Quiz 2 Flashcards by Olivia Hastings

Psychological Causal Factors of PHOBIAS

-Vicarious Conditioning
-Evolutionary Preparedness

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Vicarious Conditioning

Person to person learning through observation

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Evolutionary Preparedness

Prepared fears that keep us alive

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Biological Causal Factors of PHOBIAS

-Genetics
-Temperament

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Phobia Treatments

-exposure therapy
-virtual reality
-participant modeling
-cognitive techniques combinations

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What does the first panic attack in a panic disorder follow?

Feelings of distress or highly stressful life circumstances

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Parts of the brain involved in panic

-amygdala
-hippocampus
-higher cortical centers

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Biochemical abnormalities involved in panic

-low levels of GABA
-noradrenergic and serotonergic systems

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What does the hippocampus have to do with panic disorder and agoraphobic avoidance?

it’s involved in the learning of emotional responses, which is why you have anticipatory anxiety about another panic attack or leaving your house

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According to one theory, where in the brain do panic attacks arise from?

amygdala

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OCD common comorbid disorders

-other anxiety or mood disorders
-depression (80%)

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Exposure therapy

phobias and OCD

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OCD and ED connection

OCD: look “normal”, ED: look emaciated
OCD: obsessed/distressed about appearance ED: generally satisfied with appearance

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fear and anxiety share ___________ components

-cognitive/subjective
-psychological
-behavioral

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mood disorders defining feature:

extreme emotion

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two key moods of mood disorders

depression and mania

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anhedonia

inability to feel pleasure for the things you normally feel pleasure for

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unipolar mood disorder

only depressive episodes

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How many weeks of symptoms required for an MDD diagnosis?

two

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forms of depression

MDD
Persistent depressive disorder
Postpartum depression
Bereavement triggered depression

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cognitive diatheses that contribute to depression

negative thoughts about yourself, losing a parent early in life

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how is depression a conditioning issue

reward/punishment. ex: you stay in bed all day and avoid your problems, which makes you want to just keep staying in bed

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depression as a cognitive issue

how you think about yourself in situations, how you do you explain things/look at the world (always down on yourself)

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attribution

your way of explaining things (positive/pessimistic attribution style)

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cyclothymic disorder

"baby" bipolar, similar symptoms/mood swings but more mild

bipolar II

not full-blown mania

depression:mania ratio of bipolar

about 3:1

T/F: there is a big biological component to depression

True

standard bipolar treatment

lithium

suicide attempt peaks

12-20 45-55 75

_________ are more likely to attempt, _________ are more likely to succeed

women, men

Disorders that predict suicide

PTSD Bipolar Conduct disorder Intermittent explosive disorder

why are adolescents very at risk?

their frontal cortex isn't developed so they're impulsive

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Significant focus on physical symptoms like pain or fatigue which causes emotional distress and difficulties in activities of daily living.

Environmental cause of somatic symptom disorder

growing up sick or being around people who are sick

absorption

you're so absorbed in your feelings that you can't get out of/over it

alexithymia

you can't identify your feelings (happens in teens especially)

people with SSD are hypersensitive to their body sensations, think _______________ about their symptoms

catastrophically

T/F: you should do extensive testing on someone with somatic symptom disorder

False. Try to limit testing because it could stress them out more and/or validate their worries.

T/F: People with illness anxiety experience somatic symptoms

False (or very mild if any)

Which is more easily reassured? SSD or illness anxiety?

SSD (but still rare)

conversion disorder

a mental health issue disrupts how brain works. Causes real, physical, uncontrollable symptoms. Symptoms can include seizures, weakness or paralysis, or reduced input from one or more senses

should you treat conversion disorder with medication?

no. symptoms can usually be removed.

T/F: there is gain with conversion disorder

True. The person gets out of whatever was making them anxious/emotional

with what disorder are patients typically medically uneducated/unsophisticated

conversion disorder

factitious disorder

intentionally produce psychological or physical symptoms for sympathy, attention, money from govt., etc.

________ is very important with factitious disorder and malingering because it detects lying

MMPI-II

malingering

faking for money, trying to deceive

derealization

perception of the world is lost

depersonalization

perception of yourself in your own reality is lost

dissociative amnesia

can't recall simple personal information, often follows traumatic events

dissociative fugue

identity loss, assume new identity (commonly in the news)

the goal of working with someone with DID

to integrate their personalities

why does DID happen? What is the reason for having all these personalities?

to protect themselves after trauma (horcrux example)

most people with DID have been

sexually or physically abuse (more sexual)

Two most common forms of eating disorders

-anorexia nervosa -bulimia nervosa

Anorexia types

-restricting type -binge-eating/purging type

Anorexia is the single ____________ psychological disorder

deadliest

a significant amount of ED patients have comorbid ________ or ___________ disorders

mood, anxiety

Bulimia has other characteristics than eating/binging and purging. They are:

lying, being sneaky and deceptive

T/F: Bulimia patients are typically normal weight

true

substance abuse disorders are common for what ED?

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge-eating disorder (different from bulimia):

frequent episodes of binge eating with NO compensatory behaviors, typically overweight/obese

Does gender/sexuality play a role in ED prevalence?

Yes. More common in women and queer men (underreporting in men makes gender comparison difficult though)

physical effects of anorexia other than being underweight

kidney damage, renal failure, death from arrhythmias. also effects brain and nerves, heart, hormones, hair, blood, muscles and joints, intestines, skin, and body fluids

physical effects of bulimia

electrolyte imbalances, low potassium (hypokalemia), damage to heart, hands, throat, teeth

risk of suicide is extremely high in ___________.

anorexics

long term prognosis for bulimia and binge-eating is

much better than anorexia

T/F: most people who recover from an ED will develop another one later on in life

True. But it's mostly transitions between the two subtypes of anorexia and from anorexia to bulimia