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KINE 2700 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Conversion of food into biologically usable form of energy

A

Bioenergetics

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2
Q

How is energy derived from bioenergetics stored?

A

chemical bonds

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3
Q

What is the total of all catabolic and anabolic reactions

A

Metabolism

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4
Q

What is the breakdown of large molecules to small?

A

Catabolic

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5
Q

During catabolic, energy is _______.

A

released

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6
Q

What is the synthesis of large molecules from smaller molecules?

A

Anabolic

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7
Q

During anabolic, energy is _____.

A

used & stored

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8
Q

T/F: Energy released from ATP during cellular activity must be replaced.

A

True

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9
Q

______ energy systems exist to replace the energy.

A

3

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10
Q

What are the two anaerobic processes?

A
  • Phosphagen system
  • Glycolytic system
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11
Q

What is the one aerobic process?

A

Oxidative system

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12
Q

Which energy system is a source of ATP for short term, high-intensity activities?

A

Phosphagen System

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13
Q

T/F: The phosphagen system is active at the start of all exercises regardless of intensity.

A

True

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14
Q

During the Phospagen System, ________ is broken down to replenish ______.

A

Creatine Phosphate
ATP

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15
Q

T/F: The phosphagen system has minimal stored in muscles.

A

True

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16
Q

Which system is the primary source of ATP for high-intensity activity up to 2 min?

A

Glycolytic System

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17
Q

What is the breakdown of glucose or glycogen to replenish ATP?

A

Glycolysis

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18
Q

T/F: During glycolysis a series of chemical rxns yielding ATP, pyruvate, & H+ pyruvate

A

True

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19
Q

Regulation of glycolysis is stimulated by ____________ and ________.

A

ADP, Pi, ammonia, slight decrease in PH

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20
Q

Which of the 3 systems is the rate limiting step?

A

Glycolytic

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21
Q

What is the enzyme for the glycolytic system?

A

PFK

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22
Q

What is lactate formulated due to reduced O2 availability in muscle cell?

A

Blood lactate

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23
Q

T/F: Blood lactate is used as a energy substrate.

A

True

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24
Q

Blood lactate is transported to ____ and enters _____.

A

Liver
Cori

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25
Q

Lactate concentrations return to normal within _______ after activity.

A

one hour

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26
Q

What does the lactate threshold indicate?

A

Increased reliance on aerobic mechanisms

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27
Q

The onset or blood lactate accumulation can be described as what?

A

Second point of inflection on the curve

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28
Q

Untrained VO2max vs Trained VO2max.

A

U: 50-60
T: 70-80

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29
Q

Which energy system is the primary source of ATP at rest during aerobic activities?

A

Oxidative system

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30
Q

What are the 2 primary energy substrates for the oxidative system?

A

Carbs & fat

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31
Q

T/F: Protein is only metabolized during starvation or >90min of steady-state exercise.

A

True

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32
Q

The ____________ of protons on provides energy for ATP production.

A

Concentration gradient

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33
Q

________ stored in fat cells are broken down.

A

Triglycerides

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34
Q

During Slow Glycolysis what is the ATP production of the following processes?

Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation: 2 NADH

A

4
6

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35
Q

During Kreb Cycle what is the ATP production of the following processes?

Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation: 8 NADH
Via GTP: 2 FADH2

A

2
24
4

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36
Q

One molecule of glycerol contains how many ATP?

A

22

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37
Q

How many ATP for a 18-Carbon Fatty Acid Metabolism?

A

441

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38
Q

Which energy system has the fastest rate of ATP production?

Which energy system has the slowest rate of ATP production?

A

Phospagen
Oxidation of fat and protein

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39
Q

Which energy system has the greatest capacity of ATP production?

Which energy system has the least capacity of ATP production?

A

Oxidation of fat and protein

Phospagen

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40
Q

T:F A single energy system supplies all energy needed at a time.

A

False

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41
Q

Contribution of an energy system is first determined by _______ then _______.

A

intensity
duration

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42
Q

Creatine decreases _____ - ____ during the first 5-30 secs.

A

50-70

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43
Q

Complete resynthesis of ATP within _____ min

Complete resynthesis of CP within _____ min

A

3-5
8

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44
Q

_______: more important source for moderate and high intensity exercise

A

muscle

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45
Q

_____: more important during low-intensity exercise

A

liver

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46
Q

Depletion is a limiting factor to _____.

A

exercise

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47
Q

T/F: Depletion is directly related to fatigue.

A

True

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48
Q

What is the measure of a persons ability to take in & use oxygen?

A

Oxygen uptake

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49
Q

T/F: intensity and duration have a direct relationship

A

False ; inverse

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50
Q

T/F: Rests between sets play a factor

A

True

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51
Q

Which plane divides the body into right and left halves?

A

Sagittal

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52
Q

Which plane divides the body into front and back halves?

A

Frontal

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53
Q

Which plane divides the body into upper and lower halves?

A

Transverse

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54
Q

Sagittal plane movements include: (S,E,W,S,H,Kj)

A

Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist, Spine, Hip, Knee joints

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55
Q

What is the decrease in a joint angle?

A

Flexion

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56
Q

What is the increase in joint angle?

A

Extension

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57
Q

What is decrease in the ankle joint?

A

Dorsiflexion

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58
Q

What is the increase in an ankle joint?

A

Plantarflexion

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59
Q

What is the movement away from the midline of the body?

A

Abduction

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60
Q

What is the movement toward the midline of the body?

A

Adduction

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61
Q

What is the decrease in joint angle of the trunk right or left?

A

Spine

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62
Q

What is the movement of the sole of the foot towards the midline of the body?

A

Inversion

63
Q

What is the movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline of the body?

A

Eversion

64
Q

What is the rotation towards the center of the body?

A

Internal rotation

65
Q

What is the rotation away from the center of the body?

A

External rotation

66
Q

What is the movement away from the midline of the body in the horizontal plane?

A

Horizontal abduction

67
Q

What is the movement towards the midline of the body in the horizontal plane?

A

Horizontal adduction

68
Q

What is the rotation of the trunk right or left?

A

Right/left spine rotation

69
Q

What is the movement from a descriptive perspective without regard for forces?

A

Kinematics

70
Q

What are 5 factors of Kinematics? (T,P,D,V,A)

A
  • Timing
  • Position
  • Displacement
  • Velocity
  • Acceleration
71
Q

What is the movement assessment with respect for forces?

A

Kinetics

72
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of forces relative to movement? (F,W,P,T)

A

-Force
- Work
- Power
- Torque

73
Q

What is the mechanical action that can produce, change, or stop the motion of a body?

A

Force

74
Q

T/F: Force is a fundamental element in human movement mechanics

A

True

75
Q

What are three examples of internal force? (M,T,L)

A
  • Muscle
  • Tendon
  • Ligament
76
Q

What are 3 examples of external force? (G,Ar,W)

A
  • Gravity
  • Air resistance
  • Weights
77
Q

What is the term for how much force is produced or applied?

A

Magnitude

78
Q

Which of newtons laws states:

“An objects motion is uniform until acted on by a force.”

A

1st

79
Q

Which of newtons laws states:
“Acceleration of an object is directly proportional to mass and force….F=ma”

A

2nd

80
Q

Which of newtowns laws states:
“ For every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction.”

A

3rd

81
Q

What is the rotational effect of a force about an axis?

A

Torque

82
Q

What are 2 factors that torque relies on? (F,P)

A

-Force applied within human body
- Product of force * movement arm

83
Q

_________ is the perpendicular distance from the axis to line of force action

A

Movement arm

84
Q

In the human movement, ___________ is the external load (e.g., weight ) to axis.

A

External movement arm

85
Q

What is the muscles line of action to axis?

A

Internal movement arm

86
Q

T/F: Movement arm changes as a limb moves through a range of motion about joint

A

True

87
Q

What is an example of a 1st class lever?

A

Triceps extension

88
Q

In a 1st class lever, using triceps extension exercise as an example:
Axis:
Applied force:
Resistance force:

A

Elbow joint
Triceps on the Olecranon process
Weight

89
Q

T/F: 1st class lever is “RAA”

A

True

90
Q

T/F: 2nd class lever is “ARA”

A

True

91
Q

In a 3rd class lever, the ______ is located between the _____ and _______.

A

Applied force, axis, resistive force

92
Q

T/F: The efficiency of a lever when moving an object is determined by comparing the ratio of the distance of movement arm of the applied force to the resistive force.

A

True

93
Q

________ is how much force is applied and how far an object moves.

A

Mechanical Work

94
Q

What is the rate at which he work is performed?

A

Mechanical power

95
Q

What is the ability or capacity to perform mechanical work?

A

Mechanical energy

96
Q

______ is the energy of motion.

A

Kinetic energy

97
Q

T/F: Kinetic energy is only angular.

A

False; its also linear

98
Q

T/F: Potential energy is the energy of position or deformation.

A

True

99
Q

__________: Function of body’s height above a reference level.

A

Gravitational

100
Q

________(strain): Energy stored within a body when deformed.

A

Deformational

101
Q

The term efficiency is defined as what?

A

How much work can be produced with the use of given amount of energy

102
Q

T/F: The human skeletal muscle is very efficient.

A

False; it is not very efficient

103
Q

About ____% of energy involved in activity contributes to work.

A

25

104
Q

What are 3 factors that efficiency is affected by?

A

Muscular coactivation
Isometric actions
Poor mechanics

105
Q

What is the increased efficiency by decreasing actions affecting movement?

A

Exercise economy

106
Q

What are the 4 primary characteristics of muscle tissue?

A

Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

107
Q

What 2 factors can affect the generation of muscle force?

A

Muscle architecture & length-tension relationship

108
Q

Muscle force recruitment has what 2 variations?

A

Intramuscular & Intermuscular

109
Q

T/F: In the first few weeks of training, strength gains are result of these neural adaptations.

A

True

110
Q

The human body operates as a ___________

A

Kinetic chain

111
Q

________ is a combination in which the terminal joint is free.

A

Open kinetic chain

112
Q

__________ is the terminal joint that meets some considerable external resistance which prohibits or restrains free movement.

A

Closed kinetic chain

113
Q

T/F: Selection of exercises based upon open or closed kinetic chain allows for transference to human movement performance.

A

True

114
Q

How many steps are there to identify muscle involvement and action for human movement?

A

6

115
Q

What resistance device has no change of the external force throughout the range of motion?

A

Constant resistance devices

116
Q

What are some examples of constant resistance devices?

A

Free weights, machines with fixed resistance

117
Q

Which resistance device has an external force that will increase or decrease throughout the range of motion?

A

Variable resistance devices

118
Q

What is an example of variable resistance devices?

A

Plate-loaded machines, cam-based resistance machines, elastic tubing/bands, chains

119
Q

What resistance device has external force that varies with the force applied?

A

Accommodating resistance device

120
Q

What are some examples of accommodating resistance device?

A

Isokinetic dynamometers, flywheels, and fluid resistance

121
Q

In biomechanics, the term body may refer to which of the following?
I. the human body
II. Limb segment
III. Piece of chalk

A
122
Q

Which of the following is the equation that represents work?

A

Force * distance moved

123
Q

Which of the following is incorrect regarding rate of force development?

A
124
Q

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the use of heavy metal chains on barbels?

A
125
Q

With water resistance, if the surface area is ________, the exercise will be _________.

A
126
Q

Which of the following is incorrect regarding stress response to resistance exercise?

A
127
Q

Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?

A
128
Q

Which of the following is incorrect regarding endocrine adaptations to resistance exercise?

A
129
Q

Which of the following is incorrect regarding individuals who posses the ACTN XX genotype?

A
130
Q

Approximately how often does resistance exercise need to be performed to prevent detraining?

A
131
Q

What are some factors that can impact physiological adaptations?

A

Age, sex, genetics

132
Q

T/F: Resistance training is a substantial stressor to the body.

A

True

133
Q

The musculoskeletal, endocrine, immune, and cardiorespiratory __________ after each training bout better prepare the body for subsequent training bouts.

A

Stress responses

134
Q

_________ during a training period ensures that the body is adequately stressed

A

Progressive overload

135
Q

Great personal trainers constantly observe clients during training sessions and interpret cues such as ______________.

A

Prolonged soreness
Nagging muscle or joint pain
A loss of enthusiasm for training
Plateaus in strength

136
Q

T/F: Chronic training adaptations occur in phases

A

True

137
Q

The initial and obvious adaptation to resistance training is an increase in strength which occurs within ________.

A

First month

138
Q

Visual changes in muscle mass or tone occur as soon as ______ to ______ months after initiating a regimented program.

A

One ; two

139
Q

Discernible improvements in bone mineral density occur over ________ moth(s) to _______.

A

Several ; a year

140
Q

________ are changes in the body that occur after repeated training bouts and that persist long after a training session is over.

A

Chronic adaptations

141
Q

___________ to exercise are the changes that occur in the body during and shortly after an exercise bout.

A

Acute responses

142
Q

The fibers contracting together and the innervating neuron are called a ________.

A

Motor unit

143
Q

What is the technique of recording these electrical events?

A

EMG (electromyography)

144
Q

What is the process in which tasks that require more force involve the activation of more motor units.

A

recruitment

145
Q

__________ refers to control of motor unit firing rate.

A

Rate coding

146
Q

Motor unit recruitment is based on the ___________.

A

Size principle

147
Q

Although fatigue is a highly complex phenomenon, it is clear that the acute changes in muscle cells include an accumulation of __________.

A

Metabolites (substances such as lactate)

148
Q

_________ are blood borne molecules that are produced in the endocrine glands?

A

Hormones

149
Q

_________ is a process critical for skeletal muscle hypertrophy that will be discussed in greater detail later.

A

Muscle protein synthesis

150
Q

__________ in muscle is the sum of protein synthesis and protein breakdown rates.

A

Net protein balance

151
Q

T/F: mechanotransduction is the process where protein signals in muscle increase in response to a resistance exercise bout (69).

A

True

152
Q

What is the term that refers to the simultaneous activation of an agonist and an antagonist during a motor task?

A

Contraction

153
Q

What is the increase in muscle fibers?

A

Hyperplasia

154
Q

The alpha actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene is coined to be the ____________.

A

Strength and power or athletic gene

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