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Exercise Physiology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four functions of the cardiovascular system

A

deliver oxygen
deliver nutrients
remove waste
regulate temperature

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2
Q

What are the major cardiovascular adjustements to exercise

A

cardiac output

blood flow distribution

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3
Q

Is the cardiovascualr system closed

A

yep it just goes from arteries to veins

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4
Q

Which side of the heart is the pulmonary circut

A

right

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5
Q

what is the left side of the heart a part of

A

systemic circut

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6
Q

What are the three layers of the myocardium

A

epi, myo, and endocardium

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7
Q

In what ways is the myocardium similar to skeletal muscle

A

striated tissue, and the contractile process

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8
Q

What are some unique aspects of the myocardium

A

short, branched fibers
intercalated disc connections
Atrial/ventricular separation
highly aerobic fibers with large numbers of mithochondria

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9
Q

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle

A

Systole and Diastole

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10
Q

What dictates the flow of blood through the heart

A

pressure (it causes the opening and closing of the valves of the heart

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11
Q

What percent of the passive filling of the ventricles is due to pressure changes

A

70%

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12
Q

What happens to the phases of the cardiac cycle with exercise

A

they change
systole is larger in exercise than diastole
diastole is larger in rest than systole

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13
Q

What happens to heart rate with increased exercise

A

it goes up a lot

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14
Q

What are the values for normal blood pressure

A

120/80

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15
Q

what are the values for high blood pressure

A

140/90

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16
Q

What are the factors that influence arterial blood pressure

A 
increase in blood volume
increase in heart rate
increase in stroke volume
increase in blood viscocity
increase in peripheral resistance
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17
Q

What are the portions of the electrocariogram and what do they represent

A

P wave - Depolarization of the atria
QRS - Depolarization of the ventricles
T wave - Repolarization of the ventricles

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18
Q

How does the electrical conduction of the heart go

A
  1. you have special autorythmic cells that don’t need input to work
  2. Influx of sodium causes depolarization at the SA node int the right atria
  3. that depolarization of the SA node passes to the AV node then to bundle branches, and the perkinje fibers
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19
Q

What is cardiac output (Q)

A

the indicator of the hearts performance

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20
Q

what is stroke volume

A

h

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21
Q

what is heart rate

A

h

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22
Q

What is venous return

A

h

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23
Q

what is End Diastolic Volume

A

h

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24
Q

What factors affect cardiac output

A

preload
afterload
contractility
heart rate

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25
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output Q

A

Q = SV x HR

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26
Q

What is a normal cardiac output for someone at rest

A

5 l/min

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27
Q

what is the cardiac output for someone working out

A

25 l/min

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28
Q

What regulates heart rate

A

parasympathetic (-) and sympathetic (+)

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29
Q

What are the nerves of the parasympathetic to the heart

A

vagus nerves and nodes

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30
Q

what are the nerves of sympathetic to the heart

A

cardiac accelerator nerves, nodes, and ventricles

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31
Q

What causes the increase in heart rate during exercise

A

parasympathetic withdrawl and sympathetic output

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32
Q

What are the factors that affect stroke volume

A

end diastolic volume
average aortic blood pressure
strength of ventricular contration

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33
Q

what affects end diastolic volume

A

venous return

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34
Q

What is end diastolic volume

A

the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

Preload

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35
Q

how does the average aortic blood pressure affect stroke voluem

A

the higher the pressure in the system, the harder the heart must pump in order to eject blood

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36
Q

What is another name for the strength of ventricular contraction

A

contractility

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37
Q

What is preload

A

end diastolic volume

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38
Q

What is the frank starling law

A

increased EDV = Increased ventricular stretch = Increased SV

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39
Q

How does preload increase SV

A

enhances the myosin actin interaction

Enchances Ca and kinetics

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40
Q

What leads to increased venous return

A

venoconstriction
Muscle pump
respiratory pump

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41
Q

What affects venoconstriction

A

sympathetic output and smooth muscle contraction

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42
Q

what affects the muscle pump

A

muscle contraction and compression of the veins

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43
Q

What affects the respiratory pump

A

increased abdominal pressure (inspiration)

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44
Q

What is afterload

A

the amount of pressure the heart must pump against (TPR)

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45
Q

What affects afterload or TPR

A

dialition and constriction of the vessels throughout the body

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46
Q

What does TPR do to pumping time

A

valves open later and close earlier

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47
Q

What affects contractility

A

Calcium!!

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48
Q

What are the two things that affect contractility

A

calcium and EDV

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49
Q

what increases intracellular Ca

A

sympathetic output to myocardium and circulating epi

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50
Q

What things affect HR

A

parasymp and symp nerves

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51
Q

what things affect SV

A

MAP
contraction strength
EDV

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52
Q

What are the physical characteristics of blood

A 
RBC
WBC
platelets
hematocrit
viscocity
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53
Q

what are the factors that affect blood flow

A

pressure gradient

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54
Q

what are the things that affect the circulatory pressure gradient

A

vessel diameter

blood viscocity

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55
Q

What is poiseuilles equation

A

It basically says that a small change in vessel diameter leads to a large change in blood flow

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56
Q

What happens to oxygen demand during exercise

A

it increase

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57
Q

What causes an increase in oxygen delivered during exercise

A

increased Q

redistribution of blood flow to the muscle

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58
Q

What happens to the blood flow to the body during exercise

A

blood flow to the muscle increases

blood flow to the gut decreases

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59
Q

Where does blood mostly go during exercise

A

most of it goes to the muscle, some to the skin as well

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60
Q

absolute vs. relative flow

A

h

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61
Q

What is the autoregulation of blood flow during exercise

A

local override of the sympathetic output

local vasodialation

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62
Q

What are activators

A

metabolic by products that induce blood flow to the tissues

Nitric oxide, adenosine, po2, pco2, pH

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63
Q

Where is the cardiovascular control center located

A

medulla and pons of the brainstem

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64
Q

What affects the CVC

A 
Higher brain centers
chemoreceptors
hypothalamus
baroreceptors
muscle afferents
PO2, PCO2
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65
Q

What happens to the CV system during exercise

A

vasoconstriction
increased HR
increased contractility

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66
Q

What does the hypothalaus regulate

A

temperature

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67
Q

What do baroreceptors do

A

regulate pressure

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68
Q

What do chemoreceptors do

A

sense CO2, pH, O2

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69
Q

what do muscle afferents do

A

sense thermal, mechanical, and chemical stuff

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70
Q

What are the functions of the lungs

A

ventilation
respiration
diffusion

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71
Q

What makes up the conducting zone of the lungs

A

trachea
bronchial tree
terminal bronchioles

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72
Q

What makes up the respiratory zone of the lungs

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar sacs
alveoli

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73
Q

What does the conducting zone do

A

conducts air into the respiratory zone

himidifies, warms and filters the air

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74
Q

What does the respiratory zone do

A

exchange of gases between the blood and air

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75
Q

how many alveoli are there

A

300 million

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76
Q

how big are alveoli if they were laid out

A

60-80 m^2

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77
Q

What are the muscles of inspiration

A 
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
external intercostals
internal intercostals
diaphragm
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78
Q

What are the muscles of expiration

A 
internal intercostals
external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique
transverse abdominis
rectus abdominis
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79
Q

What are the mechanics of inspiration

A

diaphragm pulls downward, lowering intrapulmonary pressure

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80
Q

What are the mechanics of expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes, raising intrapulmonary pressure

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81
Q

What determines the resistance to airflow

A

airway diameter

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82
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation

A

the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute

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83
Q

what does pulmonary ventilation depend on

A

tidal volume and breathing frequency

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84
Q

What is daltons law of partial pressure of gasses

A

the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure that each gas qould exert independently

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85
Q

What percent of air is oxygen

A

about 20

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86
Q

what is the total pressure of the air

A

760 mmHG

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87
Q

what is the partial pressure of oxygen

A

760 x .2 = 159 mmHG

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88
Q

What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen as you increase in altitude

A

it goes down

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89
Q

what does a decrease in the partial pressure of uxygen do

A

decreases the gradient, which leads to less O2 binding to HGB

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90
Q

What happens to PO2 from lungs back to lungs

A

from 100 - 40

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91
Q

What happens to PCO2 fron lungs back to lungs

A

from 40 - 46

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92
Q

What is pulmonary diffusion

A

O2 is uptook, CO2 is removed

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93
Q

Does hemoglobin have a high or low affinity for O2

A

high

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94
Q

what percent of O2 that is transported is bound to HBG

A

99%

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95
Q

How does the rest of O2 get transported

A

dissolved

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96
Q

What happens to HGB+O2 with PO2 changes

A

the higher the PO2 the higher the affinity, starts out steep and levels off

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97
Q

is the PO2 higher in the lungs or in the tissues

A

the lungs

98
Q

What does pH do the HGB O2 affinity

A

exercise decreases pH which causes the HGb O2 curve to shift right (favors unloading of O2) (Bohr effect)

99
Q

What does temperature do to HGB O2 affinity

A

exercise leads to increased temp, causes a rightward shift, favors O2 unloading where there is most heat (muscles) This causes weaker HGB O2 bonds

100
Q

What causes O2 to be transported to the muscle

A

myoglobin

101
Q

what is myoglobin like

A

higher affinity for O2 than HGB

102
Q

what does myoglobin do

A

maintains O2 flux from blood to mitochondria

103
Q

What type of muscle has greater concentration of myoglobin

A

type 1 muscle tissue

104
Q

how is CO2 transported

A

dissolved (7-10%)
HGB (20%)
bicarb (70%)

105
Q

What is carboaminohemoglobin

A

HGB bound to CO2

106
Q

What is the bicarb reaction

A

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3

107
Q

What catalyzes CO2 to H2CO3

A

carbonic anhydrase

108
Q

What happens to pulmonary ventilation during rest, moderate, and heavy exercise

A

increases more and more the harder you exercise

109
Q

What is responsible for control of ventilation

A

respiratory control center
chemoreceptors
neural input

110
Q

What is the initial stimulus for control of ventilaion

A

respiratory control center

111
Q

where are the chemoreceptors for ventilaion

A

central - medulla (cerebrospinal fluid pH and PCO2)

peripheral - aortic and carotid (pH, PCO2, PO2, K)

112
Q

where does neural imput that affects ventilation come from

A

motor cortex
skeletal muscle
-mechanoreceptors
- chemoreceptors

113
Q

What are some possible limitations to performance from ventilation

A

hypoxemia

114
Q

is fatigue of respiratory muscles likely

A

nope

115
Q

what happens to blood/capillary contact time during intense exercises

A

it decreases a lot, decreasing HGB/O2 binding

116
Q

What is hypoxemia

A

desaturation of HGB with O2

it happens when blood flow exceeds pulmonary diffusion capacity

117
Q

What things act together to fine tune ventilation during exercise

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Skeletal chemoreceptors

118
Q

In what ways does exercise challenge homeostasis

A 
Increase in PO2
Increase in PCO2
Increase in uptake of Glucose
Decrease in ph (due to increase in lactate)
Increase in mean arterial blood pressure
Increase in temperature
119
Q

What are the three main principles of training

A

Overload
Specificity
Reversability

120
Q

What are the minimum requirements for endurance training

A
  • Must use 50% of muscle mass
  • 15-20 min of continuous exercise, 3-5 days a week
  • 50-60% of VO2 max
121
Q

What determines the level of adapdation from your training

A

the amount of training overload

122
Q

What is specificity

A

Your adaptations will be similar to the activity you are doing

123
Q

What happens to the amount of blood the heart can pump with training

A

It can pump more blood

124
Q

why can the heart pump more blood with training

A

increase in myocardial mass

increase in left ventricle volume

125
Q

What kind of adaptations to the heart occur with endurance training

A

volume overload

126
Q

what kind of adaptations to the heart occur with resistance training

A

pressure overload

127
Q

What causes the volume overload from endurance training

A

the myocardium hypertrophies (from more work)

the left ventricle becomes more voluminous (from more venous return)

128
Q

What causes the pressure overload from resistance training

A

the myocardium hypertrophies (from increased resistance from vasoconstriction)

129
Q

How much can stroke volume increase with training

A

15-20%

130
Q

What is the left ventricle volume like at rest and at max for untrained people

A

60 ml at rest, 100 ml at max

131
Q

What is the left ventricle volume like at rest and at max for trained people

A

100 ml at rest, 180 ml at max

132
Q

What happens to heart rate with training

A

it decreases

133
Q

what is the average resting heart rate

A

60-70 bpm

134
Q

What results in the decreased heart rate with training

A

increased parasympathetic

Muscular and SV changes

135
Q

What is the submaximal heart rate like after training

A

it is lower than before training

136
Q

what happens to the maximal heart rate after training

A

(it is stable, maybe decreases?)

it is lower than it would have been without training, and it appears that they can workout harder

137
Q

What happens to cardiac output (Q) with training at resting and submaximal levels

A

nothing, there is no change

138
Q

What happens to cardiac output (Q) with training at maximal levels

A

there is a 15-20% increase in Q with training

139
Q

What does the 15-20% increase in Q from training result in

A

they are able to work harder than before

140
Q

What does the graph of Q before and after training look like

A

Q for both before and after training increase equally with increased workload, then as work continues to increase before training levels off and stops while after training continues to rise

141
Q

What is the typical arterial O2 content

A

20ml O2/100ml blood

142
Q

What is the typical venous O2 content

A

14ml O2/100ml blood

143
Q

What is the average difference of O2 levels between venous and arterial at rest

A

6ml O2/100ml blood

144
Q

What is the average difference of O2 levels between venous and arterial at max intensity

A

16ml O2/100ml blood

145
Q

What happens to arterial O2 levels with exercise

A

nothing changes, they remain constant

146
Q

what happens to venous O2 levels with exercise

A

they decrease

147
Q

what happens to arterial O2 capacity with exercise

A

it slightly increases

148
Q

What happens to resting VO2 with training

A

It is unchanged

149
Q

What happens to VO2 levels during submaximal exercise after training

A

there is no change, if there is it is due to efficiency and learning, weight loss

150
Q

What happens to VO2 levels during maximal exercise after training

A

They increase

151
Q

What are the causes of the increase in maximal oxygen consumption

A

Oxygen delivery increases (VO2 max)

Oxygen extraction increases (endurance capacity)

152
Q

What causes oxygen delivery to increase

A 
CARDIAC OUTPUT AND BLOOD FLOW DISTRIBUTION
myocardial changes
blood volume
blood composition
capillarity
153
Q

What causes oxygen extraction to increase

A

MITOCHONDRIAL ADAPTATIONS
Increased enzyme activities
myoglobin content

154
Q

What are some factors that can affect potential alterations in VO2 max

A
  • initial level of conditioning
  • Heredity/genetics
  • Age
  • Gender
  • specificity of training
155
Q

How does initial level of conditioning affect potential alterations in VO2 max

A

physically active = less alterations

156
Q

How does heredity/genetics affect potential alterations in VO2 max

A

Responders and non responders

some don’t respond as well as others

157
Q

How does gender affect potential alterations in VO2 max

A

capacity of change is related to body size, muscle mass, blood volume

158
Q

How does specificity of training affect potential alterations in VO2 max

A

quality, quantity and mode of exercise all matter

159
Q

What happens to plasma volume in training

A

it increases

160
Q

what happens to red blood cell volume in training

A

it increases

161
Q

what happens to hematocrit with training

A

it decreases

162
Q

what are the three things that happen to blood flow and distribution during exercise

A
  1. increased capillarization
  2. increased capillary rectruitment
  3. Result: improved blood flow distribution
163
Q

What happens to mitochondrial protein content with training

A

the protein levels are increased

164
Q

in what ways is mitochondrial protein content increased with training

A

they increase in Size, number, development

165
Q

What does the increased protein content of mitochondria result in

A

increased enzyme activity

166
Q

Why is it important that mitochondria are able to work more efficiently with exercise and after training

A

because the heart is now more able to move oxygen, so the body needs to be able to use it more efficiently

167
Q

What is temperature homeostasis

A

balance in heat gain and heat loss

168
Q

How is heat produced by the body

A

Metabolism and its reactions are relatively inneficient and create heat as a byproduct

169
Q

what percent of energy is released as heat

A

75%

170
Q

How does level of exercise affect heat production

A

the more strenuous you exercise, the more metabolic rate increases, the more heat increases

171
Q

What are the four ways the body transfers heat

A

Conduction
convection
radiation
evaporation

172
Q

What is conduction

A

heat transferred through touch

173
Q

what is convection

A

heat transfer caused by the movement of fluids (fan)

174
Q

what is radiation

A

heat radiating off of the body, transferred without touch

175
Q

what is evaporation

A

sweating, movement of warm liquids to the skin that evaporate and cool you down

176
Q

What does the ambient temperature and heat loss graph look like

A

Energy output is a straight horizontal line at the top of the graph.
Heat production is another straight horizontal line that is 75% of the height of the energy output line.
Convective and radiative heat loss start out making up about 80% of heat loss and gradually go down to below 0 as the temperature is increased
Evaporative heat loss starts out low, and gradually increases as temperature increases. It eventually crosses the heat production line when the convective and radiative line crosses 0
The cross between evaporative and convective happens at about 20 degrees celcius

177
Q

What is the main source of heat loss while exercising

A

evaporation

178
Q

what is the main source of heat loss at rest

A

convective and radiative

179
Q

what happens to main type of heat loss as temperature increases

A

it switches from convective and radiative gradually

180
Q

What percent of heat lost during exercise is due to evaporation

A

80%

181
Q

What things can influence how well sweating and evaporation cool you down during exercise

A

Humidity and water vapor gradients

182
Q

How can humidity and water vapor gradients affect sweating and evaporation

A

the more humid it is, the more water vapor that is in the air. the more water vapor in the air means less of a gradient between the water on your skin and in the air. This leads to less evaporation and less cooling

183
Q

So does cooling by evaporation work better in the desert or deep south

A

desert

184
Q

What does a helmet do to heat loss

A

it doesn’t really change anything except people feel like they get hot faster

185
Q

What is the thermostat of the body

A

the Hypothalamus

186
Q

Where are thermoreceptors of your body

A

Central

Peripheral

187
Q

What do the central thermoreceptors of your body do

A

they sense blood and core temperatures

188
Q

what do the peripheral thermoreceptors of your body do

A

they sense skin temperature

189
Q

Where does all of the information from your central and peripheral thermoreceptors go

A

it is routed through the hypothalamus

190
Q

What can the hypothalamus control when it comes to temperature

A

skin blood flow and sweat response

191
Q

What are the factors that can influence environmental heat stress

A

air temperature
humidity
air velocity
thermal radiation

192
Q

What does the Wet Bulb Globe Thermometer do

A

it accounts for air temperature. humidity, and thermal radiation to determine how much environmental heat stress there is

193
Q

What do the parts of the wet bulb globe thermometer do

A

The black bulb thermometer accounts for thermal radiation
The dry thermometer accounts for air temperature
The water thermometer accounts for humidity

194
Q

What is the equation for the Wet bulb globe thermometer

A

WBGT = .1 T (air temp) + .7 T (humidity temp) + .2 T (radiation temp)

195
Q

What is the order of most to least important factors of evironmental heat stress

A

humidity
radiaition
Air temperature
Air velocity

196
Q

What does a WBGT range of >82 degrees F or 28 degrees celcius mean

A

Black Flag
Extreme risk
Cancel race
Don’t run

197
Q

What does a WBGT range of between 73-82 degrees F and 23-28 degrees C mean

A

red flag
high risk
consider shortening or altering the race
slow the pace, heat sensitive shouldn’t run

198
Q

What does a WBGT range of between 65-73 degrees F and 18-23 degrees C mean

A

yellow flag
moderate risk
ensure adequate fluids and cooling
slow the pace as the heat increases

199
Q

What does a WBGT range of between 50-65 degrees F and 10-18 degrees C mean

A

Green flag
Low risk
no race changes
no participant recommendations

200
Q

What does a WBGT range of less than 50 degrees F and 10 degrees C mean

A

White flag
variable risk
shorten race is wet and windy, cancel is too bad
slow runners beware, stay dry, protect head and hands

201
Q

what is the primary stimulus for thermoregulatory adaptations

A

elevated core temperature

202
Q

What impacts the elevated core temperature

A

exercise and environment

203
Q

What is the purpose of thermoregulatory adaptations

A

regulate core temp
regulate heart rate
regulate blood volume

204
Q

What happens to core temperature as you become adapted to the heat compared to unadapted

A

your body temperature stays consistantly lower than it would if you weren’t heat acclimatized. both go up the longer you exercise

205
Q

What happens to heart rate as you become heat acclimatized vs. non acclimatized

A

your heart rate starts out a little lower when you are acclimatized and barely goes up with exercise. If you aren’t acclimatized heart rate goes up pretty drastically

206
Q

What happens to plasma volume as you get heat acclimatized

A

after 3 days your plasma volume goes up and peaks at 6 days, then it comes back to normal after 9 days.
during that same time hemoglobin and hematocrit decrease, then increase back to normal too
the whole time RBC volume stays the same

207
Q

What causes the changes in plasma volume with heat acclimatization

A

Sweat, heat, and fluid balance.

208
Q

How does ADH/Aldosterone participate in heat acclimatization

A

exposure to heat and fluid loss leads to secretion of these hormones, which cause water to be retained

209
Q

How much does plasma volume expand with heat acclimatization

A

10-12%

210
Q

What are the benefits of increasing plasma volume

A

Cardiac performance increases

More muscle/skin blood flow

211
Q

Where does most of the water you sweat out come from

A

not the blood but the interstitial water

212
Q

What are the three sweating adaptations that can occur with acclimatization

A
  1. Earlier onset of sweating
  2. Higher sweat rate
  3. Reduced NaCl loss in sweat
213
Q

How is NaCl levels lost in sweat decreased

A

the sweat glands adapt in response to increased aldosterone secretion

214
Q

How long does heat acclimatization usually take

A

2 weeks with regular exposure

215
Q

How long does plasma volume expansion usually take with 2 weeks of regular exposure and heat acclimatization

A

4-6 days

216
Q

How long does enhanced sweat response usually take with 2 weeks of regular exposure and heat acclimatization

A

12-14 days

217
Q

How long does it take to lose your adaptations to heat when have no exposure

A

in 7 days it is measureable, after 28 days it is complete

218
Q

How important is replacing your fluids that you have lost

A

very

219
Q

What is affected when you don’t replace the fluids you lose

A

your heart rate, because less blood = more pumping

220
Q

What happens to heart rate if you don’t replace your fluids

A

your heart rate drastically increases over time of exercising

221
Q

what happens to heart rate if you use saline to maintain your fluids

A

your heart rate slightly increases over time of exercising

222
Q

what happens to heart rate if you use water to replace your fluids

A

your heart rate will just barely increase over time with exercising

223
Q

What is the best kind of fluids to consume when exercising

A

cold with low glucose levels

224
Q

What is used to determine if fluids are good for replacing water lost in sweat

A

gastric residue, the more left in your stomach the less effective it is

225
Q

What happens to gastric residue levels as you put more sugar in your drink

A

they increase (bad)

226
Q

what happens to gastric residue levels as you increase the temp of your drink

A

they increase (bad)

227
Q

What happens to gastric residue levels as you increase the intensity of the workout

A

they increase (bad)

228
Q

how does the volume ingested vs. volume emptied graph look

A

the more you ingest the more you empty up to a certain amount where it levels off. (it looks like the body just can’t empty more than a certain amount)

229
Q

What is the ACSM guidline for fluid consumption

A

drink 150-200 ml / 15 min

230
Q

What is the recommended glucose levels in fluids

A

6-8% for most sports drinks, more may be better but it is less tolerable

231
Q

How much CHO do you need per hour

A

30-50g

232
Q

What do electrolytes do

A

they help with fluid absorption and palatability

233
Q

What is the recommended intake of liquids for exercises less than 1 hour

A

just drink water

234
Q

what is the recommended intake of liquids for exercises more than 1 hour

A

8% CHO, electrolytes, greater than 500 ml/hour

235
Q

What is the recommended intake of liquids for exercises more than 3 hours

A

8% CHO, electrolytes, greater than 500 ml/hour

236
Q

What happens to stroke volume as you increase the intensity of your workout

A

it increases until you hit 40% VO2 max, then it levels out and stays constant

237
Q

what happens to heart rate as you increase the intensity of your workout

A

it constantly and gradually increases

238
Q

What happens to cardiac output as you increase the intensity of your workout

A

quickly increases until 40% VO2 max, then it continues to increase, but it does so less quickly

239
Q

What is cardiovascular drift

A

Cardiac output remains the same, stroke volume decrease, and heart rate increases as your exercise gets longer

240
Q

What causes cardiovascular drift

A

dehydration and increased skin blood flow due to rising body temperature.
this means there is less blood to pump, so you have less SV and need more HR
also there is an increase in sympathetic drive

Exercise Physiology (4 decks)

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