Quiz 2

Question 1

OAE?

Answer 1

Otoacoustic Emissions or cochlear echoes

Question 2

First type of OAE’s measured in humans?

Answer 2

TEOAEs or transient evoked otoacoustic emissions

Question 3

Who measured the TEOAE’s?

Answer 3

David Kemp

Question 4

Actions potentials are …

Answer 4

“ALL OR NONE” = 100% response

Question 5

Characteristic Frequency

Answer 5

frequency requiring LEAST amount of stimulus INTENSITY to provide a response from the nerve fiber

Question 6

Afferent pathways of the CNS are…

Answer 6

ASCENDING pathways

Question 7

Efferent pathways of the CNS are…

Answer 7

DESCENDING pathways

Question 8

ratio of nerve fibers in the afferent pathway to efferent pathway is…

Answer 8

100 nerve fibers to 2 nerve fibers

Question 9

Auditory brainstem response (ABR) include:

Answer 9

recorded RELIABLY, ESTIMATE hearing, assists in detection of problems in the path of the auditory CNS

Question 10

define threshold

Answer 10

lowest level at which sound can be detected 50% of the time

Question 11

normal hearing person’s best (lowest) thresholds are in what range?

Answer 11

2,000 to 4,000 Hz range

Question 12

what is the range of audibility

Answer 12

20 - 20,000 Hz

Question 13

define masking

Answer 13

ability of one acoustic single to OBSURE the presence of another signal so it cannot be DETECTED

Question 14

define binaural processing

Answer 14

one of the key functions of the CNS. it allows us to combine/INTEGRATE the neural info from BOTH ears

Question 15

binaural processing is necessary for…

Answer 15

LOCALIZATION of sound & the ability to HEAR in noisy situations

Question 16

genetic transmission of hearing loss is due to what 3 things:

Answer 16

AUTOSOMAL dominant inheritance (non-sex linked) , AUTOSOMAL recessive inheritance and SEX linked inheritance (X-linked)

Question 17

hereditary factors make up what percentage of all auditory disorders?

Answer 17

50%

Question 18

define endogenous

Answer 18

a trait or disorder that arises from the individual’s GENES

Question 19

define exogenous

Answer 19

a trait of disorder that is NOT attributable to GENETIC causes

Question 20

define congenital

Answer 20

a trait or disorder that is present at birth

Question 21

congenital hearing loss may or may not be what?

Answer 21

hereditary

Question 22

5 causes of outer ear disorders:

Answer 22

deformity of the PINNA, COLLAPSED canals, CERUMEN/foreign bodies, external OTITIS, or cysts and TUMORS ((PCCOT))

Question 23

define otosclerosis

Answer 23

common cause of hearing loss for people in their 20, 30 and 40’s

Question 24

what is otosclerosis caused by?

Answer 24

buildup of SPONGY BONE that immobilizes the STAPES FOOTPLATE

Question 25

in what two ways can otosclerosis be treated?

Answer 25

STAPEDECTOMY (surgery) or a HEARING AID

Question 26

define cholesteotoma

Answer 26

growth of skin and debris associated with perforation of eardrum

Question 27

define facial paralysis

Answer 27

facial nerve crosses through the middle ear

Question 28

define perforation of the tympanic membrane

Answer 28

hole in the eardrum

Question 29

define tympanosclerosis

Answer 29

plaque that forms on eardrum and ossicles causing stiffening

Question 30

define adhesive otitis media

Answer 30

glue ear

Question 31

what percentage of children have otitis media?

Answer 31

75-95% will have at least one episode by the age of 6 years

Question 32

what is the most common disease of childhood?

Answer 32

otitis media

Question 33

with who and when does otitis media occur more often?

Answer 33

in males and in the winter & spring

Question 34

what 2 ways alleviate otitis media?

Answer 34

antibiotics and surgery (MYRINGOTOMY & ADENOIDECTOMY)

Question 35

5 risk factors for hearing loss among newborns:

Answer 35

in utero infections (STORCH- syphillis, toxoplasmosis, other, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex), low birthweight, family history of hearing loss, evidence of a syndrome and craniofacial abnormalities

Question 36

what is a common cause for unilateral hearing loss that occurs after birth (post-natally)?

Answer 36

mumps

Question 37

what is a common cause for bilateral hearing loss that occurs after birth?

Answer 37

measles

Question 38

what is retrocochlear pathology?

Answer 38

damage to the nerve fibers along the ASCENDING auditory pathways from the internal auditory MEATUS to the CORTEX

Question 39

what causes retrocochlear pathology?

Answer 39

due to a TUMOR, MS or cerebral vascular attack (CVA)

Question 40

define presbycusis

Answer 40

hearing loss associated with aging, HIGH frequency, sensorineural hearing loss, progression is usually more pronounced in men that in women

Question 41

Noise Induced hearing loss (NIHL) is characterized by what 3 things?

Answer 41

audiogram with a 4K NOTCH configuration, a permanent SENSORINEURAL hearing loss in the HIGH frequencies and near normal hearing in the LOW frequencies, and distraction of OUTER hair cells in the cochlea in the BASE with little or no inter ear damage near the APEX

Question 42

ototoxic drugs cause what?

Answer 42

usually cause high frequency hearing loss

Question 43

what are the 2 primary components of the outer ear?

Answer 43

the pinna and the external ear canal

Question 44

what does the concha do?

Answer 44

serves to collect and direct sound to the external auditory meatus

Question 45

what is the auricle?

Answer 45

the pinna

Question 46

what is the external auditory meatus?

Answer 46

opening to ear canal

Question 47

what 2 structures of the outer ear are responsible for resonance?

Answer 47

the concha and the ear canal

Question 48

what divides the outer and middle ears?

Answer 48

tympanic membrane (ear drum)

Question 49

what is the eustachian tube?

Answer 49

connect the NASOPHARYNC to the middle ear, it is usually closed except when YAWNING or SWALLOWING

Question 50

what does the eustchian tube do?

Answer 50

allows FLUID to drain from the middle ear and allow us to EQUALIZE to equalize pressure in the middle of the year (ear pops when going up in a plane or up the mountain)

Question 51

what does the helicotrema do?

Answer 51

filled with perilymph fluid and connects the scala tympani and the scale vestibuli

Question 52

what separates the scala tympani and the scala vestibule?

Answer 52

the scala media which is filled with endolymph flud

Question 53

what is the organ of corti?

Answer 53

the sensory organ of hearing in the scala media

Question 54

where is the organ of corgi?

Answer 54

basilar membrane in the cochlea

Question 55

what is the order of ossicles?

Answer 55

malleus, incus and stapes ((HAS) (MIS))

Question 56

what are the 4 functions of the outer ear?

Answer 56

distinguish ELEVATION of sound, distinguish if sound is in FRONT, protects from FOREIGN bodies

Question 57

how much does the concha enhance?

Answer 57

5000 hz

Question 58

how much does the external auditory canal enhance? (ear canal)

Answer 58

2500 hz

Question 59

what kind of frequencies are amplified by the outer ear?

Answer 59

high frequencies for conversational speech

Question 60

where do sound vibrations travel?

Answer 60

through the ossicles, to the footplate of the stapes in the oval window, inner ear

Question 61

loss of sound going from air to fluid through which 2 primer mechanisms?

Answer 61

areal ratio and lever system

Question 62

when the ear is stimulated by sound....

Answer 62

the oval window moves in, and the round window is moved out

Question 63

when the ear is stimulated by fluid....

Answer 63

the round window is moved out, and the oval window is pushed in by the stapes footplate

Question 64

how are the nerve cels arranged?

Answer 64

tonotopically

Question 65

the base of the cochlea contains what frequencies?

Answer 65

high

Question 66

the apex of the cochlea contains what frequencies?

Answer 66

low