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Radiographic Physics > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the radiation units for ABSORBED DOSE (Customary & SI)?

  1. Customary
  2. SI
A
  1. Rad

2. Gray (Gyt)

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1
Q

What are the radiation units for EXPOSURE (Customary and SI)?

  1. Customary
    2a. SI
    2b. SI
A
  1. Roentgen (R)
    2a. Air Kerma (Gya)
    2b. Coulombs per Kilogram (C/kg)
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2
Q

What are the radiation units for EQUIVALENT DOSE (Customary & SI)?

  1. Customary
  2. SI
A
  1. Rem

2. Seivert (Sv)

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3
Q

What are the radiation units for RADIOACTIVITY (Customary & SI)

  1. Customary
  2. SI
A
  1. Curie (Ci)

2. Becquerel (Bq)

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4
Q

When converting SI units and Customary units, ___ Customary units = ___ SI units. (Except for Coulombs***)

A

100 Customary= 1 SI

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5
Q

Exposure in air: 1 Roentgen is also equivalent to _____ x 10^-4 C/kg

A

2.58

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6
Q

What are the two internal components of the xray tube?

A

Anode

Cathode

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7
Q

What are the three external components of the xray tube?

A

Support Structure
Protective Housing
Glass Envelope or Metal Enclosure

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8
Q

The tube housing is required to reduce radiation to less than:

A

100mR/hr

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9
Q

Which design does the tube envelope resemble?

A

Coolidge

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10
Q

The Cathode is made up of ________ tungsten.

A

Thoriated

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11
Q

(Dual Focus Tubes/ Filaments)

Large filaments produce ____ - 1.2 mm focal spots.

A

0.4

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12
Q

(Dual Focus Tubes/ Filaments)

Small filaments produce ____ - 0.5mm focal spots.

A

0.1

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13
Q

What is the most common cause of tube failure which in turn leads to filament breakdown?

A

Tungsten Vaporization

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14
Q

The stator is powered by an induction motor and creates a magnetic field which measures in between _______ - ________ RPM.

A

3,600-10,000

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15
Q

Pitting due to slow rotation and exceeding heat capacity is an example of:

A

Anode Failure

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16
Q

The physical area of the focal track that is impacted is called:

A

Actual focal spot

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17
Q

The area of the focal spot that is projected out of the tube toward the object being radiographed is called;

A

Effective

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18
Q

The angling of the target area on the anode is called:

A

Line focus principle

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19
Q

As the anode angle decreases, the ______ focal spot decreases.

A

Effective

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20
Q

The only advantage of a large focal spot is increased _______ _________.

A

Heat Capacity

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21
Q

The blurring on the edge of an organ or bone due to the size of the focal spot is called:

A

Penumbra

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22
Q

Kvp, tube current, voltage wave form, length of exposure and number of exposures determine the amount of heat generated and expressed in:

A

Heat Units (HU)

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23
Q

In order to calculate the total Anode Cooling Factor expressed in HU, one must mulitply:

A

Kv x mAs x voltage waveform factor

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24
Q

The Voltage Waveform factor for single phase is:

A

1.00

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25
Q

The Voltage Waveform factor for Triple Phase 6 Pulse is:

A

1.35

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26
Q

The Voltage Waveform factor for Triple Phase 12 Pulse is:

A

1.41

27
Q

The Voltage Waveform factor Triple Phase High Frequency is:

A

1.45

28
Q

A reduction in radiation intensity results from a complete or partial loss of x-ray photon energy as it passes through matter. This is called:

A

Attenuation

29
Q

A complete loss of energy is a form of attenuation termed:

A

Absorption

30
Q

High energy photons have _____ attenuation values.

A

Lower

31
Q

Low energy photons have _______ attenuation values.

A

Higher

32
Q

High energy electrons interact with the _______.

A

Nuclei

33
Q

The energy of photons that changes as it passes through the body is called:

A

Half Value Layer (HVL)

34
Q

Materials with a high z# are more dense and have a higher ________ value.

A

Attenuation value

35
Q

In every 4 cm of tissue the xray intensity is cut by _______ to the original value.

A

Half

36
Q

An incident electron that is absorbed, excites the atom, releases, and changes direction without losing any kinetic energy is called:

(It only occurs with incident electrons with about 10keV***)

A

Coherent Scattering

37
Q

In the Photoelectric effect, an xray photon is completely absorbed by an ______ shell electron.

A

Inner

38
Q

What is the transfer calculation equation for the Photoelectric effect?

A

Ei=Eb+Eke

39
Q

Which kvp setting is more likely to cause a Photoelectric effect; low or high?

A

Low

40
Q

In the Compton effect, an electron changes it’s direction, loses energy and becomes ionized. This ionization causes the electron to eject from the _______ SHELL.

A

OUTTER

41
Q

The Compton effect transfer calculation equation is:

A

Ei= Es + Eb + Eke

42
Q

In Pair Production a _______ is attracted to a negative electron and both undergo an ________ effect.

Not Diagnostic; Happens in RAD Therapy such as PET Scans***

A

Positron

Annihilation

43
Q

In Photo Disintegration the atomic ______ breaks down due to an incident photon having an energy greater than 10 meV.

Not Diagnostic***

A

Nucleus

44
Q

What is the study of stationary or resting electric charges?

An object is said to be electrified if it has too few electrons*

A

Electrostatics

45
Q

_______ is caused by Friction, Contact, Induction.

A

Electrification

46
Q

What are the 5 Laws of Electrostatics?

Right Inside Directly Centered More

A
  1. Repulsion/ Attraction
  2. Inverse square
  3. Distribution
  4. Concentration
  5. Motion
47
Q

Describe the inverse square law in Electrostatics:

f=k x q1 x q2/ d^2

A

Low Energy Force.. Greater Distance
High Energy Force.. Shorter Distance

Force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.

48
Q

Electric charges reside on external surfaces of conductors.. What law is this?

A

Distribution

49
Q

Charges are greater on a curved surface of a conductor.. What law is this?

A

Concentration

50
Q

Only negative charges can move in solid conductors.. What law is this?

A

Motion

51
Q

(V=I x R) Voltage is equal to the product of Current (I, Amps, A) flowing through a conductor and the Resistance of the conductor (R). This is called _______ law.

A

Ohm’s

52
Q

Which type of electric material allows electrons to flow easy?

A

Conductors

53
Q

Which type of electric material are very poor conductors?

A

Insulators

54
Q

Which electric material allows electrons to pass through little by little through a gap?

A

Semiconductors

55
Q

Superconductors have ______ resistance.

A

0

56
Q

Weakly repelled materials such as water or plastic are called:

A

Diamagnetic

57
Q

Weakly attracted materials such as Gadolinium (MRI Contrast) are called:

A

Paramagnetic

58
Q

Strongly magnetized materials such as iron, nickel, or cobalt are called:

A

Ferromagnetic

59
Q

The process by which an object or material is magnetized by an external magnetic field is called:

A

Magnetic Induction

60
Q

The relationship between current, ferromagnetic cores and changing magnetic fields is called:

A

Electromagnetic Induction

61
Q

What produces electricity (converts mechanical energy to electrical energy)?

Ex: Dynamo

Components: Magnet & Wire Loop

A

Generator

62
Q

What converts electrical energy to mechanical energy?

Components: Magnet, Wireloop, Source of Electricity

A

Motor

63
Q

The flow of electric charges reverses direction.. This is an example of _____.

Two loops*

A

Alternating Current

64
Q

The flow of electric charges are in only one direction.. This is called ______.

One loop*

A

Direct Current

Radiographic Physics (3 decks)

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