Quiz 1 Flashcards
Philosophy
Love of wisdom
What makes one wise?
Knowledge
Epistemology
The study of Knowledge
Metaphysics
The study of Reality
Ethics
The study of Morality
Political Philosophy
The study of the State
Philosophy of Religion
The study of God’s existence
Aesthetics
The study of Beauty
Logic
The study of Thinking and Reason
How do we get Knowledge?
Empiricism or Rationalism
Empiricism
All knowledge comes from sense perception (Experience)
Rationalism
All knowledge comes from REASON and DEDUCTION
Examples of Empiricism
Senses: Hearing, Touch, Taste, Smell, Seeing, “Sixth sense”
Rationalist argument?
a video camera “see’s” but has no knowledge.
The Syllogism
An early form of Reasoning
What is a Syllogism
Argument composed of two statements called PREMISES that hopefully lead to a true conclusion. (A=B, C=A, Therefore C=B)
Critical Thinking
Cognitive skills and intellectual dispositions need to Identify, Analyze, and Evaluate arguments and truth claims.
Critical Thinking involves
Identifying (who is on phone), Analyze ( difference between parents voice), Evaluate (Dad; Deep voice)
Standards of Critical Thinking
Clarity, Precision, Accuracy, Relevance, Consistency, Logical correctness, Completeness, Fairness
Clarity
Understanding clearly in language and thought
Precision
Insisting on EXACT answers to EXACT questions.
Accuracy
Decisions based on true and timely information
Relevance
Recognizing issues are pertinent to topic
Consistency
to be true, beliefs must be logically and practically consistent.
Logical correctness
Draw well-founded conclusions from premises
Completeness
deep and thorough thinking
Fairness
Open-minded, impartial, and without bias and preconceptions
Benefits of Critical Thinking in class
Understand material, evaluate what we learn, develop arguments on topics
Benefits of Critical Thinking : Work
Think, Communicate, quick learner, creativity, gather and analyze, Draw the right conclusions
Benefits of Critical Thinking in Life
Avoid foolish decisions ( purchases, relationships), knowledge of current events, Brings enrichment ( question things such as women are inferior to men, diseases are caused by demons.)
Egocentrism
see the world and reality as centered around oneself (Trump)
Egocentrics (Egoists)
self absorbed; view their ideas, and interests above others
Self-interested thinking
Accept and defend beliefs that harmonize with one’s self interest ( benefits me; its good)
Superiority Bias
Tendency to overrate oneself
Socio-centrism
Group-centered thinking; focuses exclusively on the group
Group bias
see one’s own group (nation, tribe) as being inherently better than others
Conformism
follow the crowd ( to conform to authority or group standards of conduct and belief)
Unwarranted Assumptions
Taking something for granted without good reason ( assuming someone is attracted to you because you like them.)
Stereotypes
Assumptions made when making hasty generalizations
Relativistic Thinking
Truth is a matter of opinion
Subjectivism
Truth is a matter of individual opinion; absolute truth doesn’t exist
Cultural Relativism
Truth is a matter of social or cultural opinion; absolute truth doesn’t exist.
Wishful Thinking
Believing in something because you wish it to be true
What is the most common form of relativism
Moral relativism
Moral subjectivism
Whatever is right and good for one individual is what is right.
Cultural moral relativism
Each society can hold a different view of morality and they can both be correct. ( when in Rome, do as the Romans do)
What are problems with Cultural Moral Relativism?
- Impossible to criticize other cultures
- Impossible to criticize own society
- Rules out Moral progress
- Leads to conflicting Moral duties
