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Exercise Physiology > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction

A

the place where the motor neuron connects to the muscle

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2
Q

What is the shape of the neuromuscular junction

A

it looks like the outline of a rake

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3
Q

What is the ACH receptor

A

Ligand gated Na channel

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4
Q

What binds to the ACH receptor

A

acetylcholine (ACH)

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5
Q

What is the Na channel

A

a voltage gated Na channel

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6
Q

What is acetylcholinesterase

A

An enzyme that breaks down ACH in the neuromuscular junction

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7
Q

What is the process that happens at the neuromuscular junction

A
  1. Depolarization of the motor neuron reaches the neuron terminal
  2. This causes a Ca channel to open up
  3. the Ca stimulates the release of ACH
  4. ACH enters the neuromuscular junction
  5. It binds to the ACH receptor, opening the Na channel
  6. That causes the voltage gated Na channel to open
  7. that causes the muscle to depolarize
  8. The Acetycholinesterase breaks down the remaining ACH to prevents continuous contraction
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8
Q

Where in the neuromuscular junction are all the things found

A
  1. ACH receptor top of the peaks
  2. Voltage gated Na channel midway up the peaks
  3. Acetylcholinesterase bottom of the pits
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9
Q

What is the name of the place in the neuromuscular junction where all these things are found

A

Motor end plate

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10
Q

what are the parts of the motor end plate

A

primary cleft

secondary cleft

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11
Q

What is the primary cleft

A

the place above the ridges, where the ACH is released

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12
Q

what is the secondary cleft

A

the place in the motor end plate where all of the channels and enzymes are, hills and valleys

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13
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

a network of tubing that surrounds every myofibril. Has terminal cisternae near the T-Tubules

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14
Q

What is found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Calcium

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15
Q

what is found on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

SERCA pumps

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16
Q

What does the Serca pump do

A

pumps calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum from the sarcaplasm

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17
Q

What is the function of the terminal cisternae

A

it holds the majority of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and it is associated with the T-tubules.

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18
Q

What is the t-tubule

A

an opening in the sarcolemma that goes through the whole cell and exits on the other side. it transmits the depolarization of the cell down to each myofibril

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19
Q

How are the t-tubules associated with muscle fatigue

A

I don’t know

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20
Q

What is the DHP

A

a protein in the t-tubule membrane that changes conformation when depolarization gets to it.
Associated with the Ryanodine receptor in the Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

What is the ryanodine receptor

A

a calcium channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulum that is associated with DHP

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22
Q

What happens to DHP/Ryanodine when the t-tubule is depolarized

A

DHP pulls on ryanodine, causing it to open, allowing calclium to leave the Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

What are the steps in excitation contraction coupling

A
  1. Depolarization of the motor neuron reaches the neuron terminal
  2. This causes a Ca channel to open up
  3. the Ca stimulates the release of ACH
  4. ACH enters the neuromuscular junction
  5. It binds to the ACH receptor, opening the Na channel
  6. That causes the voltage gated Na channel to open
  7. that causes the muscle membrane to depolarize
  8. The Acetycholinesterase breaks down the remaining ACH to prevents continuous contraction
  9. The depolarization of the muscle membrane travels all over the cell and down the t-tubule
  10. in the t-tubule the DHP protein changes conformation pulling on the ryanodine protein in the terminal cisternae
  11. The opening of the ryanodine channel allows Ca to exit the Sarcoplamic reticulum
  12. the calcium binds to troponin
  13. Troponin and tropomyosin are pulled off of the myosin binding sites
  14. myosin binds to actin, and a powerstroke occurs
  15. ATP binds to the myosin head causing it to release from actin
  16. ATPase breaks down the ATP causing it to cock back
  17. This process continues until the calcium is pumped back out of the sarcoplasm by SERCA pumps.
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24
Q

how are muscle tissue samples collected

A

bergstrom biopsy needles

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25
Q

What are the two types of muscle fiber type properties

A
  1. biochemical properties

2. Contractile propoerties

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26
Q

what are the biochemical properties of muscle fiber types

A
  1. oxidative capacities

2. ATPase type

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27
Q

What are the things that determine oxidative capacities

A

Mitochondria
capillaries
myoglobin

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28
Q

What are the types of ATPase

A

Slow and fast

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29
Q

What are the 2 contractile porperties

A
  1. Maximal force production

2. Velocity of contraction

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30
Q

What are the two things that influence muscle force production

A
  1. peak tension

2. fiber CSA

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31
Q

what are the things that influence the velocities of contraction

A
  1. Twitch characteristics
  2. ATPase isoform
  3. MHC isoform
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32
Q

What are the three types of muscle fibers

A

Type 1
Type 2a
Type 2x

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33
Q

What is the order of fiber types from slowest to fastest

A

Type 1
Type 2a
Type 2x

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34
Q

how many neuromuscular junctions are there per muscle fiber

A

1

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35
Q

Where do the terminal cisternae sit in relation to the sarcomere

A

where the A band is, because that’s where the calcium is needed

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36
Q

how common are satellite cells in muscle

A

very common 200-300 per mm

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37
Q

what do satellite cells hold

A

all the genetic info for the muscle cells

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38
Q

is muscular dystrophy more common in men or women

A

men

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39
Q

what gets together to for the thick filament

A

the tail regions of myosin 2

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40
Q

how well are the thick/thin filaments organized

A

very very well

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41
Q

What does CIT stand for

A

the functions of troponin
C - calcium binding
I - Inhibits myosin binding site
T - associated with tropomyosin

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42
Q

How can MHC and ATPases differ from one muscle cell to another

A

they can be fast or slow.
Fast MHC = fast powerstrokes
Fast ATPase = Fast relleasing and cocking

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43
Q

What percent of ryanodine receptors are bound to DHP

A

about 50%

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44
Q

what happens with the ryanodine receptors that aren’t bound to DHP

A

they are activated by the calcium let out by the others.

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45
Q

How are muscle cells named

A
  1. Twitch velocity
  2. Energy production
  3. ATPase/MHC type
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46
Q

What are the three different kinds of muscle cells

A
  1. Fast, glycolitic, IIx
  2. Slow, Oxidative, I
  3. Medium, Glycolitic/oxidative, IIa
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47
Q

what is the length of a sarcomere

A

2.5 micrometers

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48
Q

What are the 5 characteristics upon which muscle cell type is determined

A
  1. # of mitochondria
  2. Resistance to fatigue
  3. Predominant energy system
  4. ATPase activity
  5. Speed of shortening
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49
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of type IIx muscle fibers

A
  1. Low mitochondria
  2. Low resistance to fatigue
  3. Anaerobic energy system (glycolytic)
  4. Highest ATPase activity
  5. Highest speed of shortening
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50
Q

What are the 5 charateristics of type IIa muscle fibers

A
  1. Moderate amounts of mitochondria
  2. Moderate resistance to fatigue
  3. Combination of Oxidative/Glycolitic energy system
  4. High ATPase activity
  5. Intermediate speed of shortening
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51
Q

What are the 5 charateristics of type I muscle fibers

A
  1. HIgh amounts of mitochondria
  2. High resistance to fatigue
  3. Aerobic energy system (oxidative)
  4. Low ATPase activity
  5. Low speed of shortening
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52
Q

What are the different ways to do muscle typing

A
  1. Myosin ATPase typing
  2. MHC composition
  3. Single fiber analysis
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53
Q

How is Myosin ATPase typing done

A
  1. get a frozen tissue sample
  2. cut really thin slices
  3. use a histochemical enzyme stain
    • This binds to the type of ATPase
  4. Darkest to lightest = type I - IIa - IIx
  5. count total number of fibers, and number in each category to figure out muscles fiber type percentage
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54
Q

What are the pros/cons Myosin ATPase typing

A
  1. Small sample size for the whole muscle to be determined by
  2. Subjective analysis, hard for researches to decide between fiber types sometimes
  3. General
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55
Q

How does MHC composition typing work

A
  1. Get muscle sample
  2. blend it up into a fluid mixture
  3. place mixture in a gel electrophoresis machine
  4. Look and what bands are present
    • Lowest to highest, type I - IIa - IIx
  5. Use a pixelometer to see how dense each line is and thereby determine fiber type percentages
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56
Q

What are the benefits/downfalls to this method

A
  1. More objective than ATPase typing

2. Still very general

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57
Q

How does single fiber analysis work

A
  1. Isolate one muscle fiber
  2. blend it up and run a gel electrophoresis
  3. Look at it’s bands
    • Lowest to highest, Type I - IIa - IIx
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58
Q

What are the pros/cons of single fiber analysis

A
  1. Allows you to visualize hybrid muscle fiber types
  2. more objective
  3. Takes a lot of time
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59
Q

What are the most common hybridizations in muscle fibers

A

I - IIa, and IIa - IIx

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60
Q

Really can you classify a single muscle cell in only one category

A

no they just fit somewhere along the muscle fiber continuum

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61
Q

What happens to hybridized muscle fibers as you train

A

they go away

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62
Q

What percent of muscle cells and hybridized in untrained individuals

A

30%

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63
Q

Do fiber types in individuals change when they train in different domains

A

yep

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64
Q

What types of fibers do sprinters have

A

more fast muscle fiber types than the average person

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65
Q

What types of fibers do endurance athletes have

A

more slow muscle fibers than the average person

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66
Q

What types of fibers do weight lifters and non-atheletes have

A

about 50-50 fast and slow

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67
Q

What are the general functions of the nervous system

A
  1. Control of the internal environment (works with the endocrine system)
  2. Voluntary control of movement
  3. Programming spinal cord reflexes
  4. Assimilation of experiences necessary for memory and learning
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68
Q

What is the organization of the Nervous system

A
  1. CNS - brain and spinal cord

2. PNS - All Nerves not inside CNS

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69
Q

What are the branches of the PNS

A

Afferent and Efferent

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70
Q

What is an afferent nerve

A

a nerve that runs to the CNS

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71
Q

What is an efferent nerve

A

a nerve that runs from the CNS

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72
Q

What kind of nerves make up afferent nerves

A
  1. Somatic sensory
  2. Visceral sensory
  3. Special sensory
73
Q

What kind of nerves make up efferent nerves

A
  1. Somatic Motor
  2. Autonomic motor
    • Sympathetic
    • Parasympathetic
    • Enteric
74
Q

What parts of the Nervous system are voluntary, which parts are involuntary

A

voluntary is somatic nervous system

Everything else is involuntary

75
Q

How does the PNS work with the CNS

A
  1. Receptors send messages to CNS with affarent sensory neurons
  2. hits the dorsal root ganglion
  3. Processed in the CNS (interneurons)
  4. Goes back out to Skeletal muscles through the somatic motor neurons
  5. Goes back out to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands through the autonomic motor neurons
76
Q

What is the structure of a neuron

A

Dendrites
cell body (soma)
axon
Synapse

77
Q

What is the structure of a synapse

A
  1. Endfoot or terminal bouton
  2. Synaptic vessicles
  3. Neurotransmitters
  4. Synaptic cleft
  5. presynaptic membrane
  6. postsynaptic membrane
78
Q

How do neurons communicate across synapses

A

using neurotransmitters

79
Q

how do neuro transmitters work

A

they are released from the presynaptic membrane, across the synapse, and bind to receptors on the post synaptic membrane

80
Q

What are the different kinds of postsynaptic potentials

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory

81
Q

What are EPSP’s

A

graded potentials that cause depolarization, leading towards threshold

82
Q

What are IPSP’s

A

graded potentials that cause hypopolarization, leading away from threshold

83
Q

What are the two types of summation

A

spatial and temporal

84
Q

what is spacial summation

A

summing up of potentials from different presynaptic neurons in a close proximity to one another

85
Q

What is temporal summation

A

summing up of potentials from a single presynaptic neuron that are fired rapidly

86
Q

What is a motor unit

A

A neuron and all of its associated muscle fibers

87
Q

What leads to appropriate contraction

A

a balance of IPSP’s and EPSP’s

88
Q

How are the muscle fibers for specific motor units organized

A

they are kind of spread out all over the place

89
Q

How does the glycogen depletion method show you which muscle fibers are part of a certain motor unit

A

I don’t know

90
Q

What are the things to consider when classifying motor units

A
  1. Physical Size
  2. Number of fibers
  3. Force generation
  4. rate of force production
  5. fatiguability
91
Q

What are the three motor unit types

A
  1. FF - Fast fatiguable
  2. FR - Fast Fatigue resistant
  3. S - Slow
92
Q 
What is the...
- Twitch Tension
- Twitch time generation
- Fatigue index
- "sag" present 
for FF motor units
A
  1. High Twitch tension
  2. Fast twitch time contraction
  3. Low fatigue index
  4. Yes, sag is present
93
Q 
What is the...
- Twitch Tension
- Twitch time generation
- Fatigue index
- "sag" present 
for FR motor units
A
  1. Moderate twitch tension
  2. Fast twitch time contraction
  3. High fatigue index
  4. Yes, Sag is present
94
Q 
What is the...
- Twitch Tension
- Twitch time generation
- Fatigue index
- "sag" present 
for S motor units
A
  1. Low twitch tension
  2. Slow twitch time contraction
  3. High fatigue index
  4. No, Sag isn’t present
95
Q

What is the correspondence between motor unit types and muscle fiber types

A

FF is mostly FG muscle fiber types (Type IIx)
Fr is mostly FOG muscle fiber types (Types IIa)
S is mostly SO muscle fiber types (type I)

96
Q

Type 1

A 
Slow twitch
Slow
Slow Oxidative
Intermediate
Tonic (postural)
97
Q

Type IIa

A 
Fast Twitch
FAst, FAtigue Resistant
Fast, oxidative, glycolytic
Red
Phasic
98
Q

Type IIx

A 
Fast twitch
Fast fatiguable
Fast glycolytic
white
phasic
99
Q

What is the all or none principle in motor unit recruitment

A

That once a motor unit is recruited, all of it’s muscle fibers contract

100
Q

How is the recruitment of motor units organized

A

smallest ones first, large ones follow

101
Q

What is selective recruitment

A

I don’t know

102
Q

What is the motor recruitment graph like

A

Y axis is force production
X axis is number of motor units recruited
Graph goes up like stairs, shorter ones first, taller ones toward the end.
this indicates that the smaller motor units are recruited first.

103
Q

What do we know about the variations in size of motor neurons

A
  1. Cell bodies and axons can vary greatly in size
  2. large nerve fibers innervate more muscle fibers
  3. Amplitude of the impulse is directly related to axon diameter
  4. Inverse relationship between excitability and size???
104
Q

Is the Stretch threshold related to the size of the action potential

A

yep

105
Q

What influences the protein make up of the muscle

A

the nervous output

106
Q

What are the three muscle functions

A

Strength
power
endurance

107
Q

what is strength

A

How much force you can generate

  • One rep max
  • determined by muscle size
108
Q

What is power

A 
The application of strength
Force*distance/time
Applies to all activities
best measure of performance
determined by fiber type, size and metabolism
109
Q

What is endurance

A

Sustained muscular contractions (not just aerobic exercise)
Running, jogging, biking
determined by muscle fiber type and metabolism

110
Q

What is contraction

A

Tension generated

111
Q

What are the types of contraction

A

isometric

isotonic

112
Q

What are isometric contractions

A

static (not moving)

postural muscles

113
Q

What are isotonic contractions

A

dynamic (moving)

most muscles

114
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contractions

A
  1. Concentric (shortening)

2. Eccentric (Lengthening)

115
Q

What are the factors that determine muscle force production

A
  1. Muscle mass
  2. Motor unit characteristics
    • Number
    • Type
  3. Initial muscle length
  4. Contraction velocity
116
Q

What is the length tension relationship like

A

if the muscle is too shortened, or too stretched then it won’t be able to produce as much tension as if it were about its resting length

117
Q

What is the optimum length for peak muscle tension

A

100- 120% of resting length

118
Q

Why does the length of the muscle matter

A
  1. The amount of myosin/actin interaction

2. The viscoelastic property of muscle

119
Q

How does the joint angle matter

A

the angle influences the length of the muscle, and it influences the angle of pull of the muscle, both of which influence force production

120
Q

What is the force velocity graph like

A

Velocity on Y
Load on X
the higher the velocity the lower the load and vice-versa. shaped like a quarter pipe

121
Q

When is maximum velocity of muscle shortening the greatest

A

at the lowest force

122
Q

what makes certain loads have different speeds in the end

A

the percentage of that muscle that it fast twitch fibers. the more fast twitch fibers the faster the shortening will be

123
Q

What type of motor unit has the most muscle fibers

A

Type 2 has more muscle fibers than type 1

124
Q

What type of motor unit fires faster

A

type 2 fires faster than type 1

125
Q

What does ADL stand for

A

Activities of daily living

126
Q

Why should one strength train

A

to increase muscle function and make it easier to do ADL’s

127
Q

What is the principle of overload

A

in order to increase the strength of the muscle and thereby its mass, you need to work the muscle beyond what it normally does

128
Q

What are different ways to overload your muscle

A

Frequency, intensity, and duration

129
Q

What is the principle of specificity

A

it says that what you decide to work out is what you gain. You can isolate muscles that you want stronger, movements you want to improve, and the type of metabolism you prefer

130
Q

what is progressive resistance training

A
  • basis for most weight training programs

- You keep adding more resistance as you become stronger

131
Q

does endurance training increase strength

A

nope

132
Q

What are the principles of strength training

A
  1. Must execise near thier peak tension
  2. Sets, reps, and breaks refined
  3. 3-4 days per week
  4. Specificity - workout the action you want to improve, at the same speed,
133
Q

What does ENDURANCE training do for muscle strength

A

not a lot

134
Q

what does progressive resistance training do for muscle strength

A

increases muscle strength

135
Q

What does a combination of endurance training and resistance training do for muscle strength

A

shows about the same increase, maybe a little more than just resistance training alone

136
Q

What can maximal training do for you

A

increase the motor unit recruitment, which means you have more muscle mass that gets activated, which means your submaximal contractions will be more efficient

137
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

an increase in muscle size

138
Q

what is transient hypertrophy

A

temporary, not functional increase in muscle size, (movement of fluids)

139
Q

What is chronic hypertrophy

A

addition of protein to the muscle, is lasting, and functional

140
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

increase in number of muscle fibers

141
Q

How common is hyperplasia in humans

A

doesn’t happen

142
Q

How does whole muscle hypertrophy happen

A
  1. Increase in # of myofibrils

2. Increase in muscle cell size

143
Q

How does hypertrophy increase strength

A

more myofibrils you have = more myosin and actin = more pulling = more strength

144
Q

Which muscle fiber type is most responsive to resistance training

A

Type II, but type I still hypertrophies

145
Q

What does the graph look like for time course - neural factors and hypertrophy look like

A

Y axis is percent contributions to gains in maximal strength
X axis is time.

The neural contribution starts out much higher than that of the hypertrophy contribution, but they slowly merge until at about 11-12 weeks they cross and hypertrophy begins to contribute more than neural factors

146
Q

What is responsible for initial strength gains

A

neural factors

147
Q

what happens neurologically that causes these strength gains

A
  1. More motor neurons get recruited

2. They get more coordinated too

148
Q

What happens to % fiber type over 8 weeks of resistance training

A
  • Type 1 doesn’t change much
  • Type IIa increases a lot
  • Type IIx decreases proportionally to type IIa
149
Q

How long does it take for hypertrophy to start being notacable

A

8 - 10 weeks

150
Q

What does the hypertrophy time table depend on

A

training stimulus and the individual

151
Q

Why does hypertrophy take a while

A

protein accretion takes time

152
Q

What is crosstalk

A

when you work one side and leave the other, that side will begin to get strength gains too

153
Q

Are there wholesale changes from type 1 to type 2 muscle fibers with training

A

no

154
Q

What happens to % muscle fiber with endurance training

A

possible to get increased type 1 %

155
Q

What happens along the muscle fiber type continuum with training

A

Hybrid fibers decrease and everything shifts toward type 1 and type 2a fibers

156
Q

why is type IIx left in untrained muscle

A

because the muscle tries to make up for it’s deficiencies by having more type IIx
Optimizes for it’s conditions

157
Q

Who gets more absolute gains with resistance training

A

Men

158
Q

Who gets more relative gains with resistance training

A

same between men and women

159
Q

Men have more muscle mass

A

men have more hypertrophy

160
Q

Does combined training lead to lower gains in strength than strength training alone

A

nope, not really at least

161
Q

does order of exercise matter in same day exercising

A

yep

162
Q

What are the gains of concurrent training

A

both Endurance and strength

163
Q

What is DOMS

A

Delayed onset muscle soreness

164
Q

How long after working out does doms set in

A

24-48 hours

165
Q

What are the unique aspects of pain experienced with DOMS

A
  • pain on palpation

- pain with contraction

166
Q

What exercises cause DOMS more than others

A

Eccentric, or novel exercises

167
Q

Why does eccentric exercise cause Doms

A

Excessive stress or strain (length and load)

168
Q

What is the primary damage from DOMS

A

mechanical;

  • sarcolemma is disrupted
  • Z line streaming (broken up Z lines)
  • Creatine kinase elevated in blood
169
Q

What is the secondary damage from DOMS

A

Inflammation

170
Q

What causes the pain from DOMS

A

Inflammation and swelling

171
Q

Are symptoms of DOMS relative to level of damage

A

yep

172
Q

How long does pain last with doms

A

4-7 days

173
Q

Does DOMS result in decreased function

A

yeah,

  • immediate strength loss
  • 1-2 week recovery
174
Q

What is the repeated bout effect

A

There will be significantly less damage and pain after your 2nd bout of the exercise

175
Q

What is a possible explanation for the repeated bout effect

A

the cytoskeleton, it appears that there are serious increases in Desmin after the first workout

176
Q

How come some people don’t get as sore as others

A

genetics, there are some responders and some non responders

177
Q

how can you avoid/reduce DOMS

A
  1. reduce eccentric part of the lift
  2. Slower program progression
  3. Get in and get it overwith
178
Q

How does warming up/stretching affects DOMS

A

there is no evidence that it works

Exercise Physiology (4 decks)

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