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Exercise Physiology > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of muscle structure from smallest to largest

A
  1. MyoFilaments (actin/myosin)
  2. Sarcomeres
  3. Myofibrils
  4. Muscle cells (muscle fibers)
  5. Fascicles
  6. Whole Muscle
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2
Q

What are the layers of the extra cellular matrix

A
  1. epimysium (wraps whole muscle)
  2. Perimysium (wraps up fascicles)
  3. Endomysium (wraps up muscle cells)
  4. Sarcolemma (wraps up Myofibrils)
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3
Q

What is the Sarcolemma

A

The cell wall of a muscle fiber

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the sarcolemma

A
  1. basement membrane (outside)

2. plasmalemma (inside)

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5
Q

Where do you find satellite cells

A

between the two layers of the sarcolemma

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6
Q

What is a Myofibril

A

a bunch of sarcomeres in series

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7
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of muscle

A

the sarcomere

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8
Q

What makes a muscle look striated

A

the sarcomeres

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9
Q

What are myofilaments

A

myosin/actin

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10
Q

What are the purposes of the Muscle Cytoskeleton

A
  1. Structural integrity
  2. Force transmission
  3. Signal transduction
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11
Q

What it Titin

A

The largest protein found in the sarcomere

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12
Q

What is Titin associated with

A

Myosin

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13
Q

What is the function of Titin

A

it holds the myosin molecule in place so that it can work with actin

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14
Q

What is nebulin

A

The protein associated with actin that holds it in place, and supports it so that it can interact with myosin

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15
Q

What comes first nebulin or actin

A

nebulin, the length of it determines how long the actin molecule will be

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the extracellular muscle

A

helps strengthen it

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17
Q

What is the function of satellite cells

A

they are involved in muscular regeneration and they can become myonuclei

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18
Q

What is the Z disk

A

the scaffolding that actin holds to. It also forms an important cytoskeleton for the muscle. holds each myofibril lined up with the others

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19
Q

What is the m line

A

the myosin scaffolding

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20
Q

what is the A band

A

anywhere where myosin is present

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21
Q

what is the I band

A

where there is no myosin present

22
Q

what is the H zone

A

the place where there is only myosin

23
Q

What is a unique feature of Titin

A

the half without myosin surrounding it is extensable

24
Q

What is a Costamere

A

A conglomeration of proteins that connects the sarcolemma to the myofibril right below it. (subsarcolemma myofibril)
It hooks onto the Z disk

25
Q

What is Dystrophin

A

The most important protein in the costamere. If it is removed the whole thing doesn’t work

26
Q

What is muscular Dystrophy

A

when Dystrophin molecule is absent or mutated

27
Q

How common is muscular dystrophy

A

1 in 3500 births

28
Q

What happens when you have muscular dystrophy

A
  • muscle breaks down
  • adipose tissue replaces it
  • muscle cells become circular
  • Death at early 20’s
    B/c the heart and respiratory muscle don’t work
29
Q

When does muscular dystrophy show itsefl

A

when children start to bear loads

30
Q

What is Desmin

A

A protein found at the Z lines that holds each Z disk together maintaining the important uniform arrangement of myofibrils (holds each myofibril together)

31
Q

What are the roles of desmin

A
  • holds myofibrils together
  • holds myofibrils correctly alligned
  • transmits force from the sarcomere to the sarcolemma and to the muscle as a whole
32
Q

what are the contractile proteins of muscle

A
  • Myosin and Actin
33
Q

What type of Myosin is found in skeletal muscle

A

Myosin II

34
Q

What is the function of myosin

A

motor protein, force generator

35
Q

Where is myosin seen

A

the A band

36
Q

What is the MHC (myosin heavy chain)

A

it is one myosin molecule (head and tail region)

37
Q

What regions of myosin get together to form the thick filament

A

Tail regions

38
Q

What makes up the head of myosin

A
  1. Actin binding site

2. ATPase site

39
Q

What determines contraction velocity

A

The type of MHC and ATPase on the myosin

40
Q

What geometric shape does the way that actin surrounds the Myosin molecule resemble

A

a hexagon

41
Q

What is Actin

A
  • The thin filament

- contractile protein

42
Q

What are the two types of actin

A

G and F

43
Q

What is G actin

A

globular actin (individual Actin proteins)

44
Q

What is F actin

A

filamentous actin (a G actin polymer)

45
Q

What shape does the F actin take

A

double helix

46
Q

What does G actin have on it

A

Active sites with a high affinity for Myosin

47
Q

What are the two regulatory proteins

A

Tropomyosin and troponin

48
Q

What does Tropomyosin do

A

runs in the groove of the actin helix and blocks the myosin binding sites of actin

49
Q

What does Troponin do

A

CIT

  1. Calcium - binds to
  2. Inhibits - mysoin binding sites of actin
  3. Tropomyosin - bound to

When it binds calcium it changes conformation, moves off the myosin binding site, and pulls tropomyosin off of the myosin binding site too.

50
Q

How many troponin are there per actin molecule

A

1 troponin per 7 actin molecules

51
Q

What were the steps in discovering the sliding filament theory

A
  1. viewing banding patterns
  2. interdigitation of myofilaments
  3. Altering dimensions of the A bands, I band
52
Q

What are the steps of the crossbridge cycle

A
  1. Calcium binds to troponin
  2. troponin and tropomyosin move off the myosin binding sites of actin
  3. Myosin head binds to actin
  4. Powerstroke happens
  5. ATP binds to myosin head causing it to release from Actin
  6. ATPase breaks ATP down returning the myosin head back to the cocked stage
  7. if calcium is still present it starts over

Exercise Physiology (4 decks)

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