences the study results.

229
Q

What are descriptive designs?

A

Designs that function to facilitate understanding

230
Q

What are qualitative research designs?

A

Phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, historical.

231
Q

What is phenomenology?

A

Used to discover and develop understanding of experiences as perceived by those living the experience.

232
Q

What is ethnography?

A

Researcher immerses self in culture to describe phenomena/phenomenon of interest within that culture.

233
Q

What is grounded theory?

A

Study interactions to understand and recognize links between ideas and concepts or, in other words, to develop a theory.

234
Q

What is historical?

A

Function to answer questions about links in the past to understand the present or to plan the future

235
Q

What are quantitative research designs involving time?

A

Retrospective, prospective, cross-sectional, longitudinal, and repeated measures.

236
Q

What is a retrospective design?

A

Are those in which data are collected about past events/factors

237
Q

What is a prospective design?

A

Data are collected about events/variables as they occur, moving forward in time.

238
Q

What are cross-sectional research designs?

A

Collect all data at one point in time.

239
Q

What are longitudinal research designs?

A

They collect data at different time points.

240
Q

What is a repeated measures design?

A

Design using repeated measures repeats the same measurements at several points in time.

241
Q

What are the two categories of quantitative research designs?

A

Time, control.

242
Q

What is the purpose of correlational studies?

A

Answer research questions that seek to link or connect.

243
Q

What is a pre-test post-test experimental design?

A

Involves manipulation of the independent variable, random assignment, and a control group. Also includes an observation both before and after the intervention.

244
Q

What is ‘multifactorial’?

A

Several independent variables being manipulated in a study

245
Q

What is a quasi-experimental design?

A

Lack control or random assignment.

246
Q

Quasi-experimental studies lose ______ of an experimental design but gain ______ to real life

A

Internal validity, applicability.

247
Q

What is inductive knowledge?

A

Developed by pulling observations and facts generated through research together to generate theory. Pieces to build a whole theory.

248
Q

What is deductive knowledge?

A

Developed by proposing a theory regarding a phenomenon of interest. Starts with the whole and breaks down the parts of the theory.

249
Q

What is a theoretical framework?

A

Abstract aspects of the research problem interrelate based on developed theories

250
Q

What is a conceptual framework?

A

Underlying structure, but it comprises concepts and the relationships among them.

251
Q

_____, _____, and ______ all provide a description of the proposed relationships among abstract components that are aspects of the research problem of interest

A

Theory, theoretical frameworks, and conceptual frameworks

252
Q

The terms ______, ______, ___, _______,or _______ all refer to the statement of the variables to be studied that are related to the broad research problem

A

Research purpose, research question, study, specific aim(s), or research objectives

253
Q

The literature review is….

A

Guided by variables that have been identified in the research purpose to give the reader an overview of what is known about these variables, how those variables have been studied in the past, and with whom they have been studied

254
Q

What are primary sources?

A

Sources of information as originally written.

255
Q

What is a secondary source?

A

Someone else’s description or interpretation of a primary source.

256
Q

What is peer review?

A

Means that the manuscript for the published report has been read and critiqued by two or more peers before being accepted for publication

257
Q

What the difference between research question and hypothesis?

A

Hypothesis: puts the predictions in the form of a statement. Question: puts the predictions in the form of a question.

258
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

Predicts that two variables will be related and as well predicts the direction of that relationship

259
Q

What is a nondirectional hypothesis?

A

Predicts that two variables will be related but does not predict the direction of that relationship.

260
Q

Are the steps of the research process linear?

A

No. They may overlap or be revisited during the research process.

261
Q

What are assumptions?

A

Ideas that are taken for granted or viewed as truth without conscious or explicit testing.

262
Q

In research, what is a codebook?

A

Record of categorization, labeling, and manipulation of data about variables in a quantitative study

263
Q

What is aggregated data?

A

Results from the study are reported for the entire sample rather than for individual members in the group.

264
Q

What are 4 characteristics of the research process?

A

Systematic, exacting, complex, challenging.

265
Q

What are factors affecting the research process?

A

Lack of knowledge, lack of resources (money, time, or both), and lack of methods or measures.

266
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

Small research study that develops and demonstrates the effectiveness of selected measures and methods.

267
Q

What is the difference between the purpose of the research process and EBP?

A

RP: purpose to develop knowledge.
EBP: to provide scientifically based care.

268
Q

What is epistemology?

A

To know

269
Q

What is ontology?

A

To be

270
Q

What is practice?

A

To do

271
Q

What is a nominal variable?

A

NO numbers. Ex. yes/no

272
Q

What is an ordinal variable?

A

Variables in order, ranking order. Ex. 1st, 2nd, 3rd.

273
Q

What is an interval variable? What is this type of variable commonly used for?

A

Equal distances between variables on a tool or scale. Example: thermometer. Opinions/attitudes like preassigning numbers for pain rating.

274
Q

What is a ratio variable?

A

Absolute 0. Either you have it or don’t have it.

275
Q

What is the most rigorous variable?

A

Ratio variable

276
Q

What variables are involved in parametric data? Assumption or no assumption about population?

A

Ratio, interval. Assumption about population.

277
Q

What variables are involved in non-parametric data? Assumption about population?

A

Nominal, ordinal. No assumption about population.

NURS360 - Research (3 decks)

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