Quiz 2 Flashcards
Conversion of food into biologically usable form of energy
Bioenergetics
How is energy derived from bioenergetics stored?
chemical bonds
What is the total of all catabolic and anabolic reactions
Metabolism
What is the breakdown of large molecules to small?
Catabolic
During catabolic, energy is _______.
released
What is the synthesis of large molecules from smaller molecules?
Anabolic
During anabolic, energy is _____.
used & stored
T/F: Energy released from ATP during cellular activity must be replaced.
True
______ energy systems exist to replace the energy.
3
What are the two anaerobic processes?
- Phosphagen system
- Glycolytic system
What is the one aerobic process?
Oxidative system
Which energy system is a source of ATP for short term, high-intensity activities?
Phosphagen System
T/F: The phosphagen system is active at the start of all exercises regardless of intensity.
True
During the Phospagen System, ________ is broken down to replenish ______.
Creatine Phosphate
ATP
T/F: The phosphagen system has minimal stored in muscles.
True
Which system is the primary source of ATP for high-intensity activity up to 2 min?
Glycolytic System
What is the breakdown of glucose or glycogen to replenish ATP?
Glycolysis
T/F: During glycolysis a series of chemical rxns yielding ATP, pyruvate, & H+ pyruvate
True
Regulation of glycolysis is stimulated by ____________ and ________.
ADP, Pi, ammonia, slight decrease in PH
Which of the 3 systems is the rate limiting step?
Glycolytic
What is the enzyme for the glycolytic system?
PFK
What is lactate formulated due to reduced O2 availability in muscle cell?
Blood lactate
T/F: Blood lactate is used as a energy substrate.
True
Blood lactate is transported to ____ and enters _____.
Liver
Cori
Lactate concentrations return to normal within _______ after activity.
one hour
What does the lactate threshold indicate?
Increased reliance on aerobic mechanisms
The onset or blood lactate accumulation can be described as what?
Second point of inflection on the curve
Untrained VO2max vs Trained VO2max.
U: 50-60
T: 70-80
Which energy system is the primary source of ATP at rest during aerobic activities?
Oxidative system
What are the 2 primary energy substrates for the oxidative system?
Carbs & fat
T/F: Protein is only metabolized during starvation or >90min of steady-state exercise.
True
The ____________ of protons on provides energy for ATP production.
Concentration gradient
________ stored in fat cells are broken down.
Triglycerides
During Slow Glycolysis what is the ATP production of the following processes?
Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation: 2 NADH
4
6
During Kreb Cycle what is the ATP production of the following processes?
Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation: 8 NADH
Via GTP: 2 FADH2
2
24
4
One molecule of glycerol contains how many ATP?
22
How many ATP for a 18-Carbon Fatty Acid Metabolism?
441
Which energy system has the fastest rate of ATP production?
Which energy system has the slowest rate of ATP production?
Phospagen
Oxidation of fat and protein
Which energy system has the greatest capacity of ATP production?
Which energy system has the least capacity of ATP production?
Oxidation of fat and protein
Phospagen
T:F A single energy system supplies all energy needed at a time.
False
Contribution of an energy system is first determined by _______ then _______.
intensity
duration
Creatine decreases _____ - ____ during the first 5-30 secs.
50-70
Complete resynthesis of ATP within _____ min
Complete resynthesis of CP within _____ min
3-5
8
_______: more important source for moderate and high intensity exercise
muscle
_____: more important during low-intensity exercise
liver
Depletion is a limiting factor to _____.
exercise
T/F: Depletion is directly related to fatigue.
True
What is the measure of a persons ability to take in & use oxygen?
Oxygen uptake
T/F: intensity and duration have a direct relationship
False ; inverse
T/F: Rests between sets play a factor
True
Which plane divides the body into right and left halves?
Sagittal
Which plane divides the body into front and back halves?
Frontal
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower halves?
Transverse
Sagittal plane movements include: (S,E,W,S,H,Kj)
Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist, Spine, Hip, Knee joints
What is the decrease in a joint angle?
Flexion
What is the increase in joint angle?
Extension
What is decrease in the ankle joint?
Dorsiflexion
What is the increase in an ankle joint?
Plantarflexion
What is the movement away from the midline of the body?
Abduction
What is the movement toward the midline of the body?
Adduction
What is the decrease in joint angle of the trunk right or left?
Spine
What is the movement of the sole of the foot towards the midline of the body?
Inversion
What is the movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline of the body?
Eversion
What is the rotation towards the center of the body?
Internal rotation
What is the rotation away from the center of the body?
External rotation
What is the movement away from the midline of the body in the horizontal plane?
Horizontal abduction
What is the movement towards the midline of the body in the horizontal plane?
Horizontal adduction
What is the rotation of the trunk right or left?
Right/left spine rotation
What is the movement from a descriptive perspective without regard for forces?
Kinematics
What are 5 factors of Kinematics? (T,P,D,V,A)
- Timing
- Position
- Displacement
- Velocity
- Acceleration
What is the movement assessment with respect for forces?
Kinetics
What are the 4 characteristics of forces relative to movement? (F,W,P,T)
-Force
- Work
- Power
- Torque
What is the mechanical action that can produce, change, or stop the motion of a body?
Force
T/F: Force is a fundamental element in human movement mechanics
True
What are three examples of internal force? (M,T,L)
- Muscle
- Tendon
- Ligament
What are 3 examples of external force? (G,Ar,W)
- Gravity
- Air resistance
- Weights
What is the term for how much force is produced or applied?
Magnitude
Which of newtons laws states:
“An objects motion is uniform until acted on by a force.”
1st
Which of newtons laws states:
“Acceleration of an object is directly proportional to mass and force….F=ma”
2nd
Which of newtowns laws states:
“ For every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
3rd
What is the rotational effect of a force about an axis?
Torque
What are 2 factors that torque relies on? (F,P)
-Force applied within human body
- Product of force * movement arm
_________ is the perpendicular distance from the axis to line of force action
Movement arm
In the human movement, ___________ is the external load (e.g., weight ) to axis.
External movement arm
What is the muscles line of action to axis?
Internal movement arm
T/F: Movement arm changes as a limb moves through a range of motion about joint
True
What is an example of a 1st class lever?
Triceps extension
In a 1st class lever, using triceps extension exercise as an example:
Axis:
Applied force:
Resistance force:
Elbow joint
Triceps on the Olecranon process
Weight
T/F: 1st class lever is “RAA”
True
T/F: 2nd class lever is “ARA”
True
In a 3rd class lever, the ______ is located between the _____ and _______.
Applied force, axis, resistive force
T/F: The efficiency of a lever when moving an object is determined by comparing the ratio of the distance of movement arm of the applied force to the resistive force.
True
________ is how much force is applied and how far an object moves.
Mechanical Work
What is the rate at which he work is performed?
Mechanical power
What is the ability or capacity to perform mechanical work?
Mechanical energy
______ is the energy of motion.
Kinetic energy
T/F: Kinetic energy is only angular.
False; its also linear
T/F: Potential energy is the energy of position or deformation.
True
__________: Function of body’s height above a reference level.
Gravitational
________(strain): Energy stored within a body when deformed.
Deformational
The term efficiency is defined as what?
How much work can be produced with the use of given amount of energy
T/F: The human skeletal muscle is very efficient.
False; it is not very efficient
About ____% of energy involved in activity contributes to work.
25
What are 3 factors that efficiency is affected by?
Muscular coactivation
Isometric actions
Poor mechanics
What is the increased efficiency by decreasing actions affecting movement?
Exercise economy
What are the 4 primary characteristics of muscle tissue?
Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
What 2 factors can affect the generation of muscle force?
Muscle architecture & length-tension relationship
Muscle force recruitment has what 2 variations?
Intramuscular & Intermuscular
T/F: In the first few weeks of training, strength gains are result of these neural adaptations.
True
The human body operates as a ___________
Kinetic chain
________ is a combination in which the terminal joint is free.
Open kinetic chain
__________ is the terminal joint that meets some considerable external resistance which prohibits or restrains free movement.
Closed kinetic chain
T/F: Selection of exercises based upon open or closed kinetic chain allows for transference to human movement performance.
True
How many steps are there to identify muscle involvement and action for human movement?
6
What resistance device has no change of the external force throughout the range of motion?
Constant resistance devices
What are some examples of constant resistance devices?
Free weights, machines with fixed resistance
Which resistance device has an external force that will increase or decrease throughout the range of motion?
Variable resistance devices
What is an example of variable resistance devices?
Plate-loaded machines, cam-based resistance machines, elastic tubing/bands, chains
What resistance device has external force that varies with the force applied?
Accommodating resistance device
What are some examples of accommodating resistance device?
Isokinetic dynamometers, flywheels, and fluid resistance
In biomechanics, the term body may refer to which of the following?
I. the human body
II. Limb segment
III. Piece of chalk
Which of the following is the equation that represents work?
Force * distance moved
Which of the following is incorrect regarding rate of force development?
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the use of heavy metal chains on barbels?
With water resistance, if the surface area is ________, the exercise will be _________.
Which of the following is incorrect regarding stress response to resistance exercise?
Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?
Which of the following is incorrect regarding endocrine adaptations to resistance exercise?
Which of the following is incorrect regarding individuals who posses the ACTN XX genotype?
Approximately how often does resistance exercise need to be performed to prevent detraining?
What are some factors that can impact physiological adaptations?
Age, sex, genetics
T/F: Resistance training is a substantial stressor to the body.
True
The musculoskeletal, endocrine, immune, and cardiorespiratory __________ after each training bout better prepare the body for subsequent training bouts.
Stress responses
_________ during a training period ensures that the body is adequately stressed
Progressive overload
Great personal trainers constantly observe clients during training sessions and interpret cues such as ______________.
Prolonged soreness
Nagging muscle or joint pain
A loss of enthusiasm for training
Plateaus in strength
T/F: Chronic training adaptations occur in phases
True
The initial and obvious adaptation to resistance training is an increase in strength which occurs within ________.
First month
Visual changes in muscle mass or tone occur as soon as ______ to ______ months after initiating a regimented program.
One ; two
Discernible improvements in bone mineral density occur over ________ moth(s) to _______.
Several ; a year
________ are changes in the body that occur after repeated training bouts and that persist long after a training session is over.
Chronic adaptations
___________ to exercise are the changes that occur in the body during and shortly after an exercise bout.
Acute responses
The fibers contracting together and the innervating neuron are called a ________.
Motor unit
What is the technique of recording these electrical events?
EMG (electromyography)
What is the process in which tasks that require more force involve the activation of more motor units.
recruitment
__________ refers to control of motor unit firing rate.
Rate coding
Motor unit recruitment is based on the ___________.
Size principle
Although fatigue is a highly complex phenomenon, it is clear that the acute changes in muscle cells include an accumulation of __________.
Metabolites (substances such as lactate)
_________ are blood borne molecules that are produced in the endocrine glands?
Hormones
_________ is a process critical for skeletal muscle hypertrophy that will be discussed in greater detail later.
Muscle protein synthesis
__________ in muscle is the sum of protein synthesis and protein breakdown rates.
Net protein balance
T/F: mechanotransduction is the process where protein signals in muscle increase in response to a resistance exercise bout (69).
True
What is the term that refers to the simultaneous activation of an agonist and an antagonist during a motor task?
Contraction
What is the increase in muscle fibers?
Hyperplasia
The alpha actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene is coined to be the ____________.
Strength and power or athletic gene
