Final Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four functions of the cardiovascular system
A
deliver oxygen
deliver nutrients
remove waste
regulate temperature
2
Q
What are the major cardiovascular adjustements to exercise
A
cardiac output
blood flow distribution
3
Q
Is the cardiovascualr system closed
A
yep it just goes from arteries to veins
4
Q
Which side of the heart is the pulmonary circut
A
right
5
Q
what is the left side of the heart a part of
A
systemic circut
6
Q
What are the three layers of the myocardium
A
epi, myo, and endocardium
7
Q
In what ways is the myocardium similar to skeletal muscle
A
striated tissue, and the contractile process
8
Q
What are some unique aspects of the myocardium
A
short, branched fibers
intercalated disc connections
Atrial/ventricular separation
highly aerobic fibers with large numbers of mithochondria
9
Q
What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle
A
Systole and Diastole
10
Q
What dictates the flow of blood through the heart
A
pressure (it causes the opening and closing of the valves of the heart
11
Q
What percent of the passive filling of the ventricles is due to pressure changes
A
70%
12
Q
What happens to the phases of the cardiac cycle with exercise
A
they change
systole is larger in exercise than diastole
diastole is larger in rest than systole
13
Q
What happens to heart rate with increased exercise
A
it goes up a lot
14
Q
What are the values for normal blood pressure
A
120/80
15
Q
what are the values for high blood pressure
A
140/90
16
Q
What are the factors that influence arterial blood pressure
A
increase in blood volume increase in heart rate increase in stroke volume increase in blood viscocity increase in peripheral resistance
17
Q
What are the portions of the electrocariogram and what do they represent
A
P wave - Depolarization of the atria
QRS - Depolarization of the ventricles
T wave - Repolarization of the ventricles
18
Q
How does the electrical conduction of the heart go
A
- you have special autorythmic cells that don’t need input to work
- Influx of sodium causes depolarization at the SA node int the right atria
- that depolarization of the SA node passes to the AV node then to bundle branches, and the perkinje fibers
19
Q
What is cardiac output (Q)
A
the indicator of the hearts performance
20
Q
what is stroke volume
A
h
21
Q
what is heart rate
A
h
22
Q
What is venous return
A
h
23
Q
what is End Diastolic Volume
A
h
24
Q
What factors affect cardiac output
A
preload
afterload
contractility
heart rate
25
What is the equation for cardiac output Q
Q = SV x HR
26
What is a normal cardiac output for someone at rest
5 l/min
27
what is the cardiac output for someone working out
25 l/min
28
What regulates heart rate
parasympathetic (-) and sympathetic (+)
29
What are the nerves of the parasympathetic to the heart
vagus nerves and nodes
30
what are the nerves of sympathetic to the heart
cardiac accelerator nerves, nodes, and ventricles
31
What causes the increase in heart rate during exercise
parasympathetic withdrawl and sympathetic output
32
What are the factors that affect stroke volume
end diastolic volume
average aortic blood pressure
strength of ventricular contration
33
what affects end diastolic volume
venous return
34
What is end diastolic volume
the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
| Preload
35
how does the average aortic blood pressure affect stroke voluem
the higher the pressure in the system, the harder the heart must pump in order to eject blood
36
What is another name for the strength of ventricular contraction
contractility
37
What is preload
end diastolic volume
38
What is the frank starling law
increased EDV = Increased ventricular stretch = Increased SV
39
How does preload increase SV
enhances the myosin actin interaction
| Enchances Ca and kinetics
40
What leads to increased venous return
venoconstriction
Muscle pump
respiratory pump
41
What affects venoconstriction
sympathetic output and smooth muscle contraction
42
what affects the muscle pump
muscle contraction and compression of the veins
43
What affects the respiratory pump
increased abdominal pressure (inspiration)
44
What is afterload
the amount of pressure the heart must pump against (TPR)
45
What affects afterload or TPR
dialition and constriction of the vessels throughout the body
46
What does TPR do to pumping time
valves open later and close earlier
47
What affects contractility
Calcium!!
48
What are the two things that affect contractility
calcium and EDV
49
what increases intracellular Ca
sympathetic output to myocardium and circulating epi
50
What things affect HR
parasymp and symp nerves
51
what things affect SV
MAP
contraction strength
EDV
52
What are the physical characteristics of blood
```
RBC
WBC
platelets
hematocrit
viscocity
```
53
what are the factors that affect blood flow
pressure gradient
54
what are the things that affect the circulatory pressure gradient
vessel diameter
| blood viscocity
55
What is poiseuilles equation
It basically says that a small change in vessel diameter leads to a large change in blood flow
56
What happens to oxygen demand during exercise
it increase
57
What causes an increase in oxygen delivered during exercise
increased Q
| redistribution of blood flow to the muscle
58
What happens to the blood flow to the body during exercise
blood flow to the muscle increases
| blood flow to the gut decreases
59
Where does blood mostly go during exercise
most of it goes to the muscle, some to the skin as well
60
absolute vs. relative flow
h
61
What is the autoregulation of blood flow during exercise
local override of the sympathetic output
| local vasodialation
62
What are activators
metabolic by products that induce blood flow to the tissues
| Nitric oxide, adenosine, po2, pco2, pH
63
Where is the cardiovascular control center located
medulla and pons of the brainstem
64
What affects the CVC
```
Higher brain centers
chemoreceptors
hypothalamus
baroreceptors
muscle afferents
PO2, PCO2
```
65
What happens to the CV system during exercise
vasoconstriction
increased HR
increased contractility
66
What does the hypothalaus regulate
temperature
67
What do baroreceptors do
regulate pressure
68
What do chemoreceptors do
sense CO2, pH, O2
69
what do muscle afferents do
sense thermal, mechanical, and chemical stuff
70
What are the functions of the lungs
ventilation
respiration
diffusion
71
What makes up the conducting zone of the lungs
trachea
bronchial tree
terminal bronchioles
72
What makes up the respiratory zone of the lungs
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar sacs
alveoli
73
What does the conducting zone do
conducts air into the respiratory zone
| himidifies, warms and filters the air
74
What does the respiratory zone do
exchange of gases between the blood and air
75
how many alveoli are there
300 million
76
how big are alveoli if they were laid out
60-80 m^2
77
What are the muscles of inspiration
```
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
external intercostals
internal intercostals
diaphragm
```
78
What are the muscles of expiration
```
internal intercostals
external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique
transverse abdominis
rectus abdominis
```
79
What are the mechanics of inspiration
diaphragm pulls downward, lowering intrapulmonary pressure
80
What are the mechanics of expiration
diaphragm relaxes, raising intrapulmonary pressure
81
What determines the resistance to airflow
airway diameter
82
What is pulmonary ventilation
the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute
83
what does pulmonary ventilation depend on
tidal volume and breathing frequency
84
What is daltons law of partial pressure of gasses
the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure that each gas qould exert independently
85
What percent of air is oxygen
about 20
86
what is the total pressure of the air
760 mmHG
87
what is the partial pressure of oxygen
760 x .2 = 159 mmHG
88
What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen as you increase in altitude
it goes down
89
what does a decrease in the partial pressure of uxygen do
decreases the gradient, which leads to less O2 binding to HGB
90
What happens to PO2 from lungs back to lungs
from 100 - 40
91
What happens to PCO2 fron lungs back to lungs
from 40 - 46
92
What is pulmonary diffusion
O2 is uptook, CO2 is removed
93
Does hemoglobin have a high or low affinity for O2
high
94
what percent of O2 that is transported is bound to HBG
99%
95
How does the rest of O2 get transported
dissolved
96
What happens to HGB+O2 with PO2 changes
the higher the PO2 the higher the affinity, starts out steep and levels off
97
is the PO2 higher in the lungs or in the tissues
the lungs
98
What does pH do the HGB O2 affinity
exercise decreases pH which causes the HGb O2 curve to shift right (favors unloading of O2) (Bohr effect)
99
What does temperature do to HGB O2 affinity
exercise leads to increased temp, causes a rightward shift, favors O2 unloading where there is most heat (muscles) This causes weaker HGB O2 bonds
100
What causes O2 to be transported to the muscle
myoglobin
101
what is myoglobin like
higher affinity for O2 than HGB
102
what does myoglobin do
maintains O2 flux from blood to mitochondria
103
What type of muscle has greater concentration of myoglobin
type 1 muscle tissue
104
how is CO2 transported
dissolved (7-10%)
HGB (20%)
bicarb (70%)
105
What is carboaminohemoglobin
HGB bound to CO2
106
What is the bicarb reaction
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3
107
What catalyzes CO2 to H2CO3
carbonic anhydrase
108
What happens to pulmonary ventilation during rest, moderate, and heavy exercise
increases more and more the harder you exercise
109
What is responsible for control of ventilation
respiratory control center
chemoreceptors
neural input
110
What is the initial stimulus for control of ventilaion
respiratory control center
111
where are the chemoreceptors for ventilaion
central - medulla (cerebrospinal fluid pH and PCO2)
| peripheral - aortic and carotid (pH, PCO2, PO2, K)
112
where does neural imput that affects ventilation come from
motor cortex
skeletal muscle
-mechanoreceptors
- chemoreceptors
113
What are some possible limitations to performance from ventilation
hypoxemia
114
is fatigue of respiratory muscles likely
nope
115
what happens to blood/capillary contact time during intense exercises
it decreases a lot, decreasing HGB/O2 binding
116
What is hypoxemia
desaturation of HGB with O2
| it happens when blood flow exceeds pulmonary diffusion capacity
117
What things act together to fine tune ventilation during exercise
Peripheral chemoreceptors
| Skeletal chemoreceptors
118
In what ways does exercise challenge homeostasis
```
Increase in PO2
Increase in PCO2
Increase in uptake of Glucose
Decrease in ph (due to increase in lactate)
Increase in mean arterial blood pressure
Increase in temperature
```
119
What are the three main principles of training
Overload
Specificity
Reversability
120
What are the minimum requirements for endurance training
- Must use 50% of muscle mass
- 15-20 min of continuous exercise, 3-5 days a week
- 50-60% of VO2 max
121
What determines the level of adapdation from your training
the amount of training overload
122
What is specificity
Your adaptations will be similar to the activity you are doing
123
What happens to the amount of blood the heart can pump with training
It can pump more blood
124
why can the heart pump more blood with training
increase in myocardial mass
| increase in left ventricle volume
125
What kind of adaptations to the heart occur with endurance training
volume overload
126
what kind of adaptations to the heart occur with resistance training
pressure overload
127
What causes the volume overload from endurance training
the myocardium hypertrophies (from more work)
| the left ventricle becomes more voluminous (from more venous return)
128
What causes the pressure overload from resistance training
the myocardium hypertrophies (from increased resistance from vasoconstriction)
129
How much can stroke volume increase with training
15-20%
130
What is the left ventricle volume like at rest and at max for untrained people
60 ml at rest, 100 ml at max
131
What is the left ventricle volume like at rest and at max for trained people
100 ml at rest, 180 ml at max
132
What happens to heart rate with training
it decreases
133
what is the average resting heart rate
60-70 bpm
134
What results in the decreased heart rate with training
increased parasympathetic
| Muscular and SV changes
135
What is the submaximal heart rate like after training
it is lower than before training
136
what happens to the maximal heart rate after training
(it is stable, maybe decreases?)
| it is lower than it would have been without training, and it appears that they can workout harder
137
What happens to cardiac output (Q) with training at resting and submaximal levels
nothing, there is no change
138
What happens to cardiac output (Q) with training at maximal levels
there is a 15-20% increase in Q with training
139
What does the 15-20% increase in Q from training result in
they are able to work harder than before
140
What does the graph of Q before and after training look like
Q for both before and after training increase equally with increased workload, then as work continues to increase before training levels off and stops while after training continues to rise
141
What is the typical arterial O2 content
20ml O2/100ml blood
142
What is the typical venous O2 content
14ml O2/100ml blood
143
What is the average difference of O2 levels between venous and arterial at rest
6ml O2/100ml blood
144
What is the average difference of O2 levels between venous and arterial at max intensity
16ml O2/100ml blood
145
What happens to arterial O2 levels with exercise
nothing changes, they remain constant
146
what happens to venous O2 levels with exercise
they decrease
147
what happens to arterial O2 capacity with exercise
it slightly increases
148
What happens to resting VO2 with training
It is unchanged
149
What happens to VO2 levels during submaximal exercise after training
there is no change, if there is it is due to efficiency and learning, weight loss
150
What happens to VO2 levels during maximal exercise after training
They increase
151
What are the causes of the increase in maximal oxygen consumption
Oxygen delivery increases (VO2 max)
| Oxygen extraction increases (endurance capacity)
152
What causes oxygen delivery to increase
```
CARDIAC OUTPUT AND BLOOD FLOW DISTRIBUTION
myocardial changes
blood volume
blood composition
capillarity
```
153
What causes oxygen extraction to increase
MITOCHONDRIAL ADAPTATIONS
Increased enzyme activities
myoglobin content
154
What are some factors that can affect potential alterations in VO2 max
- initial level of conditioning
- Heredity/genetics
- Age
- Gender
- specificity of training
155
How does initial level of conditioning affect potential alterations in VO2 max
physically active = less alterations
156
How does heredity/genetics affect potential alterations in VO2 max
Responders and non responders
| some don't respond as well as others
157
How does gender affect potential alterations in VO2 max
capacity of change is related to body size, muscle mass, blood volume
158
How does specificity of training affect potential alterations in VO2 max
quality, quantity and mode of exercise all matter
159
What happens to plasma volume in training
it increases
160
what happens to red blood cell volume in training
it increases
161
what happens to hematocrit with training
it decreases
162
what are the three things that happen to blood flow and distribution during exercise
1. increased capillarization
2. increased capillary rectruitment
3. Result: improved blood flow distribution
163
What happens to mitochondrial protein content with training
the protein levels are increased
164
in what ways is mitochondrial protein content increased with training
they increase in Size, number, development
165
What does the increased protein content of mitochondria result in
increased enzyme activity
166
Why is it important that mitochondria are able to work more efficiently with exercise and after training
because the heart is now more able to move oxygen, so the body needs to be able to use it more efficiently
167
What is temperature homeostasis
balance in heat gain and heat loss
168
How is heat produced by the body
Metabolism and its reactions are relatively inneficient and create heat as a byproduct
169
what percent of energy is released as heat
75%
170
How does level of exercise affect heat production
the more strenuous you exercise, the more metabolic rate increases, the more heat increases
171
What are the four ways the body transfers heat
Conduction
convection
radiation
evaporation
172
What is conduction
heat transferred through touch
173
what is convection
heat transfer caused by the movement of fluids (fan)
174
what is radiation
heat radiating off of the body, transferred without touch
175
what is evaporation
sweating, movement of warm liquids to the skin that evaporate and cool you down
176
What does the ambient temperature and heat loss graph look like
Energy output is a straight horizontal line at the top of the graph.
Heat production is another straight horizontal line that is 75% of the height of the energy output line.
Convective and radiative heat loss start out making up about 80% of heat loss and gradually go down to below 0 as the temperature is increased
Evaporative heat loss starts out low, and gradually increases as temperature increases. It eventually crosses the heat production line when the convective and radiative line crosses 0
The cross between evaporative and convective happens at about 20 degrees celcius
177
What is the main source of heat loss while exercising
evaporation
178
what is the main source of heat loss at rest
convective and radiative
179
what happens to main type of heat loss as temperature increases
it switches from convective and radiative gradually
180
What percent of heat lost during exercise is due to evaporation
80%
181
What things can influence how well sweating and evaporation cool you down during exercise
Humidity and water vapor gradients
182
How can humidity and water vapor gradients affect sweating and evaporation
the more humid it is, the more water vapor that is in the air. the more water vapor in the air means less of a gradient between the water on your skin and in the air. This leads to less evaporation and less cooling
183
So does cooling by evaporation work better in the desert or deep south
desert
184
What does a helmet do to heat loss
it doesn't really change anything except people feel like they get hot faster
185
What is the thermostat of the body
the Hypothalamus
186
Where are thermoreceptors of your body
Central
| Peripheral
187
What do the central thermoreceptors of your body do
they sense blood and core temperatures
188
what do the peripheral thermoreceptors of your body do
they sense skin temperature
189
Where does all of the information from your central and peripheral thermoreceptors go
it is routed through the hypothalamus
190
What can the hypothalamus control when it comes to temperature
skin blood flow and sweat response
191
What are the factors that can influence environmental heat stress
air temperature
humidity
air velocity
thermal radiation
192
What does the Wet Bulb Globe Thermometer do
it accounts for air temperature. humidity, and thermal radiation to determine how much environmental heat stress there is
193
What do the parts of the wet bulb globe thermometer do
The black bulb thermometer accounts for thermal radiation
The dry thermometer accounts for air temperature
The water thermometer accounts for humidity
194
What is the equation for the Wet bulb globe thermometer
WBGT = .1 T (air temp) + .7 T (humidity temp) + .2 T (radiation temp)
195
What is the order of most to least important factors of evironmental heat stress
humidity
radiaition
Air temperature
Air velocity
196
What does a WBGT range of >82 degrees F or 28 degrees celcius mean
Black Flag
Extreme risk
Cancel race
Don't run
197
What does a WBGT range of between 73-82 degrees F and 23-28 degrees C mean
red flag
high risk
consider shortening or altering the race
slow the pace, heat sensitive shouldn't run
198
What does a WBGT range of between 65-73 degrees F and 18-23 degrees C mean
yellow flag
moderate risk
ensure adequate fluids and cooling
slow the pace as the heat increases
199
What does a WBGT range of between 50-65 degrees F and 10-18 degrees C mean
Green flag
Low risk
no race changes
no participant recommendations
200
What does a WBGT range of less than 50 degrees F and 10 degrees C mean
White flag
variable risk
shorten race is wet and windy, cancel is too bad
slow runners beware, stay dry, protect head and hands
201
what is the primary stimulus for thermoregulatory adaptations
elevated core temperature
202
What impacts the elevated core temperature
exercise and environment
203
What is the purpose of thermoregulatory adaptations
regulate core temp
regulate heart rate
regulate blood volume
204
What happens to core temperature as you become adapted to the heat compared to unadapted
your body temperature stays consistantly lower than it would if you weren't heat acclimatized. both go up the longer you exercise
205
What happens to heart rate as you become heat acclimatized vs. non acclimatized
your heart rate starts out a little lower when you are acclimatized and barely goes up with exercise. If you aren't acclimatized heart rate goes up pretty drastically
206
What happens to plasma volume as you get heat acclimatized
after 3 days your plasma volume goes up and peaks at 6 days, then it comes back to normal after 9 days.
during that same time hemoglobin and hematocrit decrease, then increase back to normal too
the whole time RBC volume stays the same
207
What causes the changes in plasma volume with heat acclimatization
Sweat, heat, and fluid balance.
208
How does ADH/Aldosterone participate in heat acclimatization
exposure to heat and fluid loss leads to secretion of these hormones, which cause water to be retained
209
How much does plasma volume expand with heat acclimatization
10-12%
210
What are the benefits of increasing plasma volume
Cardiac performance increases
| More muscle/skin blood flow
211
Where does most of the water you sweat out come from
not the blood but the interstitial water
212
What are the three sweating adaptations that can occur with acclimatization
1. Earlier onset of sweating
2. Higher sweat rate
3. Reduced NaCl loss in sweat
213
How is NaCl levels lost in sweat decreased
the sweat glands adapt in response to increased aldosterone secretion
214
How long does heat acclimatization usually take
2 weeks with regular exposure
215
How long does plasma volume expansion usually take with 2 weeks of regular exposure and heat acclimatization
4-6 days
216
How long does enhanced sweat response usually take with 2 weeks of regular exposure and heat acclimatization
12-14 days
217
How long does it take to lose your adaptations to heat when have no exposure
in 7 days it is measureable, after 28 days it is complete
218
How important is replacing your fluids that you have lost
very
219
What is affected when you don't replace the fluids you lose
your heart rate, because less blood = more pumping
220
What happens to heart rate if you don't replace your fluids
your heart rate drastically increases over time of exercising
221
what happens to heart rate if you use saline to maintain your fluids
your heart rate slightly increases over time of exercising
222
what happens to heart rate if you use water to replace your fluids
your heart rate will just barely increase over time with exercising
223
What is the best kind of fluids to consume when exercising
cold with low glucose levels
224
What is used to determine if fluids are good for replacing water lost in sweat
gastric residue, the more left in your stomach the less effective it is
225
What happens to gastric residue levels as you put more sugar in your drink
they increase (bad)
226
what happens to gastric residue levels as you increase the temp of your drink
they increase (bad)
227
What happens to gastric residue levels as you increase the intensity of the workout
they increase (bad)
228
how does the volume ingested vs. volume emptied graph look
the more you ingest the more you empty up to a certain amount where it levels off. (it looks like the body just can't empty more than a certain amount)
229
What is the ACSM guidline for fluid consumption
drink 150-200 ml / 15 min
230
What is the recommended glucose levels in fluids
6-8% for most sports drinks, more may be better but it is less tolerable
231
How much CHO do you need per hour
30-50g
232
What do electrolytes do
they help with fluid absorption and palatability
233
What is the recommended intake of liquids for exercises less than 1 hour
just drink water
234
what is the recommended intake of liquids for exercises more than 1 hour
8% CHO, electrolytes, greater than 500 ml/hour
235
What is the recommended intake of liquids for exercises more than 3 hours
8% CHO, electrolytes, greater than 500 ml/hour
236
What happens to stroke volume as you increase the intensity of your workout
it increases until you hit 40% VO2 max, then it levels out and stays constant
237
what happens to heart rate as you increase the intensity of your workout
it constantly and gradually increases
238
What happens to cardiac output as you increase the intensity of your workout
quickly increases until 40% VO2 max, then it continues to increase, but it does so less quickly
239
What is cardiovascular drift
Cardiac output remains the same, stroke volume decrease, and heart rate increases as your exercise gets longer
240
What causes cardiovascular drift
dehydration and increased skin blood flow due to rising body temperature.
this means there is less blood to pump, so you have less SV and need more HR
also there is an increase in sympathetic drive
