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Art of Listening > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Pitch

A

A sound-producing vibration that oscillates (beats) at a definite and prescribed rate of speed

Ex. The pitch A = 440 MHz (bps)

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1
Q

Sound

A

Created by vibration traveling through a medium (air) to the ear of the listener

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2
Q

Interval

A

The distance in frequency between 2 pitches, either upward (higher) or downward (lower)

Generally described as ‘large’ or ‘small’

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3
Q

Octave

A

Natural phenomenon dictated by the physics of sound; fundamental property of sound recognized by all musical cultures

The interval between 2 pitches (2:1 frequency ratio)

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4
Q

What is the frequency ratio of an octave? What does this mean?

A

2:1

The higher of the two pitches vibrates at twice the speed of the lower

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5
Q

Equal Temperament

A

The man-made division of the octave into 12 equal intervals

The man-made division of the octave in 12 ‘half steps’

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6
Q

How many pitches are there? What are they?

A

7

A, B, C, D, E, F, G

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7
Q

Mode (scale)

A

A collection of specific pitches that emphasize one particular pitch (called the final)

A series of specific intervals, usually written down/practiced as spanning 1 or more octaves

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8
Q

How many octaves does a mode span?

A

1 or more

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9
Q

Cadence

A

A pause or ‘resting place’ in mustic

Often on the final

A place where harmonic tension in the music relaxes to some degree

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10
Q

Where does harmonic tension in music relax to some degree?

A

During cadence

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11
Q

When does cadence usually take place?

A

Ofton on the final

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12
Q

Ensemble (medium)

A

The instruments, voices, and anything else that makes sound and takes part in music making

Instrumentation

Ensembles are different across cultures

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13
Q

Genre

A

A specific category of music composition as defined by its musical characteristics or traits

Ex. Gregorian chant, string quartet, symphony

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14
Q

Composition (Piece or Work)

A

Any work of art may be referred to as a ‘composition’ without making reference to the specific genre

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15
Q

Composer

A

The person who actually creates the orignial musical conception

Usually in written form

Western classical music, composer is the one who makes the music, not the one who plays it

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16
Q

Does the composer in Western classical music play or produce the music?

A

Produce only

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17
Q

What does understanding music require?

A

Cultural fluency

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18
Q

Are the nuances of musical experience transferable from one culture to another? Why/Why not?

A

No, because it’s all based on cultural context (it’s original meaning)

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19
Q

Early Christianity

A

Ancestor = JUDAISM

Inherited a very long and important WRITTEN tradition

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20
Q

What caused Europe’s worship and musical practices to diversify?

A

It gradually became Christianized after the 4th century

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21
Q

What was one of the greatest accomplishments of the early Medieval Period?

A

The unification of the Chirstain Church throughout western Europe as the ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

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22
Q

Who was the most famous pope?

A

St. Gregory I

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23
Q

What did St. Gregory I do?

A

Created PLAINCHANTS required for MASS and DIVINE OFFICE

Many plainchants are called GREGORIAN CHANTS (named after him)

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24
Q

Are all plainchants Gregorian?

A

No, since some have been composed by other people

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25
Q

Should you call all chants Gregorian? If not, what should you refer to them as?

A

No

Plainchant or chant

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26
Q

When was the Medieval Period?

A

450-1450 AD

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27
Q

What are two of the centrals features of Western music that originated during the Medieval Period?

A

Tune (melody)

Polyphony

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28
Q

Because the Medieval Period lasted for so long, this ‘style period’ is split into how many shorter priods?

A

4

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29
Q

What are the 4 style periods of the Medieval Period?

A

5TH-8TH CENTURIES = many liturgical texts, no notated music has survived

9TH CENTURY = 1st extant manuscripts of natated music

12TH CENTURY = Vocal/Instrumental music manuscripts

14TH CENTURY = Ars Nova music of GUillaume da Machaut

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30
Q

When do the earliest extant manuscripts of western European music date from? What do they contain?

A

LATE 9TH CENTURY

SACRED CULTURE (and art)

SECULAR CULTURE (and art)

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31
Q

Who were the earliest musical manuscripts created by? Where did they work?

A

ANONYMOUS SCRIBES

Scriptoriums

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32
Q

Most music in the early Medieval Period was thought to be of _____ origin

A

Divine

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33
Q

What are historical records biased towards? What are the implications of this in regards to the Medieval Period?

A

Cultural traditions that were most important to the literate class

The clergy had no interest in commoners’ secular music, so no records of it exist

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34
Q

MEDIEVAL MODES/CHURCH MODES

A

Scales that served as the basis for the harmonic language of Medieval music

Mode = collection of pitches that culminate to emphasize the FINAL

Pitches of a mode represent a collection of specific intervals in relation to one another

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35
Q

What does the modal harmonic system allow the construction of?

A

Cadences

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36
Q

In plainchant, what are the location and strength of all cadences determined by?

A

The syntax of the sacred text

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37
Q

The text is usually more important than the music itself. Is the music or the text older?

A

the text

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38
Q

3 types of TEXT SETTING

A

SYLLABIC

NEUMATIC

MELISMATIC

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39
Q

SYLLABIC

A

Each syllable of the text is set to only one pitch

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40
Q

Neumatic

A

Some syllables are set to small groups of pitches, often 4 or 5 pitches per syllable

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41
Q

MELISMATIC

A

A text setting that contains melismas; a melisma is a single syllable of text that is set to large numbers of pitches

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42
Q

All music found in 9th-11th century manuscripts fit into the category of?

A

PLAINCHANT

43
Q

What is the most important part of a plainchant?

A

its TEXT

44
Q

What is/was plainchant performed in?

A

The 2 primary worship services of the Roman Catholic Church:

MASS OFFICE
DIVINE OFFICE

45
Q

In Paradisum

A 
Composer: ANONYMOUS
Text: LATIN/SACRED
Rhythm: NONMETRICAL
Harmonics: CHURCH MODES
Texture: MONOPHONIC
Ensemble Type: A CAPPELLA
Period: MEDIEVAL

PLANCHANT ANTIPHON

46
Q

Performance Practice

A

The unwritten rules regarding how music is actually performed

47
Q

3 rules of performance practice

A

Direct performance

Responsorial singing

Antiphonal Singing

48
Q

Direct Performance

A

solo or unison performance of the music throughout - i.e. one person or multiple people singing the same thing together

49
Q

Responsorial singing

A

A solo singer or leader performs verses of the text and the choir and/or congregation answers each verse with “amen” and “hallelujah”

50
Q

Antiphonal singing

A

Singers were divided into 2 groups that take turns singing phrases of text in alternation

51
Q

St. Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179)

A

Nun

Columba Aspexit

Unusual musical style for her time

52
Q

Columba Aspexit

A 
Composer: HILDENGARD OF BINGEN
Genre: PLAINCHANT SEQUENCE
Text: LATIN/SACRED
Texture: MONOPHONIC
Performance Practice: RESPONSORIAL PERFORMANCE
Form: AA'BB'

NECP<ES MORE MELISMATIC AS IT CONTINUES

53
Q

Who wrote early secular songs?

A

COURTIERS (entertained royal courts)

TROUBADOURS and TROUVERES (french)

MINNESANGERS (german)

54
Q

What were early secular songs like?

A

Written in vernacular language of the court

Notated MONOPHONICALLY

Performed with IMPROVISED instrumentals

55
Q

Early Instrumental Music

A

Monophonic

Mostly all courtly DANCES

METRIC or METERED rhythm

Performed by JONGLEURS

56
Q

JONGLEURS

A

Musicians of common or worse status

Illiterate

Performed early instrumental music

57
Q

THE NOTRE DAME SCHOOL

A

The group of composers working at or near the Notre Dame Cathedral in the late 12th/13th centuries

58
Q

Who were the 2 composers whose names survived in historical record within THE NOTRE DAME SCHOOL?

A

LEONIN

PEROTIN

Survived ARS ANTIQUA (period of the late 12th/13th centuries)

59
Q

ARS ANTIQUA

A

The era of European music history within the late 12th and 13th centuries

60
Q

Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia.

A 
Composer: PEROTIN
Genre: ORGANUM
Text: LATIN/SACRED
Texture: POLYPHONY
Harmonics: CHURCH MODES
Ensemble: A CAPPELLA

CANTUS FIRMUS COMPOSITION

At 0:36, the organum begins and it goes from monopohnic -> polyphonic

61
Q

What is a CANTUS FIRMUS COMPOSITION?

A

An organum composition that was created during the ARS ANTIQUA period (late 12th/13th centuries)

Pre-existing plainchant melody

62
Q

Guillaume da Machaut

A

Ars Nova style (14th century, overtook Ars Antiqua)

Composed earliest extant complete setting of the Mass Ordinary

Agnus Dei from Notre Dame Mass

63
Q

Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient

A 
Composer: MACHAUT
Genre: CHANSON
Text: FRENCH/SECULAR
Texture: NON-IMITATIVE POLYPHONY
Ensemble: A CAPELLA
64
Q

Renaissance Period

A

1450-1600

65
Q

Important events/concepts of the Renaissance

A

Printing Press

Lutheran Reformation

Study of Greek/Roman Antiquity

HUMANISM

66
Q

HUMANISM

A

An intellectual movement and ethical system centered on humans and their values, needs, interests, abilities, dignity and freedom, often emphasizing secular culture in a rejection of the sacred

67
Q

Where is the renaissance most associated with?

A

ITALY

68
Q

Fauxbourdon style

A

Guillaume Dufay

Results in homophonic works

69
Q

JOSQUIN DES PREZ

A

French

Composed secular and sacred music

PANGE LINGUA MASS, KYRIE

70
Q

PANGE LINGUA MASS, KYRIE

A 
Composer: JOSQUIN DES PREZ
Genre: late Renaissance Mass???
Texture: 4-part polyphone/IMITATIVE POLYPHONy
Ensemble: A CAPELLA/4-part choir
Text: ANCIET/SACRED GREEK PRAYER
71
Q

Characteristics of High Renaissance (16th century) vocal music

A

Clear text declamation

Imitative polyphony

Word painting

Homorhythm

Textural changes

72
Q

Homorhythm

A

A musical texture in which all of the parts move together rhythmically

73
Q

Giovanni Palestrina

A

Choirmaster in various churches

Appointed to Sistine Chapel Choir

Wrote over 100 settings of the Roman Catholic Mass

74
Q

Claudio Monteverdi

A

Most important musicion in late 16th/17th century Italy

Nine books of MADRIGALS

Transitional composer (bridged two style periods)

Wrote OPERAS - first great composer of opera

75
Q

OPERAS

A

A new Baroque genre

Found in Venice

Claudio Monteverdi = First great opera composer

76
Q

MADRIGAL

A

The most important secular vocal genre of the late renaissance/early baroque

A polyphonic, secular vocal genre invented in Italy (16th century)

Settings of secular poetry on a variety of topics in vernacular language

Nearly always settings of celebrated contemporary poetry by someone other than the composer

A genre of ‘high art’ = performed for royalty

This genre/style was imitated by international composers as far away as England

77
Q

METHOD BOOKS

A

Created after the PRINTING PRESS was invented = more widespread musical knowledge

Books that teach one how to play an instrument

78
Q

What was the most common type of instrumental music during the Renaissance?

A

DANCES

79
Q

Playing in CONSORT

A

To play music with a matched set of instruments

80
Q

Playing in MIXED CONSORT

A

To play music with instruments from different families

81
Q

RECORDER

A

You know what this is…

82
Q

VIOL

A

Held in front of the body, rested on knees = viol de gamba (leg viols)

In Baroque Era, it was a basso continuo instrument

Big violen basically that sits in your lap

83
Q

Lute

A

Plucked string instrument

Muslims call it an ud

Larger bass lute = archlute

Think of what bards play, sounds similar to guitar-ish

84
Q

HARPSICHORD

A

A keyboard instrument that plucks the strings

Looks like a piano

85
Q

Timbres

A

Sound qualities

86
Q

SATB CHOIR

A

Soprano
Alto
Tenor
Bass

These are the ranges of human voices

87
Q

Fauxbourdon style

A

Guillaume Dufay

Results in homophonic works

88
Q

JOSQUIN DES PREZ

A

French

Composed secular and sacred music

PANGE LINGUA MASS, KYRIE

89
Q

PANGE LINGUA MASS, KYRIE

A 
Composer: JOSQUIN DES PREZ
Genre: late Renaissance Mass???
Texture: 4-part polyphone/IMITATIVE POLYPHONy
Ensemble: A CAPELLA/4-part choir
Text: ANCIET/SACRED GREEK PRAYER
90
Q

Characteristics of High Renaissance (16th century) vocal music

A

Clear text declamation

Imitative polyphony

Word painting

Homorhythm

Textural changes

91
Q

Homorhythm

A

A musical texture in which all of the parts move together rhythmically

92
Q

Giovanni Palestrina

A

Choirmaster in various churches

Appointed to Sistine Chapel Choir

Wrote over 100 settings of the Roman Catholic Mass

93
Q

Claudio Monteverdi

A

Most important musicion in late 16th/17th century Italy

Nine books of MADRIGALS

Transitional composer (bridged two style periods)

Wrote OPERAS - first great composer of opera

94
Q

OPERAS

A

A new Baroque genre

Found in Venice

Claudio Monteverdi = First great opera composer

95
Q

MADRIGAL

A

The most important secular vocal genre of the late renaissance/early baroque

A polyphonic, secular vocal genre invented in Italy (16th century)

Settings of secular poetry on a variety of topics in vernacular language

Nearly always settings of celebrated contemporary poetry by someone other than the composer

A genre of ‘high art’ = performed for royalty

This genre/style was imitated by international composers as far away as England

96
Q

METHOD BOOKS

A

Created after the PRINTING PRESS was invented = more widespread musical knowledge

Books that teach one how to play an instrument

97
Q

What was the most common type of instrumental music during the Renaissance?

A

DANCES

98
Q

Playing in CONSORT

A

To play music with a matched set of instruments

99
Q

Playing in MIXED CONSORT

A

To play music with instruments from different families

100
Q

RECORDER

A

You know what this is…

101
Q

VIOL

A

Held in front of the body, rested on knees = viol de gamba (leg viols)

In Baroque Era, it was a basso continuo instrument

Big violen basically that sits in your lap

102
Q

Lute

A

Plucked string instrument

Muslims call it an ud

Larger bass lute = archlute

Think of what bards play, sounds similar to guitar-ish

103
Q

HARPSICHORD

A

A keyboard instrument that plucks the strings

Looks like a piano

104
Q

Timbres

A

Sound qualities

105
Q

SATB CHOIR

A

Soprano
Alto
Tenor
Bass

These are the ranges of human voices

106
Q

What are the 5 parts of the MASS ORDINARY?

A 
Kyrie
Gloria
Credo
Sanctus
Agnus Dei

Art of Listening (5 decks)

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