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Critical Thinking/ Ethics PHI 2604 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Premises

A

Statement in an argument offered as evidence or reasons why we should accept the conclusion.

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2
Q

Conclusion

A

The statement in an argument that the premises are intended to prove or support.

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3
Q

Statement

A

a sentence that can be viewed as true or false. ( Red is a color)

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4
Q

Rhetorical question

A

Has grammatical form of a question, but is meant to be understood as a statement.

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5
Q

Ought imperative

A

a sentence that has the form of a command(imperative) but is intended to assert a value ought judgement about what is good or bad.

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6
Q

Ought imperative (example)

A

Do not read beauty magazines. They will only make you feel ugly.

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7
Q

Indicator words

A

provide clues that premises or conclusions are being put forward.

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8
Q

Premise indicators

A

Indicated that premises are being offered.

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9
Q

Conclusion indicators

A

indicate that conclusions are being offered.

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10
Q

Purpose of a Report

A

Convey information about a subject.

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11
Q

Unsupported assertions

A

statements about what a speaker or writer happens to believe. (can be true or false/ Rational or irrational)

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12
Q

Conditional statement

A

“If- Then statement” ( If it rains, then the picnic will be cancelled)

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13
Q

Antecedent

A

The first part of a Conditional statement (If) [IF IT RAINS, then the picnic will be cancelled]

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14
Q

Consequent

A

The second part of a Conditional statement (then) [ If it rains, THEN THE PICNIC WILL BE CANCELLED]

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15
Q

Illustrations

A

Intended to provide examples of a claim, rather than prove or support the claim. ( Many wild flowers are edible, For example daisies and day lilies are delicious in salads. )

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16
Q

Chain arguments

A

Arguments where the Antecedent ( IF) of the first statement is linked to the consequent( THEN) of the last statement by a chain of intervening statements.

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17
Q

Explanation

A

show WHY something is the case, not try to prove THAT it is the case. (Titanic sank because it struck an iceberg).

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18
Q

Explanandum

A

The statement that is explained.

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19
Q

Explanans

A

The statement that does the explaining.

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20
Q

Tu quoque (“you’re another”)

A

Does not respond to objection; claims you can’t object because you’re a hypocrite. ( two wrongs don’t make a right)

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21
Q

Begging the Question

A

Commit a mistake in reasoning by assuming what one seeks to prove. ( circular reasoning) [sunbathing is murder, and murder is illegal, so sunbathing should be illegal]

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22
Q

Circular Reasoning

A

The premise that supports the conclusion is in turn SUPPORTED BY THE CONCLUSION. ( Capital punishment is murder, murder is illegal, so Capital Punishment should be illegal.) [Begging the Question]

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23
Q

Are all sentences statements?

A

No. Questions, Commands, and Exclamations are NOT statements.

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24
Q

Simple or Compound statement: Roses are red

A

Simple Statement

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25
Q

Simple or Compound statement: Roses are red and violets are blue

A

Compound Statement

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26
Q

Examples of words introducing premises

A

Since, For, Because, Given that

27
Q

Examples of words introducing conclusion

A

Therefore, thus, hence, so, it follows that, accordingly

28
Q

Content

A

Refers to the TRUTH or FALSITY of the sentences of the argument.

29
Q

FORM

A

Refers to whether the arguments CONCLUSION FOLLOWS FROM THE PREMISES of the argument. We show the form of an argument by symbolizing it.

30
Q

Valid Argument

A

If the premises are TRUE, the CONCLUSION MUST BE TRUE.

31
Q

MODUS PONENS ( Valid )

A

If A then B
A
Therefore B

32
Q

Affirming the Consequent (Invalid)

A

If I didnt study for this test I will fail.
I didnt study
Therefore, I will fail
(If P then Q, Q, Therefore P)

33
Q

Is Validity of an argument based on form or content?

A

FORM. If A, then B, A, Therefore B always VALID.

34
Q

2 reasons a conclusion can be false

A

1) It is an argument that has TRUE premises but is INVALID

2) It is a valid argument but has at least ONE FALSE PREMISE.

35
Q

Deductive Arguments

A

The conclusions are necessarily true if the arguments are valid and the premises true.

36
Q

Modus Tollens (Valid Deductive Argument)

A

Also known as denying the consequent.
A then B
-B
Therefore -A

37
Q

Disjunctive Syllogism (Valid Deductive Argument)

A

A v B
-A
Therefore , B

38
Q

Inductive Arguments

A

Not meant to guarantee Validity, but argues PROBABILITY.

39
Q

Example of weak inductive argument

A

Known amount Vs how many total in the world (probability)

40
Q

Example of STRONG inductive argument

A
  • Recent studies

- Agree with previous studies

41
Q

Empirical Generalization (Inductive Reasoning)

A

A general statement is made about an entire group based on observing some members of a group

42
Q

Three keys for evaluating Inductive Arguments

A
  • Known
  • Sufficient
  • Representative
43
Q

Casual Reasoning (Inductive reasoning)

A

Scientific method.

44
Q

Fallacy

A

an error in reasoning

45
Q

Ad Hominem Fallacy

A

A conclusion accepted or rejected because of the person involved. ( Name Calling, Guilt by association)

46
Q

Slippery Slope Argument

A

Extending an example indefinitely to show that an undesirable result will occur.

47
Q

Example of: Allowing gays in the military will lead to the legalization of gay marriage.

A

Slippery Slope Fallacy

48
Q

Hasty Generalizations

A

Reaching a conclusion based on a sample that is biased or too small.

49
Q

Example of: He’s from Ireland, he must be Catholic

A

Hasty Generalization

50
Q

Arguments from False Authority

A

Accepting a conclusion based on the judgement of someone who IS NOT A RELIABLE AUTHORITY ON THAT ISSUE.

51
Q

Example of : Albert Einstein believed in ghosts so ghosts must actually exist

A

Arguments from False Authority

52
Q

Appeals to Pity or Popularity

A

Attempts to argue on the basis of irrelevant information by invoking emotion or common beliefs which may or maynot be true.

53
Q

Example of: I need an A in this course, because if I dont get it , I’ll lose my scholarship.

A

Appeals to Pity

54
Q

Example of : That book must be good, its been on the best seller list for weeks.

A

Appeals to Popularity.

55
Q

Loaded Question Fallacy

A

Separate questions or choices are combined unfairly.

56
Q

example of: I asked the defendant if he has stopped beating his wife and he refused to answer so he must continue to beat her.

A

Loaded Question Fallacy

57
Q

Straw Man Fallacy

A

Attacking a distortion of an opponent’s actual position

58
Q

Example of: The senator wants to cut defense spending, so he must not care if we can’t protect ourselves

A

Straw Man Fallacy

59
Q

False Cause (Post Hoc)

A

Claiming one thing is caused by another because it follows right afterwards.

60
Q

Example of: Every time I drink alcohol at that restaurant, I sneeze. There must be something wrong with their drinks

A

False Cause (Post Hoc)

61
Q

The Red Herring

A

Introducing an irrelevant issue into the discussion to distract attention from the real issue.

62
Q

Example of: Officer, you shouldn’t give me a ticket because there are people out there committing much more dangerous actions.

A

The Red Herring Fallacy ( Distraction)

63
Q

False Dichotomy ( False Dilemma)

A

Presents only two choices when there may be many more.

64
Q

Example of : America, love it or leave it!

A

False Dichotomy

Critical Thinking/ Ethics PHI 2604 (3 decks)

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