Quiz 2 Flashcards
Psychological Causal Factors of PHOBIAS
-Vicarious Conditioning
-Evolutionary Preparedness
Vicarious Conditioning
Person to person learning through observation
Evolutionary Preparedness
Prepared fears that keep us alive
Biological Causal Factors of PHOBIAS
-Genetics
-Temperament
Phobia Treatments
-exposure therapy
-virtual reality
-participant modeling
-cognitive techniques combinations
What does the first panic attack in a panic disorder follow?
Feelings of distress or highly stressful life circumstances
Parts of the brain involved in panic
-amygdala
-hippocampus
-higher cortical centers
Biochemical abnormalities involved in panic
-low levels of GABA
-noradrenergic and serotonergic systems
What does the hippocampus have to do with panic disorder and agoraphobic avoidance?
it’s involved in the learning of emotional responses, which is why you have anticipatory anxiety about another panic attack or leaving your house
According to one theory, where in the brain do panic attacks arise from?
amygdala
OCD common comorbid disorders
-other anxiety or mood disorders
-depression (80%)
Exposure therapy
phobias and OCD
OCD and ED connection
OCD: look “normal”, ED: look emaciated
OCD: obsessed/distressed about appearance ED: generally satisfied with appearance
fear and anxiety share ___________ components
-cognitive/subjective
-psychological
-behavioral
mood disorders defining feature:
extreme emotion
two key moods of mood disorders
depression and mania
anhedonia
inability to feel pleasure for the things you normally feel pleasure for
unipolar mood disorder
only depressive episodes
How many weeks of symptoms required for an MDD diagnosis?
two
forms of depression
MDD
Persistent depressive disorder
Postpartum depression
Bereavement triggered depression
cognitive diatheses that contribute to depression
negative thoughts about yourself, losing a parent early in life
how is depression a conditioning issue
reward/punishment. ex: you stay in bed all day and avoid your problems, which makes you want to just keep staying in bed
depression as a cognitive issue
how you think about yourself in situations, how you do you explain things/look at the world (always down on yourself)
attribution
your way of explaining things (positive/pessimistic attribution style)
cyclothymic disorder
“baby” bipolar, similar symptoms/mood swings but more mild
bipolar II
not full-blown mania
depression:mania ratio of bipolar
about 3:1
T/F: there is a big biological component to depression
True
standard bipolar treatment
lithium
suicide attempt peaks
12-20
45-55
75
_________ are more likely to attempt, _________ are more likely to succeed
women, men
Disorders that predict suicide
PTSD
Bipolar
Conduct disorder
Intermittent explosive disorder
why are adolescents very at risk?
their frontal cortex isn’t developed so they’re impulsive
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Significant focus on physical symptoms like pain or fatigue which causes emotional distress and difficulties in activities of daily living.
Environmental cause of somatic symptom disorder
growing up sick or being around people who are sick
absorption
you’re so absorbed in your feelings that you can’t get out of/over it
alexithymia
you can’t identify your feelings (happens in teens especially)
people with SSD are hypersensitive to their body sensations, think _______________ about their symptoms
catastrophically
T/F: you should do extensive testing on someone with somatic symptom disorder
False. Try to limit testing because it could stress them out more and/or validate their worries.
T/F: People with illness anxiety experience somatic symptoms
False (or very mild if any)
Which is more easily reassured? SSD or illness anxiety?
SSD (but still rare)
conversion disorder
a mental health issue disrupts how brain works. Causes real, physical, uncontrollable symptoms. Symptoms can include seizures, weakness or paralysis, or reduced input from one or more senses
should you treat conversion disorder with medication?
no. symptoms can usually be removed.
T/F: there is gain with conversion disorder
True. The person gets out of whatever was making them anxious/emotional
with what disorder are patients typically medically uneducated/unsophisticated
conversion disorder
factitious disorder
intentionally produce psychological or physical symptoms for sympathy, attention, money from govt., etc.
________ is very important with factitious disorder and malingering because it detects lying
MMPI-II
malingering
faking for money, trying to deceive
derealization
perception of the world is lost
depersonalization
perception of yourself in your own reality is lost
dissociative amnesia
can’t recall simple personal information, often follows traumatic events
dissociative fugue
identity loss, assume new identity (commonly in the news)
the goal of working with someone with DID
to integrate their personalities
why does DID happen? What is the reason for having all these personalities?
to protect themselves after trauma (horcrux example)
most people with DID have been
sexually or physically abuse (more sexual)
Two most common forms of eating disorders
-anorexia nervosa
-bulimia nervosa
Anorexia types
-restricting type
-binge-eating/purging type
Anorexia is the single ____________ psychological disorder
deadliest
a significant amount of ED patients have comorbid ________ or ___________ disorders
mood, anxiety
Bulimia has other characteristics than eating/binging and purging. They are:
lying, being sneaky and deceptive
T/F: Bulimia patients are typically normal weight
true
substance abuse disorders are common for what ED?
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge-eating disorder (different from bulimia):
frequent episodes of binge eating with NO compensatory behaviors, typically overweight/obese
Does gender/sexuality play a role in ED prevalence?
Yes. More common in women and queer men (underreporting in men makes gender comparison difficult though)
physical effects of anorexia other than being underweight
kidney damage, renal failure, death from arrhythmias. also effects brain and nerves, heart, hormones, hair, blood, muscles and joints, intestines, skin, and body fluids
physical effects of bulimia
electrolyte imbalances, low potassium (hypokalemia), damage to heart, hands, throat, teeth
risk of suicide is extremely high in ___________.
anorexics
long term prognosis for bulimia and binge-eating is
much better than anorexia
T/F: most people who recover from an ED will develop another one later on in life
True. But it’s mostly transitions between the two subtypes of anorexia and from anorexia to bulimia
