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Physiological Psychology > Quiz #2 > Flashcards

Quiz #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What side of the brain do most people house language?

A

Left Side

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2
Q

What is an aphasia?

A

A breakdown of language in some type of way

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3
Q

What is broca’s aphasia?

A

Can not produce speech

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4
Q

What is wernicke’s aphasia?

A

You can not understand what they say to you

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5
Q

What is learning?

A

Acquisition of new information

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6
Q

What are the 3 stages of learning?

A

Stage 1: Sensory Information
Stage 2: Short-Term Memory
Stage 3: Long Term Memory

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7
Q

What happens in Stage 1: Sensory Information?

A

Information is processed through our senses

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8
Q

What happens in Stage 2: Short Term Memory?

A

Meaningful and salient information is processed

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9
Q

What happens in Stage 3: Long Term Memory

A

Short memories are converted in to long term memory (made solid)

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10
Q

What are the four types of learning?

A

Stimulus-Response Learning
Motor Learning
Perceptual Learning
Observational Learning

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11
Q

What is stimulus response learning?

A

Perform behavior when stimulus is present

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12
Q

What are the two types of stimulus response learning?

A

Classical Conditioning
Operation Conditioning

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13
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in classical conditioning?

A

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Thalamus

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14
Q

What does operant conditioning involve?

A

Positive/negative reinforcement/punishment

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15
Q

What part of the brain is involved in operation conditioning?

A

Basal Ganglia

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16
Q

What is motor learning?

A

Learning a skilled task and then practicing with a goal in mind until the skill is executed automatically

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17
Q

What is perceptual learning?

A

When repeated exposure enhances the ability to discriminate between two (or more) otherwise confusable stimuli

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18
Q

What is observational learning also known as?

A

Social Learning Theory

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19
Q

What is observational learning/social learning theory?

A

Learning by watching the behaviors of models

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20
Q

How does observational learning take place?

A

Occurs via operant conditioning and vicarious conditioning

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21
Q

What is vicarious conditioning?

A

Learning more by watching other people learn

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22
Q

What is an example of vicarious conditioning?

A

Watching your sister put on lipstick but seeing your mom yell at your sister for putting it on so you learn not to put it on

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23
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Type of brain cell that reopens equally when we perform an action and when we witness someone else performing the same action

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24
Q

What are learning myths?

A

Learning styles
Mozart Effect

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25
Q

What are procedural memories? Example?

A

Unconscious recall of how to perform an action or skill
Remembering how to ride a bike

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26
Q

What are episodic memories? Example?

A

Involves context
Ex: where you parked your car

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27
Q

What are semantic memories? Example?

A

Involves facts without context
The sun is a star

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28
Q

What are explicit memories? Example?

A

Conscious
Studying

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29
Q

What are implicit memories? Example?

A

Unconscious
Lyrics

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30
Q

At what age does memory peak?

A

8 years old

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31
Q

How long does it take for memory to be stored?

A

Few hours to days

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32
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?
What kind of memory can you nor remember?
What kind of memory does it involve?

A

Inability to make new memories
Failure in explicit memory (can’t remember what you want to remember
Involves declarative memory (conscious)

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33
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Inability to remember past memories
Failure in implicit memories
Involves non-declarative memory

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34
Q

What is a stroke?

A

When something blocks blood supply to part of the brain or when a blood vessel the brain bursts

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35
Q

What the risk factors of cardiovascular disease

A

Hypertension
Diabetes
Smoking
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obesity

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36
Q

What are the three types of strokes?

A

Ischemic strokes
Hemorrhagic strokes
Transient Ischemic

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37
Q

What is a ischemic stroke?

A

Obstructs blood flow

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38
Q

What is thrombus?

A

A blood clot in blood vessels

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39
Q

What is embolus?

A

A piece of material that breaks off and is carried through the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small to pass through

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40
Q

What is hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Bleeding in the brain

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41
Q

How common is ischemic vs a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Ischemic - 88%
Hemorrhagic - 12%

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42
Q

What is a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

A stroke that lasts only a few minutes

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43
Q

What is the immediate cause if neuron death during a ischemic stroke

A

The presence of excessive amounts of glutamate

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44
Q

What are non-modifiable risk factors to stroke?

A

Age
Race
Family History

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45
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

Where the internal carotid arteries branch into smaller arteries that supply oxygenated blood to over 80% of the cerebrum

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46
Q

What is Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Stroke?

A

Stroke in the largest brain arteries
90% of strokes

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47
Q

What are some symptoms of a MCA Stroke?

A

Contralateral weakness and sensory loss in upper extremities
Loss of visual of field

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48
Q

What kind of symptoms are associated with a Left MCA Stroke?

A

Speech deficits (Broca’s and Wernicke’s)

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49
Q

What kind of symptoms are associated with a Right MCA Stroke?

A

Neglect and Poor Motivation

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50
Q

What is Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) Stroke?

A

Stroke in arteries that supply the frontal, parietal, corpus callous and bottom of the cerebrum

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51
Q

What type of ACA Stroke is more common?

A

Left sided ACA stroke

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52
Q

What are symptoms of ACA Stroke?

A

Contralateral motor and sensory loss in lower extremities
Poor gait and coordination
Slowed initiation
Flat affect
Urinary Incontinence

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53
Q

What are symptoms of a Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke?

A

Impaired consciousness
Nausea/Vomiting
Ataxia
Vision changes
Nystagmus

54
Q

What are Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)?

A

Tangle of arteries and veins without connecting capillaries

55
Q

What is a key form of treatment for post-stroke depression?

A

Early psychopharmacological treatment

56
Q

What does BE FAST stand for when it comes to strokes?

A

Balance
Eyes
Face
Arms
Speech
Time

57
Q

What is a Tissue Plasminogen (tPA)?

A

Helps restore blood flow to brain regions affected by stroke
needs to be administered with 4.5 hours

58
Q

What happens if someone is not administered tPA?

A

Hemorrhagic effects take place

59
Q

What is ingestive behavior?

A

Correctional mechanisms that replenish the body’s depleted stores of water or nutrients

60
Q

Where is intracellular fluid found?

A

Inside cells

61
Q

Where is extracellular fluid found?

A

Outside cells

62
Q

What are the two types of extracellular fluid?

A

Intravascular
Interstitial

63
Q

What is intravascular fluid?

A

Blood plasma

64
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid that bathes the cells (around cells)

65
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water via osmosis

66
Q

What is a isotonic solution?

A

There are equal concentrations of H2O in and outside of the cells

67
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

There is more water (H2O) moving out of cells (more solute)

68
Q

What is hypotonic solution?

A

There is more water moving into cells (less solute)

69
Q

What is the negative feedback loop of hunger?

A

Empty stomach –> triggers hunger –> eating –> triggers satiation (satisfying need)

70
Q

How long does it take to register that you’re full?

A

20 minutes

71
Q

What are the two types of thirst?

A

Osmometric thirst
Volumetric thirst

72
Q

What is osmometric thirst?

A

When tonicity of interstitial fluid increases

73
Q

What causes osmometric thirst?

A

Cell dehydration
Salty foods

74
Q

What is volumetric thirst?

A

When intravascular volume decreases (aka) hypovolemia

75
Q

What causes volumetric thirst?

A

Bleeding
Vomiting
Diarrhea

76
Q

What is an osmoreceptor?

A

A neuron that detects changes in solute concentration of interstitial fluid

77
Q

Where are osmoreceptors located?

A

Lamina Terminalis

78
Q

What is gherlin?

A

Hormone released by the stomach when individual are fasting

79
Q

Where does gherlin bind to in the brain?

A

Receptors in the hypothalamus

80
Q

Is gherlin higher before or after eating?

A

Increases before eating and decreases after eating

81
Q

What happens when there is high gherlin?

A

Low cortisol = Reduced stress and anxiety

82
Q

What happens when there is low gherlin?

A

Higher cortisol = Higher stress and anxiety

83
Q

What happens when the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed?

A

Stop eating and drinking

84
Q

What happens when the lateral hypothalamus is activated?

A

Overeating

85
Q

What does the lateral hypothalamus create?

A

Orexin = motivation to eat

86
Q

What happens when the ventromedial hypothalamus is activated

A

Suppression of eating

87
Q

What happens when the ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed?

A

Overeating

88
Q

How long is weight loss reduced for after a adjustable gastric band?

A

8 months

89
Q

What is are the symptoms subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Sudden onset of a severe headache
Nausea/vomiting
Seizure

90
Q

What is happening when there is loss of consciousness in SAH?

A

The percussive blood pressure increases intracranial pressure and therefore cerebral perfusion pressure

91
Q

What are the symptoms of a Hunt and Hess Grade 1 stroke?

A

Asymptomatic
Minimal headache

92
Q

What are the symptoms of a Hunt and Hess Grade 5 stroke?

A

Deep coma (most important)
Decerebrate rigidity
Moribund appearance

93
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

Paralysis affecting one side of the body

94
Q

What is hemiparesis?

A

A lesser degree of weakness than hemiplegia

95
Q

What is neglect?

A

Failure to attend to, respond to, and or report stimulation that is introduced contralateral to the lesion

96
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Loss of ability to execute skilled or learned movement patterns on command

97
Q

What is ideomotor apraxia?

A

Plan for the movement is intact, but the execution fails

98
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Acquired inability to associate a perceived unimodal stimulus with meaning

A disorder of recognition (can not name the thing)

99
Q

What is anosagnosia?

A

Denial of a deficit

100
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

Impaired ability to recognize faces

101
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Impairment of language

102
Q

What is a intraparenchymal hemorrhage?

A

Alternation of consciousness in about 50% of people

103
Q

What is a microbe?

A

Bacteria

104
Q

What is the goal human genome project?

A

Identify healthy biome vs unhealthy biome

105
Q

What is alpha diversity?

A

How many species are present and how diverse are they

106
Q

What is beta diversity?

A

Comparing two different samples of species in two different people

107
Q

What is a prebiotic?

A

A compound in food that creates a substrate for bacteria to grow

108
Q

What is probiotic?

A

A specific bacteria that you take to impact the biome

109
Q

What is a Traumatic brain injury ?

A

When a sudden external, physical assault damages the brain

110
Q

What isa closed brain injury?

A

Non-penetrating injury to the brain with no break in the skull

111
Q

How may a closed brain injury result?

A

Rapid forward and backward movement of the brain and skull

112
Q

Where does a coup injury take place?

A

Point of impact

113
Q

Where does a countercoup brain injury take place?

A

Opposite side of impact

114
Q

What is a diffuse axonal injury?

A

Axons in the white matter have been twisted, sheered, and ripped

115
Q

What is penetrating brain injury?

A

Penetrating or open head injury where there is break in the skull

116
Q

What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?

A

Neurodegeneration (death of nerve cells) due to repeated head trauma

117
Q

When can a CTE be diagnosed/confirmed?

A

Postmortem

118
Q

What does CTE present like?

A

Alzheimers disease

119
Q

What grows in the brain because of CTE?

A

Ventricular enlargement

120
Q

What symptoms of CTE appear years after injury occurred?

A

Mood impairment
Cognitive impairment
Impulsiveness

121
Q

What is the recovery process of CTE?

A

ASK JAHNIA TO PUT ON BOARD

122
Q

How is a mild TBI classified?

A

Duration of unconsciousness = < 30 minutes
Glasgow Coma Scale Score = 13 - 15
Post Traumatic Amnesia = <24 hours

123
Q

How is a moderate TBI classified?

A

Unconsciousness = 30 minutes - 24 hours
Glasgow = 9-12
Amnesia = 1-7 days

124
Q

How is severe TBI classified?

A

Unconsciousness = >24 hours
Glasgow = 3-8
Amnesia = >7 days

125
Q

How many points is the Glasgow coma scale out of?

A

15 points

126
Q

What three categories does the Glasgow scale measure?

A

Eye opening
Motor response
Verbal response

127
Q

What is post-traumatic amnesia?

A

State of confusion and disorientation that occurs immediately after TBI, a part of the healing process

128
Q

Symptoms of post-traumatic amnesia?

A

Confused and disoriented
Agitation and aggression
Inability to recognize loved ones
Childlike/clingy behavior
Confabulation

129
Q

How much assistance does someone who is confused and agitated require?

A

Maximal assistance

130
Q

How long is recovery for a mild TBI?

A

Within weeks to 3 months

131
Q

How long is the recovery for a moderate to severe TBI?

A

More than or equal to2 years

132
Q

What are some non-injury risk factors. that influence TBI outcomes?

A

Pre-injury psychiatric status (anxiety/depression)
Conduct issues/incarceration
Age at injury
Level of education
Marital staus (perceived social support)

Physiological Psychology (3 decks)

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