Midterm Flashcards
THE PRINCIPLE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN X-RAYS AND GAMMA RAYS IS:
THE REGION OF THE ATOM FROM WHICH THEY ORIGINATE
BEAM PENETRABILITY IS INCREASED IF _____________ IS INCREASED.
KVP
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WAVELENGTH AND THE FREQUENCY OF AN X-RAY PHOTON?
FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH ARE INVERSELY RELATED
AN EXPOSURE TAKEN AT 100 KVP WOULD HAVE CONTINUOUS EMISSION SPECTRUM WITH A MAXIMUM ENERGY OF ____ KEV.
100
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS GREATER IN A 70 KEV X-RAY THAN FOR A 20 KEV X-RAY?
FREQUENCY
AN X-RAY BEAM THAT COULD PASS THROUGH DENSE TISSUE WOULD HAVE:
PENETRABILITY AND QUALITY
IF THE DISTANCE FROM THE SOURCE TO THE IMAGE (SID) IS REDUCED BY HALF, HOW IS THE X-RAY INTENSITY AT THE IMAGE AFFECTED?
IT IS INCREASED 4 TIMES
ENERGY HAS THE ABILITY TO DO ________.- EG POTENTIAL, KINETIC
WORK
NORMAL TUBE POTENTIAL FOR RADIATION THERAPY TREATMENT PROCEDURES IS AT 14,000,000. WHEN EXPRESSED IN THE SCIENTIFIC FORM THIS IS EQUIVALENT TO _________________________ VOLTS.
1.4X10^7
THE TERM MEGAHERTZ STANDS FOR ________________________HERTZ.
A MILLION
TRUE OR FALSE: THE NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS IS REPRESENTED BY THE LETTER A
TRUE
IN RADIATION THERAPY MACHINES, THE HALF-LIFE OF COBALT 6O IS 5 YEARS. INITIALLY THE RADIATION EMITTED BY THE MATERIAL IS 13 CURIES. HOW MUCH WILL IT BE WHEN IT REACHES ITS SECOND HALF-LIFE.
3.25 CURIES
ELEMENTS THAT HAVE A Z NUMBER HIGHER THAN _____________ ARE CONSIDERED RADIOISOTOPES.
83
THE PHOTON ENERGY RELEASED FROM A TUNGSTEN ATOM WHEN THE M SHELL TRANSFERS ITS ORBITAL ELECTRON INTO THE K SHELL ORBIT IS APPROXIMATELY ______ KEV.
67
THE ANCIENT GREEK ATOMIC THEORIES BELIEVED THAT THE COMPOUNDS WERE COMPOSED OF:
FIRE, WATER, AIR AND EARTH
INERTIA IS:
RESISTANCE TO A CHANGE IN MOTION
THE HIGHER THE ELECTRON ENERGY FROM THE CATHODE TO ANODE, THE MORE ___________________ RADIATION WILL OCCUR.
BREMSSTRAHLUNG
FILTRATION IN THE X-RAY MACHINE NEEDS TO HAVE A TOTAL OF _________MM OF ALUMINUM IN ORDER TO REMOVE SOFT X-RAYS.
2.5
BETA NEGATIVE DECAY OCCURS WHEN THERE IS
AN EXCESS NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
AN EXPOSURE OF 30 MR/HR IS TAKEN AT 72 INCHES. A NEW EXPOSURE IS TAKEN THAT MEASURES 120 MR/HR. WHAT IS THE DISTANCE?
36 INCHES
INCREASING ADDED FILTRATION AND KILOVOLTAGE WOULD SERVE TO ________ THE EFFECTIVE ENERGY OF THE XRAY BEAM.
INCREASE
THE SPEED OF XRAY PHOTONS ARE BASED ON THE FACT THAT THEY ARE A FORM OF:
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
DISCRETE SPECTRUM (CHARACTERISTIC RAYS) AND CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM (BREM RAYS) ARE A PART OF THE:
XRAY EMISSION SPECTRUM
A STABLE IODINE ATOM HAS A Z NUMBER OF 53 AND AN A NUMBER OF 127. HOW MANY NEUTRONS DOES IT HAVE?
74
THE FREQUENCY OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE IS MEASURED IN:
THE NUMBER OF CYCLES PER SECOND
THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF FILTRATION:
RADIATION PROTECTION
IF THE INTENSITY OF 70 KVP EXPOSURE AT 20 SID FOR A SHOULDER IS 9MR, WHAT WOULD THE EXPOSURE BE AT AN SID OF 60.
1
THE ENERGY OF A PROJECTILE ELECTRON OF 74 KEV IS SUDDENLY DECELERATED BY THE NUCLEAR ELECTRIC FIELD AND ESCAPES WITH AN ENERGY OF 17 KEV. WHAT IS THE ENERGY OF THE RESULTANT ELECTROMAGNETIC PHOTON?
57 KEV
X-RAYS AND GAMMA RAYS HAVE THE :
SHORTEST WAVELENGTHS
XRAYS ARE PRODUCED AS INCIDENT ELECTRONS INTERACT WITH K-SHELL ELECTRONS, IN THE TARGET ATOMS BY A PROCESS CALLED:
CHARCTERISTIC
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH SHORT WAVELENGTHS HAVE:
HIGH FREQUENCY AND HIGH ENERGY
WHEN A RADIOISOTOPE DECAYS INTO A NEW ELEMENT, THE PROCESS IS CALLED
TRANSMUTATION
MOST OF THE ENERGY CONVERSION IN THE XRAYS TUBE PRODUCES:
THERMAL RADIATION
THE PREFIX MICRO CAN BE REPRESENTED IN MAGNITUDE BY:
10^-6
PROPERTIES OF XRAYS:
AFFECTS FILM, SCATTERS, INVISIBLE, TRAVEL AS PHOTONS, IONIZES, FLUORESCES PHOSPHUR
MEGA (MG)
1,000,000
KILO (K)
1000
HECTO (H)
100
DECA (Dk)
10
DECI (D)
0.1
MILI (M)
0.001
CENTI (C)
0.01
ATOMIC THEORY: DESCRIBE THE RUTHERFORD MODEL.
PLANETARY MODEL (ELECTRONS ORBIT AROUND THE NUCLEUS)
ATOMIC THEORY: DESCRIBE THE GREEK ATOM.
COMPOUNDS HAVE THEIR OWN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (DETERMINE PROPERTIES)
ATOMIC THEORY: DESCRIBE THE BOHR MODEL.
ORBITAL SHELLS (A PARTICULAR NUMBER OF ELECTRONS FILL EACH SHELL/ 2n^2)
ATOMIC THEORY: DESCRIBE THE THOMPSON ATOM.
PLUM PUDDING (POSITIVE CHARGED NUCLEUS)
5 TYPES OF ENERGY ARE:
ELECTROMAGNETIC, CHEMICAL, NUCLEAR ENERGY, MECHANICAL & THERMAL ENERGY
MICRO (M)
0.0001
WHAT RESULTS WHEN ELECTRONS ARE EITHER GAINED OR LOST, GAINS A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CHARGE, THROUGH CHEMICAL OR ELECTROMAGNETIC REACTIONS?
IONIZATION
WHAT IS THE PHOTON STRENGTH FORMULA (PLANK’S FORMULA)?
E=HV
WHAT ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY HAS A WAVELENGTH BETWEEN 10^-8 AND 10^-11 METERS PER SECOND?
XRAYS
ATOMIC THEORY: DESCRIBE THE DALTON ATOM.
BALL AND CHAIN (DETERMINES COMPOSITION)
A GENERAL TERM FOR THE PROCESS IN WHICH AN ATOM WITH EXCESS ENERGY IN ITS NUCLEUS EMITS PARTICLES TO REGAIN STABILITY IS:
RADIOACTIVITY
A RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT THAT UNDERGOES RADIOACTIVE DECAY TO BECOME STABILIZED AND HAS AN EXCESS NUMBER OF NEUTRONS IS A:
RADIOISOTOPE
A PARTICLE UNDERGOING _________ DECAY WOULD CONSIST OF TWO PROTONS AND TWO NEUTRONS (HELIUM) AND BE EXTREMELY IONIZING.
ALPHA DECAY
BETA DECAY OCCURS IN THE ________ AROUND AN UNSTABLE RADIOACTIVE NUCLEUS.
ELECTRONS
BETA DECAY PARTICLES CONSIST OF HIGH SPEED ________ THAT APPROACH THE SPEED OF ______ RAYS (VERY FAST).
ELECTRONS, LIGHT
WHEN A RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT UNDERGOES BETA NEGATIVE DECAY THE ELEMENT HAS EXCESS _________. THEREFORE NEUTRONS ARE TURNED INTO ________, EMITTING A __________.
NEUTRONS, PROTONS, NEUTRINO
WHEN A RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT UNDERGOES BETA POSITIVE DECAY THE ELEMENT HAS EXCESS _________. THEREFORE PROTONS ARE TURNED INTO ________, EMITTING A __________.
PROTONS, NEUTRONS, POSITRON
GAMA RADIATION OCCURS IN THE NUCLEUS AND HAS ________ ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY.
HIGH
WHEN A RADIOISOTOPE STABILIZES INTO A NEW ELEMENT THIS IS CALLED:
TRANSMUTATION
ISOTOPES HAVE THE _____ NUMBER OF PROTONS BUT DIFFERENT NUMBER OF _________.
SAME, NEUTRONS
ISOTONES HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF _________ BUT _________NUMBER OF PROTONS.
NEUTRONS, DIFFERENT
WHEN AN ELEMENT HAS TOO MUCH NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY BUT TRYS TO STABILIZE ITSELF TO HAVE A PROPORTIONAL NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS THIS IS CALLED AN:
ISOMERE
(MEASUREMENT OF RADIOACTIVITY) SIVERTS ARE REPLACED BY:
REM (RADIATION EQUIVALENT TO MAN)
(MEASUREMENT OF RADIOACTIVITY) BEQUERELS REPLACE:
CURIES
WHAT IS THE CORRECT ORDER OF THE STEPS IN XRAY PRODUCTION:
A. PRODUCTION OF HIGH SPEED ELECTRONS/ INCIDENT ELECTRONS (INCREASE IN KINETIC ENERGY)
B. ELECTRONS ARE FOCUSSED ON THE FOCAL SPOT BY THE FOCUSING CUP ( FOCUSSING ELECTRONS)
C. SEPARATION OF ELECTRONS (THERMIONIC EMISSION)
D. HIGH SPEED ELECTRONS REACH TARGET SPOT AND CONVERTS ITS KINETIC ENERGY INTO OTHER ENERGIES. (STOPPING)
C, A, B, D
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF XRAYS PRODUCED IN THE XRAY TUBE? (ABC*)
BREMSSTRAHLUNG AND CHARACTERISTIC
BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION IS ALSO KNOWN AS BREAKING GENERAL OR WHITE RADIATION. IT OCCURS WHEN ELECTRONS ARE ________ AS THEY PASS BY OR ________ THE NUCLEUS.
SLOWED DOWN, STRIKE
DURING BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION ELECTRONS OF _________ ENERGY LEVELS ARE PRODUCED. THE LOSS IN KINETIC ENERGY YIELDS AN X-RAY PHOTON OF _________ ENERGY.
DIFFERENT, EQUAL
CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION OCCURS WHEN INCIDENT ELECTRONS INTERACT WITH THE INNER _________ OF THE ANODE TARGET.
K SHELL
IN ORDER FOR CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION TO OCCUR, INCIDENT ELECTRONS NEED TO HAVE AN ENERGY GREATER THAN _______ keV (ELECTRON BINDING ENERGY)
69.5 Kev (70-120 KvP Range)
WHAT ARE THE 5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE XRAY EMISSION SPECTRUM:
TUBE CURRENT (mA) TUBE VOLTAGE (kVp) FILTRATION TARGET MATERIAL GENERATOR TYPE
AN INCREASE IN CURRENT OR MAS WOULD ONLY INCREASE ______.
QUANTITY
AN INCREASE IN VOLTAGE OR KVP WOULD INCREASE:
QUANTITY AND QUALITY
AN INCREASE IN ADDED FILTRATION WOULD ONLY DECREASE:
QUANTITY
AN INCREASE OF TARGET ATOMIC NUMBER WOULD INCREASE:
QUANTITY AND QUALITY
AN INCREASE IN VOLTAGE WAVE FORM WOULD DECREASE:
QUANTITY AND QUALITY
TUBE CURRENT (MA) EXPOSURE TIME (S), AND DISTANCE (SID) AFFECTS THE ______ XRAYS.
QUANTITY
TUBE POTENTIAL (KVP), FILTRATION, AND WAVE FORM PRIMARILY AFFECTS XRAY ________ BUT CAN AFFECT QUANTITY ALSO.
QUALITY
