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Quiz 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Classical Period (Date)

A

1750-1820

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1
Q

The Enlightenment

A

The cultural movement into which the music of the 2nd half of the 18th century must be placed

An identification that thinkers and writers claimed for themselves

Characterized by rising HUMANIST IDEALS

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2
Q

WHo rose and who fell during the classical era? (Social class)

A

Middle class rose, aristocracy declined

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3
Q

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICAL MUSIC

A

Lyrical, folk-like, or generally biref melodies

Homophonic texture

Stractural, balanced

Clear cadences

Major/Minor Tonality

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4
Q

Tonality

A

The system of MAJOR AND MINOR KEYS

The foundation of music theory and practice in the western world from 1600-1900

A HIERARCHICAL SYSTEM that emphasizes certain pitches and CHORDS so that they sound more stable (CONSONANT)

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5
Q

Jean-Philippe Rameau

A

Established the rational foundation for the harmonic processes

Did not invent the system, only provided a framework

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6
Q

a KEY

A

A collective of pitches organized around a central pitch that is called TONIC

A hierarchical network of interval relationships in which certain pitches are emphasized more than others in order to create a sense of motion in music

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7
Q

TONIC

A

The central pitch in a KEY

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8
Q

What does a KEY do?

A

Limits the number of pitches from TWELVE to SEVEN that have a network of relationships

Music composed WITHIN A KEY is music in which the pitches have been arranged in hierarchical manner emphasizing the tonic

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9
Q

What does composing WITHIN A KEY do?

A

EMphasizes the TONIC

Creates an aural sensation that this pitch is the most restful and stable

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10
Q

Where is the strongest possible CADENCE in music?

A

One that ends on the TONIC

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11
Q

TONIC PITCH

A

The most important pitch in any key

The pitch that is most stable and consonant

The pitch that gives its name to a key and its related scale

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12
Q

DOMINANT PITCH

A

The FIFTH note of a major or minor scale

Begins on tonic and ascends

Second most important pitch in any key

Most important pitch for AURALLY DEFINING WHERE THE TONIC IS

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13
Q

SO really, when is the strongest CADENCE?

A

One in which DOMINANT is followed by TONIC

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14
Q

SCALE

A

Any specific pattern of intervals spanning one octave

Chromatic scale moves exclusively by half-step

Major or minor scale is an abstract arrangement of the seven pitches

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15
Q

CHROMATIC SCALE

A

Moves exclusively by half-step

Includes all 12 pitches

DOES NOT DEFINE A KEY

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16
Q

MAJOR OR MINOR SCALE

A

Abstract arrangement of the 7 pitches

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17
Q

MAJOR KEY

A

Group of 7 different pitches starting on the TONIC

C D E F G A B C

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18
Q

MINOR KEY

A

Group of 7 different pitches starting on the TONIC

C D E* F G A* B* C

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19
Q

CHORD

A

A collection of THREE OR MORE PITCHES played simultaneously

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20
Q

TONIC CHORD

A

Three-note chord

Contains the TONIC, the 3rd and the 5th (DOMINANT) pitches of any major scale

Also known as the I CHORD (one chord)

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21
Q

DOMINANT CHORD

A

Three-note chord that has the DOMINANT, the 7th and the 2nd pitches of the scale

Also known as a V CHORD (five chord)

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22
Q

I CHORD

A

TONIC CHORD

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23
Q

V CHORD

A

DOMINANT CHORD

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24
TRANSPOSITION
Changing the key of a piece of music by simply moving the tonic (and all of the other pitches) either up or down
25
MODUILATION
A change of KEY WITHIN a piece of music Many works modulate to the key of the dominant and then return to the tonic
26
What do many works do in regards to modulation?
Modulate the key of the dominant and then return to the tonic
27
CHROMATICISM
Dissonances that result from using pitches that are not in the key
28
RULES OF HARMONY
Well established rules regarding: Which keys could be used together within a single piece of music The key relationships between the individual movements of the same work How and when to use and resolve CHROMATICISM
29
PIANO
Keyboard instrument Invented around 1700 Able to play louder/softer than harpsichords (FORTEPIANO) The dominant keyboard instrument of the Classical Era
30
VIENNA, AUSTRIA
Associated with: HAYDN MOZART BEETHOVEN
31
FRANZ JOSEPH "PAPA" HAYDN
Austrian Became KAPELLMEISTER (basically head director in the palace of Esterhaza) Composed LONDON SYMPHONIES Codified structure of the STRING QUARTET
32
STRING QUARTET
A four-movement musical genre for: First violin + Second violin + Viola + Cello One of the most popular types of CHAMBER MUSIC in the 18th century Intended for amateur performance/social music making
33
What was the most popular type of CHAMBER MUSIC in the late 18th century?
STRING QUARTET
34
RONDO FORM
A B A C A Very common form for final movements Ex. 4th movement in Haydn's String Quartet No.30
35
SYMPHONY
A multi-movement instrumental genre for orchestra alone Classical model = 4 movements
36
ORCHESTRAS 1750-1800
Based around a core of BOWED STRINGS 4 different parts at least: Bowed strings Woodwinds Brass Percussion
37
What did orchestras of the later 18th century no longer contain?
A BASSO CONTINUO section Still featured in opera orchestras, however
38
What was not usually included in orchestras?
The piano/keyboards
39
SONATA (Solo Sonata)
Genre of chamber music in either one of two formats: 1) a multi-movement genre for one piano alone OR 2) a multi-movement genre for an instrumental soloist with piano accompaniment NO BASSO CONTINUO, PIANO INSTEAD THREE MOVEMENTS
40
CONCERTO (solo concerto)
A genre of large-ensemble music in multiple movements for a featured instrumental soloist with an orchestra THREE MOVEMENTS
41
Three movements of sonatas/concertos
1 = allegro, sonata form 2 = adagio/andante/largo, various forms 3 = allegro or faster, rondo or sonata form
42
CADENZA
The section of music near the end of a CONCERTO movement Usually in the first movement, but sometimes in the third (last) as well Soloist plays completely alone
43
TRILL
A recognizable type of ornament The rapid oscillation between 2 pitches Occur before a cadence to build tension toward that cadence Occur at the very end of a cadenzas
44
WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART
Austrian Pianist, composer of opera
45
SONATA FORM
"First movement form" Symphonies/string quartests/concertos/sonatas/CONCERT OVERTURE 1) A structural principle 2) A dramatic form Is a ROUNDED BINARY FORM
46
ROUNDED BINARY FORM
A 2 party form (A-B) in which the end of the movement (B) contains a biref reappearance of the initial music from part A SONATA FORM EXPOSITION --> DEVELOPMENT --> RECAPITULATION
47
SEQUENCE
A short music motive that is repeated over and over at different pitch levels Often featured in sections of music that are modulatory
48
CODA
"Tail" The very last section of a musical movement Playing the tonic chord over and over, creating a "big finish"
49
In the 18th century, the conductor of an ensemble was usually also what?
A performer in the ensemble
50
When did the conductor start to lead only and not play?
19th century
51
What was the most important public musical genre in the 18th century?
Opera
52
OPERA SERIA
Serious ITALIAN opera 3 acts Used RECITATIVES and ARIAS Oldest genre of opera, aristoscratic
53
OPERA BUFFA
Comic ITALIAN opera 2 acts Used RECITATIVES and ARIAS Middle class audience
54
SINGSPIEL
Light and/or comic GERMAN opera Used SPOKEN DIALOGUE Exotic
55
What are the 3 great works that Mozart and Da Ponte worked on together?
Le nozze di Figaro Don Giovanni Cosi fan tutte
56
What is considered to be greatest of all OPERA BUFFA?
Le Nozze Di Figaro
57
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN
Keyboard VIRUOSO Renowned for his skill at IMPROVISATION Became deaf Bridged the gap between Classic and ROmatic Eras = transitional composer
58
Beethoven's classical traits
Composed in the STYLES and GENRESS of the Classical Era
59
Musical Traits that made Beethoven Romantic
CHROMANIC HARMONY MOTIVIC DEVELOPMENT WROTE 9 SYMPHONIES***** Prioritized INDIVIDUAL EXPRESSION
60
Canonization
The cultural process through which works of art become widely known and commonly accepted Set standards
61
What is unique about Beethoven's 5th Symphony in C minor?
It ends in C major

Art of Listening (5 decks)

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