QUIZ 2 Flashcards
Ways to practice gratitude and forgiveness?
Write a letter
Gratitude jar
Remember a time you were forgiven
REACH intervention
Recall- bring to mind the event and your emotions
Empathy- understand perspective of person who hurt you
Altruistic- engage in the act of extending forgiveness
Commit- commit to forgiveness
Hold- maintain the commitment
Forgiveness
Process of reducing negative emotions, thoughts, and motivations toward a person who caused you harm
Reasons its hard to express gratitude
Misjudging how the person will react
Assuming they already know
types of gratitude interventions
Counting blessings
Gratitude letter or visit
What affects how people show gratitude
Genes
Neural differences
When are people most likely to express gratitude
When they perceive that they benefit from something which they do not have control
Witnessing effect
Those who witness someone else express gratitude may facilitate the same behaviors
Perspective taking
Ability to perceive, understand and inhabit the experiences of someone outside of ourselves
What are the two kinds of gratitude
Relatively long lasting and stable trait
Transient emotional experience
Gratitude as a trait
Tendency to easily experience appreciation, be aware of life’s abundance, acknowledge good in ones life
Gratitude as transient experience
People report how grateful or thankful they feel in the moment
Alkozeis 2 models of gratitude
Cognitive model of gratitude
Psychosocial model of gratitude
Cognitive model of gratitude
Increased, conscious awareness of the good things in ones life
Psychosocial model of gratitude
Gratitude leas to increase pro social behaviors and social support
Six ways to deal with someone who has wronged you?
Think about forgiveness
Remember yo have options
Get ready to forgive
Consider shortcuts
Rely on evidence based interventions (REACH)
Forgive event he hard to forgive
Self-efficacy
A persons belief in their ability to succeed in a particular situation
Who described self-efficacy beliefs to be determinants of how people think, behave, and feel
Albert Bandura
Injustice gap
An ongoing subjective tally of how much perceived injustice is attached to each hurt or offense
What does Albert Banduras social cognitive theory emphasize in determining a personality
Role of observational learning
Social experience
Reciprocal determination
Banduras four major sources of self-efficacy
Mastery experiences
Social modeling
Social persuasion
Psychological responses
Ways to build self-efficacy
Celebrate your success
Observe others
Seem positive affirmations
Pay attention to thoughts and emotions
Dollars and miller frustration aggression hypothesis
Frustration tends to arise when people experience an interference with the occurrence of an instigated goal
Core projects
The most important goals in our lives according to Little
Those that are more resistant to change, most connect to other projects, how valued it is by the person
The difficulty of goals
People receive a stronger positive emotional kick from accomplishing goals they think are more difficult that’s others
Approach goals
Involve attaining, achieving, or increasing something
Avoidance goals
Avoiding, stopping, or reducing something
Why can avoidance goals be problematic
No set end point
Focus on negative things that we’re trying to prevent
Specific goals
The more specific goals are the more tangible they feel
Abstract goals
The more abstract goals are the more they reflect general aims that transcend specific situations and apply to multiple contexts
Intrinsic goals
Goals that satisfy our deepest needs and values, personal growth and interpersonal closeness
Extrinsic goals
Those that primarily lead to external rewards and approval like wealth, status, or fame
Expectancies
Beliefs about the probability of something occurring in the future
It or H Vroom expectancy theory of motivation
People tend to most vigorously engage in goal directed actions when 3 conditions are met
What are the 3 conditions vroom is talking about
Performance expectancy
Outcome expectancy
Valance of the outcome
Performance expectancy
People must expect they can effectively execute and intended behavior
Utcome expectancy
People must expect their behavior will lead to a certain result
valenceof the outcome
People must believe that a result is desirable
Optimism
The tendency to emphasize or think of the good part in a situation rather than the bad part
dispositional optimism
Tendency to believe that outcomes in ones life will be positive, favorable, or desirable
Learned helplessness
State in which an organism learns that its actions have no effect on outcomes in a situation
hope
Real tates to our expectations of the future
Snyder hope theory shares what three things
Goals p
Pathways
Agency
Goal
Anything that an individual wants to get done, or accomplish.
Can be large or small
Pathways
Plan or strategy that people believe will lead to a goal
Agency
The thoughts that people have regarding their ability to begin and continue movements toward those goals
unrealistic optimism/optimism bias
Positive expectancies can backfire when they stray too far from realtiy
John Henryism
The tendency to respond actively to stressors with the expectation that determination and hard work will lead to success
Ways to practice optimism and hope
Change your explanatory style
Map out your pathways
Hopeful daydreaming
What did artistotle believe character could be broken down into
A collection of virtues
Grandfather of positive psychology
Donald Clifton
Clifton definitions of talent s
Naturally recurring patterns of though, feeling, or behavior that can be productively applied
Peterson and Selma son values in action (VIA)
Talent lacks moral dimension, they believe is central to good charater
Virtues
Core characteristics values by philosophers and religious leaders across time and word cultures
Peterson and Seligmans 6 virtues
Wisdom
Courage
Humanity
Justice
Temperance
Transcendence
Peterson and seligmans criteria for something to be considered a character strengths
Fulfilling
Morally valued
Never hurt other people
Clear oppposite
Must be trait-like
Shouldn’t overlap with other strengths
Consensual paragons
Have prodigies
Absent for some people
Encouraged by society
Social desirability bias
Tendency to answer questions in a way that others will view favorable
value
A belief regarding what kinds of goals are preferable to other s
Rokeach seperated values into two types
Terminal and instrumental
terminal values
Outcomes that people strive to actuality in the world
Instrumental values
Represent preferred modes of behavior
Schwartz values circumflex
Openness to change
Self-enhancement
Conservation
Self-transcendence
Selection bias
Results could be biased off of the method used to recruit participants
Ways to practice identifying strengths
Strength spotting
Positive introduction
Use a strengths
Wisdom
Cognitive strengths involving acquisition and use of knowledge
Courage
Emotional strengths that exercises the will to accomplish goals it he face of obstacles
Humanity
Interpersonal strengths that involves tending and befriending other s
Justice
Civic strengths that underlie healthy community life
temperance
Strengths that protect against excess
What is the 4 phase treatment
Recognize and express emotion
Consider what it is like to forgive
Commit to forgiveness
Find meaning the in the victims pain
