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Intro To Biological Anthropology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Dates

A

7.2-6.8 Ma

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2
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Location(s)

A

*tchad= from (t)Chad
-North and East Africa

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3
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Habitat(s)

A

Gallery forest along a river, surrounded by grasslands

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4
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Important traits

A

-“Toumai”
-Genus name meaning: ‘Man’ of the Sahel
-Species name meaning: From (t)Chad
-Small brain, super large brow-ridge
-Known mainly from skull remains
-Cranial capacity: 320-380 cc- small, smaller than average chimpanzee
-Anterior Foramen magnum
-Massive supra-orbital torus (brow-ridge)
-Less prognathic (from above can’t see eyes, can barely see nose hole, can mostly see teeth)
-Sagittal crest, post-orbital constriction, large nuchal crest

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5
Q

Orrorin tugenensis

Dates

A

5.9-5.7 Ma (used Argon-Argon dating)

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6
Q

Orrorin tugenensis

Location(s)

A

Eastern African Rift in Kenya- Tugen Hills

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7
Q

Orrorin tugenensis

Important traits

A

-“Original ‘man’ from Tugen (Hills)”
-Large bipedal femur
-Arms are arboreal (suspensory)

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8
Q

Ardipithecus

Location(s)

A

-Ethiopia- continental rifting

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9
Q

Ardipithecus

Dates

Ar. kadabba

A

5.8-5.2 Ma

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10
Q

Ardipithecus

Important traits

Ar. kadabba

A

-“Ground ape, oldest ancestor” (in Afar language)
-Largeish, more ape-like canines (relates to social behaviors/sexual dimorphism)
-Feet show it was capable of bipedalism
-Arms show it was arboreal

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11
Q

Ardipithecus

Dates

Ar. Ramidus

A

4.5-4.3 Ma

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12
Q

Ardipithecus

Habitat(s)

Ar. Ramidus

A

Forest to woodland environments in Eastern Africa, north part of the rift

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13
Q

Ardipithecus

Important traits

Ar. Ramidus

A

-“Ground ape, root” (in Afar language)
-small brain- 300-350cc
-Anterior Foramen magnum
-Arms and hands are ape-like
-Bipedal pelvis and femur
-Abducted hallux- handfoot, unique morphology they share with baboons- bone for the toe
-Dentition: relatively thin enamel for leaves, eating foods from more open areas
-Monomorphic canines (one size)- reduced sexual dimorphism

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14
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

Dates

A

3.8-2.9 Ma

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15
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

Location(s)

A

Eastern Africa

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16
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

Important traits

A

-“Lucy” “Salem” and “Kadanuumuu”
-Direct evidence of bipedality- Footprints found in Ash 3.5 Ma (Laetoli 1976)
-Evidence shows they walked with a striding gait
-380-550 cranial capacity
-Megadont (big teeth)
-Suspensory arms
-Short femur with large valgus angle
-Small, human-like foot

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17
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

Bipedal how? Bent-knee Bent-Hip? Striding?

A

-Evidence of a striding gait found in footprints

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18
Q

Earliest evidence of meat eating

Cut marks

A

-Earliest evidence of meat eating
-Dikika, Ethiopia
-3.4 Ma

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19
Q

Earliest evidence of meat eating

Stone tools

A

-Lomekwi, Kenya
-3.3 Ma

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20
Q

Australopithecus africanus

Dates

A

-3.3-2.1 Ma

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21
Q

Australopithecus africanus

Location(s)

A

South Africa cave sites

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22
Q

Australopithecus africanus

Important traits

A

-“Southern ape; of Africa”
-Similiar to Au. afarensis in primitive traits (arms), but exhibits more ‘advanced’ morphology- large brain, more human-like pelvis

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23
Q

Shared traits of The Hominini

A

-Bipedality
Bipedal walking in non-bipeds (facultative bipeds)- bent-knee and bent-hip
Bipedal walking in obligate bipeds- striding gait
-Encephalization
Foramen magnum is more anterior (the body is vertical, the head sits on top like a rod) is one of the first things to change
-Reduced nuchal (neck) musculature
-Very reduced canines (reduction in sexual dimorphism)
-Loss of honing molar
-Intermembral index shifts 90-70
-More sagittally-oriented and shortened iliac blades to stabilize balance (pelvis)
-Valgus knee (knock knee)

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24
Q

How did the australopithecine lineage leading to Homo adapt its diet to prevent extinction?

A

Developing a flexible and generalized diet

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25
Q

Australopithecus

A

-“Southern ape”
-2 well known species: Au. afarensis and Au. africanus
-Several other species
-First found in Taung in 1924 in a South African mining cave
-A juveline is Identified by Raymond Dart
-1930s: adult Au. africanus
-1930s: Paranthopus in South Africa
-1950s: Paranthopus in East Africa
-“Lucy” found in 1974 by Donald Johanson in Hadar, Ethiopia

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26
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

-the earth is becoming cooler and dryer
-rapid diversification and spread of taxa
-often due to climate change (major climate change starting at ~2.8 Ma)

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27
Q

Modified Savannah Hypothesis

A

-the savanna hypothesis of human evolution suggests that the transition from a predominately arboreal lifestyle in forest to one in open habitats favoured an upright posture and selected for bipedalism along with a shift in diet that necessitated travel over greater distances across the landscape
-origin of HYPERmetadontia (Paranthropus)
-expansion of tool use (Homo)

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28
Q

Earliest specimen of Paranthropus

A

-Nyayanga, Kenya
-2.9 Ma

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29
Q

Paranthopus shared features

A

-“Near man”
-Three species
-Post-cranially very similiar to Au., but cranially very different
-Hypermegadont (huge teeth)
-Small incisors and small canines
-‘Dished’ face
-Sagittal crest

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30
Q

Paranthopus aethiopicus

Dates

A

2.7 – 2.3 Ma (earliest)

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31
Q

Paranthopus aethiopicus

Location(s)

A

Ethiopia & Kenya

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32
Q

Paranthopus aethiopicus

Important traits

A

-”Near ‘man’; of Ethiopia”
-HUGE posterior (back of the head) sagittal crest
-very prognathic

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33
Q

Paranthopus boisei

Dates

A

2.5 – 1.4 Ma

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34
Q

Paranthopus boisei

Location(s)

A
  1. Eastern Africa- Ethiopia to Malawi
35
Q

Paranthopus boisei

Important traits

A

-”Near ‘man’; for Boise”
-Found by Mary Leakey
-largest teeth
-flexed cranium (like humans)
-anterior crest
-500-540 cc

36
Q

Paranthopus robustus

Dates

A

1.8 – 1.0 Ma (found first)

37
Q

Paranthopus robustus

Location(s)

A

South Africa

38
Q

Paranthopus robustus

Important traits

A

-”Near ‘man’; Robust”(first named)
-very similar to P. boisei but less robust

39
Q

Earliest species of Homo

A

-Ledi Geraru, Ethiopia
-2.8 Ma

40
Q

The Habilines (general characteristics)

A

-610-750cc
-reduced dentition
-precision grip (similiar to humans) (tool use)
-small body size
-Au. budy proportions
-generally similiar to Au.
-obligate biped
-still some arboreal
-larger brained
-tool making

41
Q

Homo habilis

Dates

A

2.3-1.65 Ma (in a climate change)

42
Q

Homo habilis

Location(s)

A

All of Eastern Africa (especially Koobi Fara) to South Africa (Swartkrans) -generalist/widely dispersed

43
Q

Homo habilis

Important derived traits

A

-“ ‘Man’ ; handy”
-Thumb=human-like
-Hands still strong (arboreal)
-(Some) wrist bones=human-like
-Phalanges=curved
-Long arms=higher intermembral index; arboreal
-Moderate encephalization
-Robust cranially, more muscle markings
-Precision grip (tools)

44
Q

Homo rudolfensis

Dates

A

1.9 Ma

45
Q

Homo rudolfensis

Location(s)

A

Eastern Africa (Kenya) and Malawi?

46
Q

Homo rudolfensis

Important derived traits

A

-“ ‘Man’; of [Lake] Rudolf”
-Generally less robust (than H. habilis)
-Slightly bigger
-Larger teeth and palate

47
Q

What are the main differences between early Homo and Paranthopus diets?

A

Homo were omnivores while Paranthropus were specialized for heavy mastication

48
Q

How do we reconstruct diet?

Dental anatomy and morphology (teeth)

What are the methods and what do they tell us?

A

-If there are big canines in primates it is just for sexual dimorphism
•Molars -how high are the cusps and crests?
-how big is the chewing (occlusal) surface?
-how thick is the enamel? thin=vegetative matter; thick=resist wear

49
Q

How do we reconstruct diet?

Mastication system (levers)

What are the methods and what do they tell us?

A

Trade-off with power and speed
Paranthropus has increased lever arm relative to load arm=more power

50
Q

How do we reconstruct diet?

Wear patterns (enamel microwear)

What are the methods and what do they tell us?

A

-Enamel microwear
-Dirt particles
-Phytoliths (plant rock)
More scratches=folivore
More pits=frugivore
Lots of pits=brittle diet

51
Q

How do we reconstruct diet?

Isotopes (C3 versus C4 vegetation)

What are the methods and what do they tell us?

A

-Photosynthesis pathways differ with environment
-C3 in more cool/humid environment, C4 in more hot/dry
-How do plants live in the environments?
-C4 plants (open habitats) have more 13C than C3 (forests)
-More positive ratio of 13C to 12C
-Ratio of stable isotopes 13C/12C

52
Q

Hominid vs. Hominin

A

Hominid – the group consisting of all modern and extinct Great Apes (that is, modern humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans plus all their immediate ancestors).

Hominin – the group consisting of modern humans, extinct human species and all our immediate ancestors (including members of the genera Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Ardipithecus).

53
Q

The Erectines

Dates and Locations

A

-2.0 Ma-(?)117Ka
-Oldest specimen in South Africa
-Distribution throughout Africa and Eurasia

54
Q

Hypotheses for Homo erectus dispersal

Large body size

What is the evidence for/against

A

Intrinsic
-Homo erectus had a large body size later on but not at first

Proved wrong

55
Q

Hypotheses for Homo erectus dispersal

Large brain

What is the evidence for/against

A

Intrinsic
-Shape of the brain is more important than the size; didn’t really influnce much

Proved wrong

56
Q

Hypotheses for Homo erectus dispersal

Human-like intermembral index

What is the evidence for/against

A

Intrinsic
-Allows to walk more efficiently

Evidence supports this

57
Q

Hypotheses for Homo erectus dispersal

Tool use

What is the evidence for/against

A

Intrinsic
-Tools found at the fist site were too basic

Not enough evidence to support; wrong

58
Q

Hypotheses for Homo erectus dispersal

Increased meat consumption

What is the evidence for/against

A

Intrinsic
-Carnivores need more land

Evidence supports this

59
Q

Hypotheses for Homo erectus dispersal

Escape from disease

What is the evidence for/against

A

Extrinsic
-They stay in the places that have disease, as well as go to places that have disease

Proved wrong

60
Q

Hypotheses for Homo erectus dispersal

Normal mammilian dispersal

What is the evidence for/against

A

Extrinsic
No evidence to support it

61
Q

Hypotheses for Homo erectus dispersal

Following predators

What is the evidence for/against

A

Extrinsic
-Doesn’t move at the same time as the predators

Proved wrong

62
Q

Hypotheses for Homo erectus dispersal

Following prey

What is the evidence for/against

A

Extrensic
-Doesn’t move at the same time as thier prey

Proved wrong

63
Q

Hypotheses for Homo erectus dispersal

Demographic pressure

What is the evidence for/against

A

Extrensic
-Increase in population size would require more land

Good theory, however, not enough evidence

64
Q

Intrinsic

A

Relating to essential features of the organism itself

65
Q

Extrinsic

A

Relating to factors external to the organism

66
Q

Homo heidelbergensis

Dates

A

600 Ka – 200 Ka

67
Q

Homo heidelbergensis

Location(s)

A

Eastern and Southern Africa and Europe

68
Q

Dispersal hyotheses

Multiregional hypothesis

A

Regards the transition to modernity as having taken place regionally and without using replacement.

69
Q

Dispersal hyotheses

Recent Africa Origins/Out of Africa

A

all modern non-African populations are substantially descended from populations of H. sapiens that left Africa after that time

70
Q

Homo neaderthalensis

Dates

A

230 Ka – 30 Ka

71
Q

Homo neaderthalensis

Location(s)

A

Europe and southwestern to Central Asia

72
Q

Homo neaderthalensis

Important derived traits

A

-Massive face
-occipital bun
-HUGE nasal aperture (nose)
-swept-back zygomatics (cheek bones)
-no chin
-retromolar gap
-heavy wear on front teeth
-large body mass
-intermembral index similar to humans
-matured faster than humans

73
Q

Homo neaderthalensis

Lithic technologies

A

The Mousterian stone tool industry of Neanderthals is characterized by sophisticated flake tools that were detached from a prepared stone core. This innovative technique allowed flakes of predetermined shape to be removed and fashioned into tools from a single suitable stone. This technology differs from earlier ‘core tool’ traditions, such as the Acheulean tradition of Homo erectus. Acheulean tools worked from a suitable stone that was chipped down to tool form by the removal of flakes off the surface

74
Q

Homo neaderthalensis

Diet

A

Mostly meat but evidence also shows plants

75
Q

Homo neaderthalensis

Hunting

A

There is evidence that Neanderthals were specialized seasonal hunters, eating animals were available at the time. Scientists have clear evidence of Neanderthal hunting from uncovering sharp wooden spears and large numbers of big game animal remains were hunted and butchered by Neanderthals.

76
Q

Homo neaderthalensis

Art

A

The first species to make symbolic art

77
Q

Homo neaderthalensis

Burial of dead

A

There is evidence that Neanderthals deliberately buried their dead and occasionally even marked their graves with offerings, such as flowers. No other primates, and no earlier human species, had ever practiced this sophisticated and symbolic behavior.

78
Q

Homo neaderthalensis

Speech

A

evidence points to neaderthals having high pitched voices

79
Q

The hobbit: Homo floresiensis

Dates

A

100-60 Ka

80
Q

The hobbit: Homo floresiensis

Location(s)

A

Liang Bua, Flores Island

81
Q

The hobbit: Homo floresiensis

Important derived traits

A

-Meat eating
-small brains
-slightly prognathic
-no chin
-scapula postioned more on the side
-long arms
-flaring iliac blade
-short femur
-long feet
-Post-crania somewhat similar to much earlier hominins, except with larger feet
-small body size, smaller than lucy

82
Q

Which hypothesis regarding H. floresiensis is best supported and why?

  1. It is pathological
  2. It is an island dwarf form of Homo erectus
  3. It evolved from a species before Homo erectus
A
  1. It is an island dwarf form of Homo erectus
    Evidence supports this becuase of fossils on the island that support the hypothesis that Homo erectus was likely on the island around 900 Ka
83
Q

The human: Homo sapiens

Dates

A

315(195) Ka – present

84
Q

The human: Homo sapiens

Important derived traits

A

-Cranial capacity: 1200-1500
-short skull (front to back)
-tall skull (top to bottom)
-rounded cranium
-orthognatic
-short face
-flexed cranium-right angle
-vertical forehead
-canine fossa-divet in human faces
-chin
-small teeth

Intro To Biological Anthropology (3 decks)

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