Quiz 2 Flashcards
Quadrupedal
four-footed; using all four feet for walking and running
Bipedal
using only two legs for walking
Pronograde
walking with the body approximately horizontal
most mammals except humans and the higher apes are pronograde.
Orthograde
walking with the body upright or vertical
Skull Features-Foramen magnum position
•Posterior
•Anterior
•Posterior/Back-Quadrupedal
•Anterior/Front-Bipedal
Skull Features-Temporalis Muscle Attachment
•Sagittal Chest
•Temporal Lines
•Sagittal Chest-Heavier Chewing
•Temporal Lines-Lighter Chewing
Skull Features-Masseter Muscle Attachment
•Robust
•Moderate/Gracile
•Robust-Heavier Chewing
•Moderate/Gracile-Lighter Chewing
Skull Features-Prognathism
•Orthognathic
•Orthog-Flat Nathic-Nose Area
•Orthognathic-Humans
•Prognathic-Apes
Skull Features-Post-Orbital Constriction
•Strong
•Weak
•Strong-Larger temporalis &/or smaller frontal lobe
•Weak-Smaller temporalis &/or larger frontal lobe
Skull Features-Cranial Capacity
•Brain Volume
•Small/Medium
•Medium
•Huge(Humans)
Skull Features-Canine Tooth Size
•Large
•Small
•Large-More Sexual Dimorphism(baboons)
•Small-Lesser Sexual Dimorphism(humans)
Skull Features-Simian Shelf or Chin
•Simian Shelf
•Chin
•Simian Shelf-Distribute Chewing Forces
•Chin-Scientists have no idea
Thorax Features-Ribcage shape
•Pronograde
•Orthograde
•Pronograde-Narrow side to side/wide top to bottom(humans)
•Orthograde-Wide side to side/narrow top to bottom(cats)
Thorax Features-Scapula Position and Glenoid Fossa Orientation
•Pronograde
•Orthograde
•Baboon-prono(facing the ground)
•Chimp-ortho(facing forwards)
•Humans-ortho(facing forwards)
Thorax Features-Vertebral Column Shape
•Lordosis-forward
-Bipedal= Lumbar Lordosis
Pronograde-Longer vertebrae region
Thorax Features-Length of Lumbar Region
•Longer-Easier to bend/move around
Arm Features-Length and Strength of Hands
•Digitigrade-Walk on hands
Apes-longer palms/thicker bones
Humans-longer thumbs
Arm Features-Apical Tuft
Tips of fingers
Humans have more rounded for feelings
More primitive apes have more pointy tips of fingers
Pelvis Features-Pelvis Shape
•Quad/Prono
•Bi/Ortho
•Quad/Prono-Parallel to the ground
•Bi/Ortho-Not parallel to the ground
Leg Features-Relative Length of Arms and Legs (Intermembral Index)
(Arms/Legs)*100
Over 100=arms longer than legs
Leg Features-Femur-Valgus Angle
> 90°=knock knee
Quads-right angle
Leg Features-Abducted or Adducted Hallux (big toe)
Abducted-Hand Feet
Adducted-Stays right to the foot(humans) can’t move it
Leg Features-Double-Arched Foot in Humans
One arch front to back and second arch side to side
Appears in Lucy’s species
Skull Features-Premolar Honing
•Large Canines
Insert Pic of Baboon
Refers to a premolar adapted for cutting
Geological Time
a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth
Origin of Life on Earth-Meteorites
There were amino acids found in meteorites
Origin of Life on Earth-Abiogenesis
“Without life creation”
Uniformitarianism
Usually applied to geology
-the theory that changes in the earth’s crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes
-“The present is the key to the past”
-The Earth is not a static thing we just exist upon
Plate Tectonics
A theory explaining the structure of the earth’s crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates which move slowly over the underlying mantle
Continental Drift
Large-scale horizontal movements of continents relative to one another and to the ocean basins during one or more episodes of geologic time
Stratigraphy & The Law of Superposition
Higher levels of ground=younger
Lower levels of ground=older
How do fossils form?
Depositional environment
-Fossils are rare, most things are eaten, circle of life stuff, etc.
-Most fossils form near a water source, especially slow moving water
-Teeth and bones of mammals form most fossils
-Mummification occurs most often in dry and cold areas(ice tattoo guy)
Taphonomy
the study of the deposition of organic remains and the environmental conditions affecting their preservation.
Breakage & Plastic deformation
Cutmarks, tooth marks, trampling
Root & insect activity
Polishing, mineralization, weathering
Paleozoic
545–250 mya. During this time, fish, reptiles, and insects first appeared.
Mesozoic
Dinosaurs emerged, thrived, and became extinct during the Mesozoic era, which lasted from 230–66 mya.
Cenozoic
We are currently in the Holocene epoch, in the Cenozoic era, which began around 66 million years ago. The era is characterized by the rise and flourishing of mammals such as primates, especially humans.
Dating Fossils-Absolute Dating
Absolute dating provides exact dates or a date range.
Radiometric-(used the most) isotopic decay of elements (halflife), Argon40-Argon39 requires volcanics, usually ash
Carbon14=dating actual artifacts error margins tight
Denrochonology-tree rings
Dating Fossils-Relative Dating
Need to be compared to other sites
Biostratigraphy-comparing two sites that have fossils in common where at least one has dates
Magnetostratigraphy
Euprimate
“True primate”
Angiosperm radiation hypothesis
Suggests that the original primate adaptation was for getting fruit and not for preying on insects
Arboreal hypothesis
Shift from life on the ground to life in the trees put into motion a series of selective pressures—including the pressures to grasp branches and understand three-dimensional space—that resulted in the ancestral primate
Visual predation hypothesis
Unique primate traits arose as adaptations for preying on insects and other small animals
What was the first major group of apes in the Miocene called?
Proconsulids
When did the first apelike primates arise?
Miocene
-planet of the apes
-y-5 apes (dental apes) parahominoidea
How do we find fossils?
“Lamplights and Polaroids”
-Continental rifting- continents rifting apart
-Caves-things fall in, die, then we find them after years
-Surveys-walking,driving,helicopters
Shared Features in Priamtes- Post-orbital bar/wall
The postorbital bar is formed by projections from the frontal and zygomatic bones. Postorbital closure - used in its strictest sense, the presence of a complete bony septum separating the orbit from the temporal region
Shared Features in Primates- Forward facing eyes and stereoscopic vision
Forward facing eyes- a wide field of binocular vision. In other words, most of a primate’s visual field is viewed by both eyes simultaneously
Stereoscopic vision- it enables prehension, the ability to judge distances and grasp objects, e.g. when moving between branches (depth perception)
Shared Features in Primates- Grasping hands and feet with nails
An adaption to life in trees- as the grasping hand evolved, claws disappeared
Shared Features in Primates- Encephalization
“Big Brain”
A concept that implies an increase in brain or neocortex size relative to body size, size of lower brain areas, and/or evolutionary time
Shared Features in Primates- K-selected
One or two young at a time as opposed to many young at a time (R-selected)
Molecular Clock
DNA and protein sequences evolve at a rate that is relatively constant over time and among different organisms.
Suppose the rate of evolution of a gene or protein is relative to the evolutionary change along lineages of different species. In that case, the DNA and proteins of those organisms act as the molecular clock.
Comparative Method
An arrangement of social or cultural conditions observed among existing peoples into a series that is then taken to represent a process of evolution.
When scientists study chimpanzee cognition, for example, they compare chimp performance on cognitive tasks to the performance of human children on the same tasks.
Paleontology
The branch of science concerned with fossil animals and plants
The Paleocene- Plesiadapids
-65.9 Ma dinos go extinct
-The very first appearance of primates
-Appeared in North America
-Bottom most member of the phylogenetic tree
-Small body size and small brain
-Non-forward facing eyes, no post-orbital bar
-Change in teeth-leaf eating
The Eocene- Euprimate radiation
56-34 Ma warmest in the Cenozoic
-Appearance of modern primates
Warmer and wetter climate and adaptive radition of rainforests and angiosperms, sees the emergence of the first true primates, also called euprimates
The Oligocene
34-23 Ma world is cooler but still tropical
-Time of the monkeys
-Appearance of the first terrestrial primate- Anthropoidea
The Oligocene- Aegyptopithecus
-Frugivore (rounded cusps for molars)
-Arboreal quadruped
Oldest Ape
Rukwapithecus(Monkey-ape)
-identified with the y-5 molar
The Miocene
23-5 Ma world becomes warmer
-Planet of the apes- all over Africa and Eurasia
-Apes are tropically adapted
Proconsul
- An extinct genus of primates that existed from 21 to 17 million years ago during the Miocene epoch
-No tail and arboreal, limbs equal length, scapula oriented downward, less of a snout, slower maturation
Dryopithecus
-(13-9 Ma in Europe)Reduced lumbar vertebrae, ribcage wide side-to-side, scapula on back, arms long relative to legs, flexabile wrists (ulnar deviation), hands capable of powerful grip
Sivapithecus
-10.5-7.5 Ma in India/Pakistan
-Ancestral to Orangutans?
-Cranial features very similar
-Siva- arboreal but Orangutans more terrestrial
Prosminians (Strepsirrhini)
-Most primative, still intelligent, nocturnal(huge eyes)
-Strepsirrhini- “Turning nose/rhinarium” (wet nose) deep world for sense- orfaction
-Tooth comb- eating, social bonds, grooming
-post-orbital bar
-Lemur, loris, galagos
Tarsiers
-Adapted to leaping, adapted for insects, nocturnal (huge eyes)
-Haplorhini- more emphasis on vision than olfaction- simple nose
-post-orbital wall
-bones in our feet-tarsels
New World Monkeys
(NWM) (Platyrrhini)
-extremely diverse
-nostrils point to the side
-South America- best scientific idea is rafts- mangroves, we have fossil records to support
-“Plat”-flat nose
-Mostly arboreal
-Full post-orbital wall
-Three premolars (2133) last group that has three premolars
-Howler, spider, capuchin, marmoset-gumnivore
Old World Monkeys
Cercopithecoidea
-Extremely diverse
-Nostrils point down
-Two premolars (2123) like humans
-Bilophodont molars
-Increased terrestrial species
-Baboon, mandrill, macaques, proboscis monkey
Catarrhini
OWM(Cercopithecoidea) + Apes + Humans
-Catarrhines include gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. Two superfamilies that make up the parvorder Catarrhini are Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys) and Hominoidea (apes)
Hominoidea
Apes and humans
Locomotion types: Facultative v. Obligate
Facultative-can do
Obligate-must do
Humans-facultatively quadrupedalism
Horses-obligate quadrupedalism
Vertical clinging and leaping
-small body size
-long legs/long hands/long tarsel bones/long lumbar region
Brachiation
-hanging from trees
-mostly gibbons
-rotary wrist joints
-orthograde, broad thorax
-scapula on back
-often no tail
-shorter lumbar region
-long arms, short legs
Arboreal quadrupedalism
-In the trees, pronograde (parallel to the ground/trees), on four limbs
-Most frequent way primates get around
-scapula point downwards
-grasping capability in feet/hands
Terrestrial quadrupedalism
-On the ground, on four limbs
-Pronograde- parallel to the ground
-short, flat digits, having long digits uses more energy (clown feet)
-gracile-lightly built
Insectivore
-Carnivore version of the primate world
-Teeth super sharp
Folivore
-Foliage/leaves
-Cheese grater teeth
-Huge masseter muscle
Folivore/Frugivore
-Some shearing crests
-Inside is for mashing
Frugivore
-Fruit
-Rounded surfaces on their molars for mashing
Omnivore
-Humans good example-our teeth are not adapted for anything specific
‘Grazer’
-Grass eater
-Baboons
Altruism
refers to behaviors that benefit others at the cost of the individual
-anti-predator warning calls
Material culture
refers to extrasomatic objects used by a species for altering the environment or other purposes
-tools
Ethnoprimatology
studies the interaction of humans and primates
Kin selection
An animal will choose to help someone who is directly related to them before helping someone who is not related to them
Cooperation
multiple individuals working together for a shared goal
