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Radiographic Physics > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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0
Q

THE PRINCIPLE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN X-RAYS AND GAMMA RAYS IS:

A

THE REGION OF THE ATOM FROM WHICH THEY ORIGINATE

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1
Q

BEAM PENETRABILITY IS INCREASED IF _____________ IS INCREASED.

A

KVP

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2
Q

WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WAVELENGTH AND THE FREQUENCY OF AN X-RAY PHOTON?

A

FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH ARE INVERSELY RELATED

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3
Q

AN EXPOSURE TAKEN AT 100 KVP WOULD HAVE CONTINUOUS EMISSION SPECTRUM WITH A MAXIMUM ENERGY OF ____ KEV.

A

100

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4
Q

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS GREATER IN A 70 KEV X-RAY THAN FOR A 20 KEV X-RAY?

A

FREQUENCY

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5
Q

AN X-RAY BEAM THAT COULD PASS THROUGH DENSE TISSUE WOULD HAVE:

A

PENETRABILITY AND QUALITY

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6
Q

IF THE DISTANCE FROM THE SOURCE TO THE IMAGE (SID) IS REDUCED BY HALF, HOW IS THE X-RAY INTENSITY AT THE IMAGE AFFECTED?

A

IT IS INCREASED 4 TIMES

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7
Q

ENERGY HAS THE ABILITY TO DO ________.- EG POTENTIAL, KINETIC

A

WORK

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8
Q

NORMAL TUBE POTENTIAL FOR RADIATION THERAPY TREATMENT PROCEDURES IS AT 14,000,000. WHEN EXPRESSED IN THE SCIENTIFIC FORM THIS IS EQUIVALENT TO _________________________ VOLTS.

A

1.4X10^7

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9
Q

THE TERM MEGAHERTZ STANDS FOR ________________________HERTZ.

A

A MILLION

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: THE NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS IS REPRESENTED BY THE LETTER A

A

TRUE

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11
Q

IN RADIATION THERAPY MACHINES, THE HALF-LIFE OF COBALT 6O IS 5 YEARS. INITIALLY THE RADIATION EMITTED BY THE MATERIAL IS 13 CURIES. HOW MUCH WILL IT BE WHEN IT REACHES ITS SECOND HALF-LIFE.

A

3.25 CURIES

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12
Q

ELEMENTS THAT HAVE A Z NUMBER HIGHER THAN _____________ ARE CONSIDERED RADIOISOTOPES.

A

83

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13
Q

THE PHOTON ENERGY RELEASED FROM A TUNGSTEN ATOM WHEN THE M SHELL TRANSFERS ITS ORBITAL ELECTRON INTO THE K SHELL ORBIT IS APPROXIMATELY ______ KEV.

A

67

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14
Q

THE ANCIENT GREEK ATOMIC THEORIES BELIEVED THAT THE COMPOUNDS WERE COMPOSED OF:

A

FIRE, WATER, AIR AND EARTH

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15
Q

INERTIA IS:

A

RESISTANCE TO A CHANGE IN MOTION

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16
Q

THE HIGHER THE ELECTRON ENERGY FROM THE CATHODE TO ANODE, THE MORE ___________________ RADIATION WILL OCCUR.

A

BREMSSTRAHLUNG

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17
Q

FILTRATION IN THE X-RAY MACHINE NEEDS TO HAVE A TOTAL OF _________MM OF ALUMINUM IN ORDER TO REMOVE SOFT X-RAYS.

A

2.5

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18
Q

BETA NEGATIVE DECAY OCCURS WHEN THERE IS

A

AN EXCESS NUMBER OF NEUTRONS

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19
Q

AN EXPOSURE OF 30 MR/HR IS TAKEN AT 72 INCHES. A NEW EXPOSURE IS TAKEN THAT MEASURES 120 MR/HR. WHAT IS THE DISTANCE?

A

36 INCHES

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20
Q

INCREASING ADDED FILTRATION AND KILOVOLTAGE WOULD SERVE TO ________ THE EFFECTIVE ENERGY OF THE XRAY BEAM.

A

INCREASE

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21
Q

THE SPEED OF XRAY PHOTONS ARE BASED ON THE FACT THAT THEY ARE A FORM OF:

A

ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY

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22
Q

DISCRETE SPECTRUM (CHARACTERISTIC RAYS) AND CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM (BREM RAYS) ARE A PART OF THE:

A

XRAY EMISSION SPECTRUM

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23
Q

A STABLE IODINE ATOM HAS A Z NUMBER OF 53 AND AN A NUMBER OF 127. HOW MANY NEUTRONS DOES IT HAVE?

A

74

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24
Q

THE FREQUENCY OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE IS MEASURED IN:

A

THE NUMBER OF CYCLES PER SECOND

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25
Q

THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF FILTRATION:

A

RADIATION PROTECTION

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26
Q

IF THE INTENSITY OF 70 KVP EXPOSURE AT 20 SID FOR A SHOULDER IS 9MR, WHAT WOULD THE EXPOSURE BE AT AN SID OF 60.

A

1

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27
Q

THE ENERGY OF A PROJECTILE ELECTRON OF 74 KEV IS SUDDENLY DECELERATED BY THE NUCLEAR ELECTRIC FIELD AND ESCAPES WITH AN ENERGY OF 17 KEV. WHAT IS THE ENERGY OF THE RESULTANT ELECTROMAGNETIC PHOTON?

A

57 KEV

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28
Q

X-RAYS AND GAMMA RAYS HAVE THE :

A

SHORTEST WAVELENGTHS

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29
Q

XRAYS ARE PRODUCED AS INCIDENT ELECTRONS INTERACT WITH K-SHELL ELECTRONS, IN THE TARGET ATOMS BY A PROCESS CALLED:

A

CHARCTERISTIC

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30
Q

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH SHORT WAVELENGTHS HAVE:

A

HIGH FREQUENCY AND HIGH ENERGY

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31
Q

WHEN A RADIOISOTOPE DECAYS INTO A NEW ELEMENT, THE PROCESS IS CALLED

A

TRANSMUTATION

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32
Q

MOST OF THE ENERGY CONVERSION IN THE XRAYS TUBE PRODUCES:

A

THERMAL RADIATION

33
Q

THE PREFIX MICRO CAN BE REPRESENTED IN MAGNITUDE BY:

A

10^-6

34
Q

PROPERTIES OF XRAYS:

A

AFFECTS FILM, SCATTERS, INVISIBLE, TRAVEL AS PHOTONS, IONIZES, FLUORESCES PHOSPHUR

35
Q

MEGA (MG)

A

1,000,000

37
Q

KILO (K)

A

1000

38
Q

HECTO (H)

A

100

39
Q

DECA (Dk)

A

10

40
Q

DECI (D)

A

0.1

41
Q

MILI (M)

A

0.001

42
Q

CENTI (C)

A

0.01

43
Q

ATOMIC THEORY: DESCRIBE THE RUTHERFORD MODEL.

A

PLANETARY MODEL (ELECTRONS ORBIT AROUND THE NUCLEUS)

44
Q

ATOMIC THEORY: DESCRIBE THE GREEK ATOM.

A

COMPOUNDS HAVE THEIR OWN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (DETERMINE PROPERTIES)

45
Q

ATOMIC THEORY: DESCRIBE THE BOHR MODEL.

A

ORBITAL SHELLS (A PARTICULAR NUMBER OF ELECTRONS FILL EACH SHELL/ 2n^2)

46
Q

ATOMIC THEORY: DESCRIBE THE THOMPSON ATOM.

A

PLUM PUDDING (POSITIVE CHARGED NUCLEUS)

47
Q

5 TYPES OF ENERGY ARE:

A

ELECTROMAGNETIC, CHEMICAL, NUCLEAR ENERGY, MECHANICAL & THERMAL ENERGY

48
Q

MICRO (M)

A

0.0001

49
Q

WHAT RESULTS WHEN ELECTRONS ARE EITHER GAINED OR LOST, GAINS A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CHARGE, THROUGH CHEMICAL OR ELECTROMAGNETIC REACTIONS?

A

IONIZATION

50
Q

WHAT IS THE PHOTON STRENGTH FORMULA (PLANK’S FORMULA)?

A

E=HV

51
Q

WHAT ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY HAS A WAVELENGTH BETWEEN 10^-8 AND 10^-11 METERS PER SECOND?

A

XRAYS

52
Q

ATOMIC THEORY: DESCRIBE THE DALTON ATOM.

A

BALL AND CHAIN (DETERMINES COMPOSITION)

53
Q

A GENERAL TERM FOR THE PROCESS IN WHICH AN ATOM WITH EXCESS ENERGY IN ITS NUCLEUS EMITS PARTICLES TO REGAIN STABILITY IS:

A

RADIOACTIVITY

54
Q

A RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT THAT UNDERGOES RADIOACTIVE DECAY TO BECOME STABILIZED AND HAS AN EXCESS NUMBER OF NEUTRONS IS A:

A

RADIOISOTOPE

55
Q

A PARTICLE UNDERGOING _________ DECAY WOULD CONSIST OF TWO PROTONS AND TWO NEUTRONS (HELIUM) AND BE EXTREMELY IONIZING.

A

ALPHA DECAY

56
Q

BETA DECAY OCCURS IN THE ________ AROUND AN UNSTABLE RADIOACTIVE NUCLEUS.

A

ELECTRONS

57
Q

BETA DECAY PARTICLES CONSIST OF HIGH SPEED ________ THAT APPROACH THE SPEED OF ______ RAYS (VERY FAST).

A

ELECTRONS, LIGHT

58
Q

WHEN A RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT UNDERGOES BETA NEGATIVE DECAY THE ELEMENT HAS EXCESS _________. THEREFORE NEUTRONS ARE TURNED INTO ________, EMITTING A __________.

A

NEUTRONS, PROTONS, NEUTRINO

59
Q

WHEN A RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT UNDERGOES BETA POSITIVE DECAY THE ELEMENT HAS EXCESS _________. THEREFORE PROTONS ARE TURNED INTO ________, EMITTING A __________.

A

PROTONS, NEUTRONS, POSITRON

60
Q

GAMA RADIATION OCCURS IN THE NUCLEUS AND HAS ________ ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY.

A

HIGH

61
Q

WHEN A RADIOISOTOPE STABILIZES INTO A NEW ELEMENT THIS IS CALLED:

A

TRANSMUTATION

62
Q

ISOTOPES HAVE THE _____ NUMBER OF PROTONS BUT DIFFERENT NUMBER OF _________.

A

SAME, NEUTRONS

63
Q

ISOTONES HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF _________ BUT _________NUMBER OF PROTONS.

A

NEUTRONS, DIFFERENT

64
Q

WHEN AN ELEMENT HAS TOO MUCH NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY BUT TRYS TO STABILIZE ITSELF TO HAVE A PROPORTIONAL NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS THIS IS CALLED AN:

A

ISOMERE

65
Q

(MEASUREMENT OF RADIOACTIVITY) SIVERTS ARE REPLACED BY:

A

REM (RADIATION EQUIVALENT TO MAN)

66
Q

(MEASUREMENT OF RADIOACTIVITY) BEQUERELS REPLACE:

A

CURIES

67
Q

WHAT IS THE CORRECT ORDER OF THE STEPS IN XRAY PRODUCTION:

A. PRODUCTION OF HIGH SPEED ELECTRONS/ INCIDENT ELECTRONS (INCREASE IN KINETIC ENERGY)

B. ELECTRONS ARE FOCUSSED ON THE FOCAL SPOT BY THE FOCUSING CUP ( FOCUSSING ELECTRONS)

C. SEPARATION OF ELECTRONS (THERMIONIC EMISSION)

D. HIGH SPEED ELECTRONS REACH TARGET SPOT AND CONVERTS ITS KINETIC ENERGY INTO OTHER ENERGIES. (STOPPING)

A

C, A, B, D

68
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF XRAYS PRODUCED IN THE XRAY TUBE? (ABC*)

A

BREMSSTRAHLUNG AND CHARACTERISTIC

69
Q

BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION IS ALSO KNOWN AS BREAKING GENERAL OR WHITE RADIATION. IT OCCURS WHEN ELECTRONS ARE ________ AS THEY PASS BY OR ________ THE NUCLEUS.

A

SLOWED DOWN, STRIKE

70
Q

DURING BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION ELECTRONS OF _________ ENERGY LEVELS ARE PRODUCED. THE LOSS IN KINETIC ENERGY YIELDS AN X-RAY PHOTON OF _________ ENERGY.

A

DIFFERENT, EQUAL

71
Q

CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION OCCURS WHEN INCIDENT ELECTRONS INTERACT WITH THE INNER _________ OF THE ANODE TARGET.

A

K SHELL

72
Q

IN ORDER FOR CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION TO OCCUR, INCIDENT ELECTRONS NEED TO HAVE AN ENERGY GREATER THAN _______ keV (ELECTRON BINDING ENERGY)

A

69.5 Kev (70-120 KvP Range)

73
Q

WHAT ARE THE 5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE XRAY EMISSION SPECTRUM:

A 
TUBE CURRENT (mA)
TUBE VOLTAGE (kVp)
FILTRATION
TARGET MATERIAL
GENERATOR TYPE
74
Q

AN INCREASE IN CURRENT OR MAS WOULD ONLY INCREASE ______.

A

QUANTITY

75
Q

AN INCREASE IN VOLTAGE OR KVP WOULD INCREASE:

A

QUANTITY AND QUALITY

76
Q

AN INCREASE IN ADDED FILTRATION WOULD ONLY DECREASE:

A

QUANTITY

77
Q

AN INCREASE OF TARGET ATOMIC NUMBER WOULD INCREASE:

A

QUANTITY AND QUALITY

78
Q

AN INCREASE IN VOLTAGE WAVE FORM WOULD DECREASE:

A

QUANTITY AND QUALITY

79
Q

TUBE CURRENT (MA) EXPOSURE TIME (S), AND DISTANCE (SID) AFFECTS THE ______ XRAYS.

A

QUANTITY

80
Q

TUBE POTENTIAL (KVP), FILTRATION, AND WAVE FORM PRIMARILY AFFECTS XRAY ________ BUT CAN AFFECT QUANTITY ALSO.

A

QUALITY

Radiographic Physics (3 decks)

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