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Intro To Biological Anthropology > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Quadrupedal

A

four-footed; using all four feet for walking and running

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2
Q

Bipedal

A

using only two legs for walking

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3
Q

Pronograde

A

walking with the body approximately horizontal

most mammals except humans and the higher apes are pronograde.

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4
Q

Orthograde

A

walking with the body upright or vertical

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5
Q

Skull Features-Foramen magnum position
•Posterior
•Anterior

A

•Posterior/Back-Quadrupedal
•Anterior/Front-Bipedal

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6
Q

Skull Features-Temporalis Muscle Attachment
•Sagittal Chest
•Temporal Lines

A

•Sagittal Chest-Heavier Chewing
•Temporal Lines-Lighter Chewing

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7
Q

Skull Features-Masseter Muscle Attachment
•Robust
•Moderate/Gracile

A

•Robust-Heavier Chewing
•Moderate/Gracile-Lighter Chewing

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8
Q

Skull Features-Prognathism
•Orthognathic

A

•Orthog-Flat Nathic-Nose Area

•Orthognathic-Humans
•Prognathic-Apes

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9
Q

Skull Features-Post-Orbital Constriction
•Strong
•Weak

A

•Strong-Larger temporalis &/or smaller frontal lobe
•Weak-Smaller temporalis &/or larger frontal lobe

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10
Q

Skull Features-Cranial Capacity
•Brain Volume

A

•Small/Medium
•Medium
•Huge(Humans)

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11
Q

Skull Features-Canine Tooth Size
•Large
•Small

A

•Large-More Sexual Dimorphism(baboons)
•Small-Lesser Sexual Dimorphism(humans)

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12
Q

Skull Features-Simian Shelf or Chin
•Simian Shelf
•Chin

A

•Simian Shelf-Distribute Chewing Forces
•Chin-Scientists have no idea

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13
Q

Thorax Features-Ribcage shape
•Pronograde
•Orthograde

A

•Pronograde-Narrow side to side/wide top to bottom(humans)
•Orthograde-Wide side to side/narrow top to bottom(cats)

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14
Q

Thorax Features-Scapula Position and Glenoid Fossa Orientation
•Pronograde
•Orthograde

A

•Baboon-prono(facing the ground)
•Chimp-ortho(facing forwards)
•Humans-ortho(facing forwards)

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15
Q

Thorax Features-Vertebral Column Shape

A

•Lordosis-forward
-Bipedal= Lumbar Lordosis

Pronograde-Longer vertebrae region

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16
Q

Thorax Features-Length of Lumbar Region

A

•Longer-Easier to bend/move around

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17
Q

Arm Features-Length and Strength of Hands

A

•Digitigrade-Walk on hands
Apes-longer palms/thicker bones
Humans-longer thumbs

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18
Q

Arm Features-Apical Tuft

A

Tips of fingers
Humans have more rounded for feelings
More primitive apes have more pointy tips of fingers

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19
Q

Pelvis Features-Pelvis Shape
•Quad/Prono
•Bi/Ortho

A

•Quad/Prono-Parallel to the ground
•Bi/Ortho-Not parallel to the ground

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20
Q

Leg Features-Relative Length of Arms and Legs (Intermembral Index)

A

(Arms/Legs)*100
Over 100=arms longer than legs

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21
Q

Leg Features-Femur-Valgus Angle

A

> 90°=knock knee
Quads-right angle

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22
Q

Leg Features-Abducted or Adducted Hallux (big toe)

A

Abducted-Hand Feet
Adducted-Stays right to the foot(humans) can’t move it

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23
Q

Leg Features-Double-Arched Foot in Humans

A

One arch front to back and second arch side to side
Appears in Lucy’s species

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24
Q

Skull Features-Premolar Honing
•Large Canines

A

Insert Pic of Baboon
Refers to a premolar adapted for cutting

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25
Q

Geological Time

A

a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth

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26
Q

Origin of Life on Earth-Meteorites

A

There were amino acids found in meteorites

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27
Q

Origin of Life on Earth-Abiogenesis

A

“Without life creation”

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28
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Usually applied to geology

-the theory that changes in the earth’s crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes

-“The present is the key to the past”
-The Earth is not a static thing we just exist upon

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29
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

A theory explaining the structure of the earth’s crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates which move slowly over the underlying mantle

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30
Q

Continental Drift

A

Large-scale horizontal movements of continents relative to one another and to the ocean basins during one or more episodes of geologic time

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31
Q

Stratigraphy & The Law of Superposition

A

Higher levels of ground=younger
Lower levels of ground=older

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32
Q

How do fossils form?

A

Depositional environment
-Fossils are rare, most things are eaten, circle of life stuff, etc.
-Most fossils form near a water source, especially slow moving water
-Teeth and bones of mammals form most fossils
-Mummification occurs most often in dry and cold areas(ice tattoo guy)

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33
Q

Taphonomy

A

the study of the deposition of organic remains and the environmental conditions affecting their preservation.

Breakage & Plastic deformation
Cutmarks, tooth marks, trampling
Root & insect activity
Polishing, mineralization, weathering

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34
Q

Paleozoic

A

545–250 mya. During this time, fish, reptiles, and insects first appeared.

35
Q

Mesozoic

A

Dinosaurs emerged, thrived, and became extinct during the Mesozoic era, which lasted from 230–66 mya.

36
Q

Cenozoic

A

We are currently in the Holocene epoch, in the Cenozoic era, which began around 66 million years ago. The era is characterized by the rise and flourishing of mammals such as primates, especially humans.

37
Q

Dating Fossils-Absolute Dating

A

Absolute dating provides exact dates or a date range.

Radiometric-(used the most) isotopic decay of elements (halflife), Argon40-Argon39 requires volcanics, usually ash
Carbon14=dating actual artifacts error margins tight

Denrochonology-tree rings

38
Q

Dating Fossils-Relative Dating

A

Need to be compared to other sites

Biostratigraphy-comparing two sites that have fossils in common where at least one has dates

Magnetostratigraphy

39
Q

Euprimate

A

“True primate”

40
Q

Angiosperm radiation hypothesis

A

Suggests that the original primate adaptation was for getting fruit and not for preying on insects

41
Q

Arboreal hypothesis

A

Shift from life on the ground to life in the trees put into motion a series of selective pressures—including the pressures to grasp branches and understand three-dimensional space—that resulted in the ancestral primate

42
Q

Visual predation hypothesis

A

Unique primate traits arose as adaptations for preying on insects and other small animals

43
Q

What was the first major group of apes in the Miocene called?

A

Proconsulids

44
Q

When did the first apelike primates arise?

A

Miocene
-planet of the apes
-y-5 apes (dental apes) parahominoidea

45
Q

How do we find fossils?

A

“Lamplights and Polaroids”
-Continental rifting- continents rifting apart
-Caves-things fall in, die, then we find them after years
-Surveys-walking,driving,helicopters

46
Q

Shared Features in Priamtes- Post-orbital bar/wall

A

The postorbital bar is formed by projections from the frontal and zygomatic bones. Postorbital closure - used in its strictest sense, the presence of a complete bony septum separating the orbit from the temporal region

47
Q

Shared Features in Primates- Forward facing eyes and stereoscopic vision

A

Forward facing eyes- a wide field of binocular vision. In other words, most of a primate’s visual field is viewed by both eyes simultaneously

Stereoscopic vision- it enables prehension, the ability to judge distances and grasp objects, e.g. when moving between branches (depth perception)

48
Q

Shared Features in Primates- Grasping hands and feet with nails

A

An adaption to life in trees- as the grasping hand evolved, claws disappeared

49
Q

Shared Features in Primates- Encephalization

A

“Big Brain”
A concept that implies an increase in brain or neocortex size relative to body size, size of lower brain areas, and/or evolutionary time

50
Q

Shared Features in Primates- K-selected

A

One or two young at a time as opposed to many young at a time (R-selected)

51
Q

Molecular Clock

A

DNA and protein sequences evolve at a rate that is relatively constant over time and among different organisms.

Suppose the rate of evolution of a gene or protein is relative to the evolutionary change along lineages of different species. In that case, the DNA and proteins of those organisms act as the molecular clock.

52
Q

Comparative Method

A

An arrangement of social or cultural conditions observed among existing peoples into a series that is then taken to represent a process of evolution.

When scientists study chimpanzee cognition, for example, they compare chimp performance on cognitive tasks to the performance of human children on the same tasks.

53
Q

Paleontology

A

The branch of science concerned with fossil animals and plants

54
Q

The Paleocene- Plesiadapids

A

-65.9 Ma dinos go extinct
-The very first appearance of primates
-Appeared in North America
-Bottom most member of the phylogenetic tree
-Small body size and small brain
-Non-forward facing eyes, no post-orbital bar
-Change in teeth-leaf eating

55
Q

The Eocene- Euprimate radiation

A

56-34 Ma warmest in the Cenozoic
-Appearance of modern primates

Warmer and wetter climate and adaptive radition of rainforests and angiosperms, sees the emergence of the first true primates, also called euprimates

56
Q

The Oligocene

A

34-23 Ma world is cooler but still tropical

-Time of the monkeys
-Appearance of the first terrestrial primate- Anthropoidea

57
Q

The Oligocene- Aegyptopithecus

A

-Frugivore (rounded cusps for molars)
-Arboreal quadruped

58
Q

Oldest Ape

A

Rukwapithecus(Monkey-ape)
-identified with the y-5 molar

59
Q

The Miocene

A

23-5 Ma world becomes warmer
-Planet of the apes- all over Africa and Eurasia
-Apes are tropically adapted

60
Q

Proconsul

A
  • An extinct genus of primates that existed from 21 to 17 million years ago during the Miocene epoch

-No tail and arboreal, limbs equal length, scapula oriented downward, less of a snout, slower maturation

61
Q

Dryopithecus

A

-(13-9 Ma in Europe)Reduced lumbar vertebrae, ribcage wide side-to-side, scapula on back, arms long relative to legs, flexabile wrists (ulnar deviation), hands capable of powerful grip

62
Q

Sivapithecus

A

-10.5-7.5 Ma in India/Pakistan
-Ancestral to Orangutans?
-Cranial features very similar
-Siva- arboreal but Orangutans more terrestrial

63
Q

Prosminians (Strepsirrhini)

A

-Most primative, still intelligent, nocturnal(huge eyes)
-Strepsirrhini- “Turning nose/rhinarium” (wet nose) deep world for sense- orfaction
-Tooth comb- eating, social bonds, grooming
-post-orbital bar

-Lemur, loris, galagos

64
Q

Tarsiers

A

-Adapted to leaping, adapted for insects, nocturnal (huge eyes)
-Haplorhini- more emphasis on vision than olfaction- simple nose
-post-orbital wall
-bones in our feet-tarsels

65
Q

New World Monkeys

A

(NWM) (Platyrrhini)
-extremely diverse
-nostrils point to the side
-South America- best scientific idea is rafts- mangroves, we have fossil records to support
-“Plat”-flat nose
-Mostly arboreal
-Full post-orbital wall
-Three premolars (2133) last group that has three premolars

-Howler, spider, capuchin, marmoset-gumnivore

66
Q

Old World Monkeys

A

Cercopithecoidea
-Extremely diverse
-Nostrils point down
-Two premolars (2123) like humans
-Bilophodont molars
-Increased terrestrial species

-Baboon, mandrill, macaques, proboscis monkey

67
Q

Catarrhini

A

OWM(Cercopithecoidea) + Apes + Humans
-Catarrhines include gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. Two superfamilies that make up the parvorder Catarrhini are Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys) and Hominoidea (apes)

68
Q

Hominoidea

A

Apes and humans

69
Q

Locomotion types: Facultative v. Obligate

A

Facultative-can do
Obligate-must do

Humans-facultatively quadrupedalism
Horses-obligate quadrupedalism

70
Q

Vertical clinging and leaping

A

-small body size
-long legs/long hands/long tarsel bones/long lumbar region

71
Q

Brachiation

A

-hanging from trees
-mostly gibbons
-rotary wrist joints
-orthograde, broad thorax
-scapula on back
-often no tail
-shorter lumbar region
-long arms, short legs

72
Q

Arboreal quadrupedalism

A

-In the trees, pronograde (parallel to the ground/trees), on four limbs
-Most frequent way primates get around
-scapula point downwards
-grasping capability in feet/hands

73
Q

Terrestrial quadrupedalism

A

-On the ground, on four limbs
-Pronograde- parallel to the ground
-short, flat digits, having long digits uses more energy (clown feet)
-gracile-lightly built

74
Q

Insectivore

A

-Carnivore version of the primate world
-Teeth super sharp

75
Q

Folivore

A

-Foliage/leaves
-Cheese grater teeth
-Huge masseter muscle

76
Q

Folivore/Frugivore

A

-Some shearing crests
-Inside is for mashing

77
Q

Frugivore

A

-Fruit
-Rounded surfaces on their molars for mashing

78
Q

Omnivore

A

-Humans good example-our teeth are not adapted for anything specific

79
Q

‘Grazer’

A

-Grass eater
-Baboons

80
Q

Altruism

A

refers to behaviors that benefit others at the cost of the individual
-anti-predator warning calls

81
Q

Material culture

A

refers to extrasomatic objects used by a species for altering the environment or other purposes
-tools

82
Q

Ethnoprimatology

A

studies the interaction of humans and primates

83
Q

Kin selection

A

An animal will choose to help someone who is directly related to them before helping someone who is not related to them

84
Q

Cooperation

A

multiple individuals working together for a shared goal

Intro To Biological Anthropology (3 decks)

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