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Art of Listening > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Pitch

A

A sound-producing vibration that oscillates (beats) at a definite and prescribed rate of speed

Ex. The pitch A = 440 MHz (bps)

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1
Q

Sound

A

Created by vibration traveling through a medium (air) to the ear of the listener

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2
Q

Interval

A

The distance in frequency between 2 pitches, either upward (higher) or downward (lower)

Generally described as ‘large’ or ‘small’

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3
Q

Octave

A

Natural phenomenon dictated by the physics of sound; fundamental property of sound recognized by all musical cultures

The interval between 2 pitches (2:1 frequency ratio)

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4
Q

What is the frequency ratio of an octave? What does this mean?

A

2:1

The higher of the two pitches vibrates at twice the speed of the lower

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5
Q

Equal Temperament

A

The man-made division of the octave into 12 equal intervals

The man-made division of the octave in 12 ‘half steps’

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6
Q

How many pitches are there? What are they?

A

7

A, B, C, D, E, F, G

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7
Q

Mode (scale)

A

A collection of specific pitches that emphasize one particular pitch (called the final)

A series of specific intervals, usually written down/practiced as spanning 1 or more octaves

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8
Q

How many octaves does a mode span?

A

1 or more

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9
Q

Cadence

A

A pause or ‘resting place’ in mustic

Often on the final

A place where harmonic tension in the music relaxes to some degree

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10
Q

Where does harmonic tension in music relax to some degree?

A

During cadence

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11
Q

When does cadence usually take place?

A

Ofton on the final

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12
Q

Ensemble (medium)

A

The instruments, voices, and anything else that makes sound and takes part in music making

Instrumentation

Ensembles are different across cultures

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13
Q

Genre

A

A specific category of music composition as defined by its musical characteristics or traits

Ex. Gregorian chant, string quartet, symphony

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14
Q

Composition (Piece or Work)

A

Any work of art may be referred to as a ‘composition’ without making reference to the specific genre

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15
Q

Composer

A

The person who actually creates the orignial musical conception

Usually in written form

Western classical music, composer is the one who makes the music, not the one who plays it

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16
Q

Does the composer in Western classical music play or produce the music?

A

Produce only

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17
Q

What does understanding music require?

A

Cultural fluency

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18
Q

Are the nuances of musical experience transferable from one culture to another? Why/Why not?

A

No, because it’s all based on cultural context (it’s original meaning)

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19
Q

Early Christianity

A

Ancestor = JUDAISM

Inherited a very long and important WRITTEN tradition

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20
Q

What caused Europe’s worship and musical practices to diversify?

A

It gradually became Christianized after the 4th century

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21
Q

What was one of the greatest accomplishments of the early Medieval Period?

A

The unification of the Chirstain Church throughout western Europe as the ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

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22
Q

Who was the most famous pope?

A

St. Gregory I

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23
Q

What did St. Gregory I do?

A

Created PLAINCHANTS required for MASS and DIVINE OFFICE

Many plainchants are called GREGORIAN CHANTS (named after him)

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24
Are all plainchants Gregorian?
No, since some have been composed by other people
25
Should you call all chants Gregorian? If not, what should you refer to them as?
No Plainchant or chant
26
When was the Medieval Period?
450-1450 AD
27
What are two of the centrals features of Western music that originated during the Medieval Period?
Tune (melody) Polyphony
28
Because the Medieval Period lasted for so long, this 'style period' is split into how many shorter priods?
4
29
What are the 4 style periods of the Medieval Period?
5TH-8TH CENTURIES = many liturgical texts, no notated music has survived 9TH CENTURY = 1st extant manuscripts of natated music 12TH CENTURY = Vocal/Instrumental music manuscripts 14TH CENTURY = Ars Nova music of GUillaume da Machaut
30
When do the earliest extant manuscripts of western European music date from? What do they contain?
LATE 9TH CENTURY SACRED CULTURE (and art) SECULAR CULTURE (and art)
31
Who were the earliest musical manuscripts created by? Where did they work?
ANONYMOUS SCRIBES Scriptoriums
32
Most music in the early Medieval Period was thought to be of _____ origin
Divine
33
What are historical records biased towards? What are the implications of this in regards to the Medieval Period?
Cultural traditions that were most important to the literate class The clergy had no interest in commoners' secular music, so no records of it exist
34
MEDIEVAL MODES/CHURCH MODES
Scales that served as the basis for the harmonic language of Medieval music Mode = collection of pitches that culminate to emphasize the FINAL Pitches of a mode represent a collection of specific intervals in relation to one another
35
What does the modal harmonic system allow the construction of?
Cadences
36
In plainchant, what are the location and strength of all cadences determined by?
The syntax of the sacred text
37
The text is usually more important than the music itself. Is the music or the text older?
the text
38
3 types of TEXT SETTING
SYLLABIC NEUMATIC MELISMATIC
39
SYLLABIC
Each syllable of the text is set to only one pitch
40
Neumatic
Some syllables are set to small groups of pitches, often 4 or 5 pitches per syllable
41
MELISMATIC
A text setting that contains melismas; a melisma is a single syllable of text that is set to large numbers of pitches
42
All music found in 9th-11th century manuscripts fit into the category of?
PLAINCHANT
43
What is the most important part of a plainchant?
its TEXT
44
What is/was plainchant performed in?
The 2 primary worship services of the Roman Catholic Church: MASS OFFICE DIVINE OFFICE
45
In Paradisum
``` Composer: ANONYMOUS Text: LATIN/SACRED Rhythm: NONMETRICAL Harmonics: CHURCH MODES Texture: MONOPHONIC Ensemble Type: A CAPPELLA Period: MEDIEVAL ``` PLANCHANT ANTIPHON
46
Performance Practice
The unwritten rules regarding how music is actually performed
47
3 rules of performance practice
Direct performance Responsorial singing Antiphonal Singing
48
Direct Performance
solo or unison performance of the music throughout - i.e. one person or multiple people singing the same thing together
49
Responsorial singing
A solo singer or leader performs verses of the text and the choir and/or congregation answers each verse with "amen" and "hallelujah"
50
Antiphonal singing
Singers were divided into 2 groups that take turns singing phrases of text in alternation
51
St. Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179)
Nun Columba Aspexit Unusual musical style for her time
52
Columba Aspexit
``` Composer: HILDENGARD OF BINGEN Genre: PLAINCHANT SEQUENCE Text: LATIN/SACRED Texture: MONOPHONIC Performance Practice: RESPONSORIAL PERFORMANCE Form: AA'BB' ``` NECP
53
Who wrote early secular songs?
COURTIERS (entertained royal courts) TROUBADOURS and TROUVERES (french) MINNESANGERS (german)
54
What were early secular songs like?
Written in vernacular language of the court Notated MONOPHONICALLY Performed with IMPROVISED instrumentals
55
Early Instrumental Music
Monophonic Mostly all courtly DANCES METRIC or METERED rhythm Performed by JONGLEURS
56
JONGLEURS
Musicians of common or worse status Illiterate Performed early instrumental music
57
THE NOTRE DAME SCHOOL
The group of composers working at or near the Notre Dame Cathedral in the late 12th/13th centuries
58
Who were the 2 composers whose names survived in historical record within THE NOTRE DAME SCHOOL?
LEONIN PEROTIN Survived ARS ANTIQUA (period of the late 12th/13th centuries)
59
ARS ANTIQUA
The era of European music history within the late 12th and 13th centuries
60
Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia.
``` Composer: PEROTIN Genre: ORGANUM Text: LATIN/SACRED Texture: POLYPHONY Harmonics: CHURCH MODES Ensemble: A CAPPELLA ``` CANTUS FIRMUS COMPOSITION At 0:36, the organum begins and it goes from monopohnic -> polyphonic
61
What is a CANTUS FIRMUS COMPOSITION?
An organum composition that was created during the ARS ANTIQUA period (late 12th/13th centuries) Pre-existing plainchant melody
62
Guillaume da Machaut
Ars Nova style (14th century, overtook Ars Antiqua) Composed earliest extant complete setting of the Mass Ordinary Agnus Dei from Notre Dame Mass
63
Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient
``` Composer: MACHAUT Genre: CHANSON Text: FRENCH/SECULAR Texture: NON-IMITATIVE POLYPHONY Ensemble: A CAPELLA ```
64
Renaissance Period
1450-1600
65
Important events/concepts of the Renaissance
Printing Press Lutheran Reformation Study of Greek/Roman Antiquity HUMANISM
66
HUMANISM
An intellectual movement and ethical system centered on humans and their values, needs, interests, abilities, dignity and freedom, often emphasizing secular culture in a rejection of the sacred
67
Where is the renaissance most associated with?
ITALY
68
Fauxbourdon style
Guillaume Dufay Results in homophonic works
69
JOSQUIN DES PREZ
French Composed secular and sacred music PANGE LINGUA MASS, KYRIE
70
PANGE LINGUA MASS, KYRIE
``` Composer: JOSQUIN DES PREZ Genre: late Renaissance Mass??? Texture: 4-part polyphone/IMITATIVE POLYPHONy Ensemble: A CAPELLA/4-part choir Text: ANCIET/SACRED GREEK PRAYER ```
71
Characteristics of High Renaissance (16th century) vocal music
Clear text declamation Imitative polyphony Word painting Homorhythm Textural changes
72
Homorhythm
A musical texture in which all of the parts move together rhythmically
73
Giovanni Palestrina
Choirmaster in various churches Appointed to Sistine Chapel Choir Wrote over 100 settings of the Roman Catholic Mass
74
Claudio Monteverdi
Most important musicion in late 16th/17th century Italy Nine books of MADRIGALS Transitional composer (bridged two style periods) Wrote OPERAS - first great composer of opera
75
OPERAS
A new Baroque genre Found in Venice Claudio Monteverdi = First great opera composer
76
MADRIGAL
The most important secular vocal genre of the late renaissance/early baroque A polyphonic, secular vocal genre invented in Italy (16th century) Settings of secular poetry on a variety of topics in vernacular language Nearly always settings of celebrated contemporary poetry by someone other than the composer A genre of 'high art' = performed for royalty This genre/style was imitated by international composers as far away as England
77
METHOD BOOKS
Created after the PRINTING PRESS was invented = more widespread musical knowledge Books that teach one how to play an instrument
78
What was the most common type of instrumental music during the Renaissance?
DANCES
79
Playing in CONSORT
To play music with a matched set of instruments
80
Playing in MIXED CONSORT
To play music with instruments from different families
81
RECORDER
You know what this is...
82
VIOL
Held in front of the body, rested on knees = viol de gamba (leg viols) In Baroque Era, it was a basso continuo instrument Big violen basically that sits in your lap
83
Lute
Plucked string instrument Muslims call it an ud Larger bass lute = archlute Think of what bards play, sounds similar to guitar-ish
84
HARPSICHORD
A keyboard instrument that plucks the strings Looks like a piano
85
Timbres
Sound qualities
86
SATB CHOIR
Soprano Alto Tenor Bass These are the ranges of human voices
87
Fauxbourdon style
Guillaume Dufay Results in homophonic works
88
JOSQUIN DES PREZ
French Composed secular and sacred music PANGE LINGUA MASS, KYRIE
89
PANGE LINGUA MASS, KYRIE
``` Composer: JOSQUIN DES PREZ Genre: late Renaissance Mass??? Texture: 4-part polyphone/IMITATIVE POLYPHONy Ensemble: A CAPELLA/4-part choir Text: ANCIET/SACRED GREEK PRAYER ```
90
Characteristics of High Renaissance (16th century) vocal music
Clear text declamation Imitative polyphony Word painting Homorhythm Textural changes
91
Homorhythm
A musical texture in which all of the parts move together rhythmically
92
Giovanni Palestrina
Choirmaster in various churches Appointed to Sistine Chapel Choir Wrote over 100 settings of the Roman Catholic Mass
93
Claudio Monteverdi
Most important musicion in late 16th/17th century Italy Nine books of MADRIGALS Transitional composer (bridged two style periods) Wrote OPERAS - first great composer of opera
94
OPERAS
A new Baroque genre Found in Venice Claudio Monteverdi = First great opera composer
95
MADRIGAL
The most important secular vocal genre of the late renaissance/early baroque A polyphonic, secular vocal genre invented in Italy (16th century) Settings of secular poetry on a variety of topics in vernacular language Nearly always settings of celebrated contemporary poetry by someone other than the composer A genre of 'high art' = performed for royalty This genre/style was imitated by international composers as far away as England
96
METHOD BOOKS
Created after the PRINTING PRESS was invented = more widespread musical knowledge Books that teach one how to play an instrument
97
What was the most common type of instrumental music during the Renaissance?
DANCES
98
Playing in CONSORT
To play music with a matched set of instruments
99
Playing in MIXED CONSORT
To play music with instruments from different families
100
RECORDER
You know what this is...
101
VIOL
Held in front of the body, rested on knees = viol de gamba (leg viols) In Baroque Era, it was a basso continuo instrument Big violen basically that sits in your lap
102
Lute
Plucked string instrument Muslims call it an ud Larger bass lute = archlute Think of what bards play, sounds similar to guitar-ish
103
HARPSICHORD
A keyboard instrument that plucks the strings Looks like a piano
104
Timbres
Sound qualities
105
SATB CHOIR
Soprano Alto Tenor Bass These are the ranges of human voices
106
What are the 5 parts of the MASS ORDINARY?
``` Kyrie Gloria Credo Sanctus Agnus Dei ```

Art of Listening (5 decks)

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