Quiz 2 Flashcards
What are some effects of insulin deprivation?
Glycosuria, Polydypsia, Polyuria, Ketoacidosis (fruity breath), Ketociduria
What hormone inhibits insulin secretion?
Epinephrine
What promotes the release of somatostatin?
High aa and serum glucose
The Zona fasciculata/reticularis secretes what hormones?
cortisol, corticosterone, DHEA, and androstenedione
What are some effects of cortisol?
inhibits protein synthesis, promotes glucose formation, and promotes Fatty acid release
What are some functions of ACTH?
Stimulates growth and steroid production
T/F- The Zona fasciculata and reticularis become non-function without ACTH
true
___________ is the pre-propeptide that is cut into 4 hormones including ACTH
Proopiomelanocortin
What 4 hormones are formed from proopionmelanocortin?
ACTH, Beta and gamma-lipotropin, and B-endorphins
What are some metabolic effects of glucocorticoids?
promotes gluconeogenesis, lypolysis, protein degradation, and glycogen formation
Inhibits glucose uptake
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on the immmune system?
Immunosuppression- inhibits T-lympocyte
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on the skeletal system?
Promotes bone breakdown and inhibits vit. D
What are two sex steroids that can be converted into the more potent steroid testosterone?
DHEA and Androstenedion
What are some functions of DHEA and androstenedion?
development of secondary sex charateristics, prevention of degenerative changes in aging, and substrates for production of estrogens
__________ is a disease that involves excess glucocorticoid production
Cushing
__________ is a disease that involves insufficient glucocorticoid production
Addisons
Hyperadrenocorticism is equivalent to _________ in humans.
Cushing Syndrome
T/F- the Primary form of hyperadrenocotricism is the most common
F- secondary form is
What is the most common form of hyperadrenocorticism?
Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH)- the secondary form
Primary hyperadrenocorticism is caused by what
adrenocortical tumors
T/F- in Primary Hyperadrenocorticism both ACTH and CRH are suppressed
True
T/F PDH is equally common in small and large dogs.
False- small dogs
T/F the Adrenal Cortex is suppressed during Iatrogenic Cushing Disease even though cortisol is present in excess
True- Excess exogenous glucocorticoids causes ACTH levels to fall, decrease endogenous glucocorticoid secretion, and the zona fasiculata atrophies
What are some signs of cushing?
Polydipsia, polyuria, hyperphagia, alopecia, muscle atrophy, and pendulous abdomen
Cushing can induce what disease?
diabetes mellitus- glucocorticoids are hyperglycemic
What is the first test used to test a dog for Cushing?
Low Dose DEX test
What is the effect of a low dose dexamethasone injection in an animal without Cushing?
Cortisol suppression (along with ACTH)
What test is used to differentiate between primary and secondary Cushing?
High-dose DEX
High-dose DEX does not suppress cortisol in _______ Cushing
Primary
What is the treatment for Pituitary-dependent Hyperadrenocorticism?
Lysodren- a DDD derivative
How does Lysodren treat hyperadenocorticism?
Causes selective necrosis of zona fasiculata and reticularis
What is the effect of lysodren overdose?
Adrenal cortex destruction and cause hypoadrenocosticism
What is the only curative treatment of primary hyperadrenocorticism?
Adrenalectomy
What are the medicinal treatments of primary hyperadrenocortism?
Ketoxonazole or Trilostane- supresses cortisol
Or lysodren- chemoablate the tumor
Hypoadrenocorticism is the equivalent to _______ in humans
Addisons
What are the signs of hypoadrenocorticism?
Weight loss, lethargy, and dehydration
T/F- Primary adrenocortical failure is the most common form of hypoadrenocorticism.
True
T/F In Primary adrenocortical failure both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are decreased
T
What is the treatment of hypoadrenocorticism?
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and saline to treat dehydration
What is the treatments for secondary hypoadrenocorticism?
Glucocorticoid
What are some anti-imflammatory drugs
Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, dexamethasone
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by what?
A loss of insulin or insulin responsiveness
Diabetes mellitus results in ____________ protein catabolism, _________ lipolysis, and ________ glucose uptake
Increased protein catabolism
Increased lipolysis
Decreased glucose uptake
Diabetic dogs have a high incidence of getting _____________
cataracts
What is the treatment for diabetes in dogs?
Insulin from bovine/porcine sources
Diabetic Cats have a high incidence of __________
plantigrade posture
What are some risk factors of diabetes in cats?
10 yrs +
Obesity-3x
Neutering-2x
Male- 1/5x
Cats have a renal threshold of _________ are are less likely to display _______
240-300 mg/dl (compared to 180-220 in dogs)
Glucosuria
What is the treatment for diabetes in cats?
Oral Hypoglycemic agents
What is the mode of action of oral hypoglycemic agents in the treatmeent of diabetes?
Increase insulin receptors and stimulate insulin production of b-cells
What are some predisposing factors of diabetes?
Obesity, pancreatitis, Amyloidosis (cats), Immune-mediated destruction (dogs?)
What structures transport and store sperm?
Epididymis, ductus defrens, and the urethra
What are the three phases of spermatogenesis?
Proliferation, meiotic, and differentiation phases
What are the symptoms of equine Cushings?
Same as dogs (polyuria and dipsia, hyperphagia, pendulous abd., muscle wakness, lethary) + wavy hair and laminitis
What causes Cushing Disease in horses?
a tumor in the pars intermedia producing excess ACTH
How is cushings diagnosed in horses?
low dose dexamethason test- test for elevated ACTH
What is the treatment for equine Cushings?
Pergolide (prasend)- a dopamine agonist (also used to treat Parkinson’s in humans)
What is another name for equine cushing?
pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction- PPID
_______ cells produce MIS/AMH, causing mullerian duct regression
Sertoli
________ cells produce testosterone, causing wolffian duct development
Leydig
Sperm is produced in the ________ of the testes
Seminiferous tubules
In larger species including humans it takes about how much time for spermatogenesis to occur fully
a few months (65-75 days in humans)
Spermatogenesis begins with ________
spermatogonia
_________ is the development of spermatids into sperm
spermiogenesis
T/F there are two distinct populations of Leydig cells present in the testes during an animals life
True
What are the functions of LH and FSH in the male
stimulate testes to secret testosterone and produce sperm
_______ stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone
LH
T/F FSH acts directly on spermatogenesis
False- indirectly
___ and ____ act o sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis
FSH and testosterone
T/F- Testosterone is stored in leydig cells
False it is produced on demand/ not stored
______ binds to a receptor on a Leydig cell, increases cAMP, which then increases ______ uptake, which is then converted into testosterone
LH, Cholesterol
Pulsatile release of _____ stimulates pulses of FSH and LH
GnRH
T/F Sertoli cells are the only cells in the seminiferous tubules that express androgen receptors
T
T/F Androgenic regulation of spermatogenesis is direct
F- indirect
T/F Germ cells have androgen receptors and respond directly to them
False
What are some functions of androgens produced in Leydig cells?
support spermatogenesis, induce/maintain male accessory sex organs, influence brain and sexual behavior, promote muscle mass and bone growth, regulate secretion of gonadotropins, induce secondary male sex characteristics
During which periods of life is testosterone levels high?
Fetal / neo-natal, pubertal and adulthood
T/F- Prostates are present in all species
T
T/F Seminal vesicles are present in all species
False- absent in dogs and cats
What species are the bulbourethral glands absent?
bears, dogs, and aquatic mammals
________ produce about 60% of the semen volume
Seminal vesicles
______ produces about 25% of semen volume
prostate
_________ produces the mucoid part of semen that is involved in lubrication
Bulbourethral glands (BUGs)
What are the organs that produce semen?
seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands
What are some risk factors of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in dogs?
Old uncasterated males
What is the difference in symptoms of BPH in dogs vs. humans?
Dogs- causes incontinence
Humans- causes frequent urination
T/F testicular tumors can involve any of the types of cells in the testes
True
T/F Testicular tumors are always non-canerous
False- can be malignant
