Quiz #2 Flashcards
What side of the brain do most people house language?
Left Side
What is an aphasia?
A breakdown of language in some type of way
What is broca’s aphasia?
Can not produce speech
What is wernicke’s aphasia?
You can not understand what they say to you
What is learning?
Acquisition of new information
What are the 3 stages of learning?
Stage 1: Sensory Information
Stage 2: Short-Term Memory
Stage 3: Long Term Memory
What happens in Stage 1: Sensory Information?
Information is processed through our senses
What happens in Stage 2: Short Term Memory?
Meaningful and salient information is processed
What happens in Stage 3: Long Term Memory
Short memories are converted in to long term memory (made solid)
What are the four types of learning?
Stimulus-Response Learning
Motor Learning
Perceptual Learning
Observational Learning
What is stimulus response learning?
Perform behavior when stimulus is present
What are the two types of stimulus response learning?
Classical Conditioning
Operation Conditioning
What parts of the brain are involved in classical conditioning?
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Thalamus
What does operant conditioning involve?
Positive/negative reinforcement/punishment
What part of the brain is involved in operation conditioning?
Basal Ganglia
What is motor learning?
Learning a skilled task and then practicing with a goal in mind until the skill is executed automatically
What is perceptual learning?
When repeated exposure enhances the ability to discriminate between two (or more) otherwise confusable stimuli
What is observational learning also known as?
Social Learning Theory
What is observational learning/social learning theory?
Learning by watching the behaviors of models
How does observational learning take place?
Occurs via operant conditioning and vicarious conditioning
What is vicarious conditioning?
Learning more by watching other people learn
What is an example of vicarious conditioning?
Watching your sister put on lipstick but seeing your mom yell at your sister for putting it on so you learn not to put it on
What are mirror neurons?
Type of brain cell that reopens equally when we perform an action and when we witness someone else performing the same action
What are learning myths?
Learning styles
Mozart Effect
What are procedural memories? Example?
Unconscious recall of how to perform an action or skill
Remembering how to ride a bike
What are episodic memories? Example?
Involves context
Ex: where you parked your car
What are semantic memories? Example?
Involves facts without context
The sun is a star
What are explicit memories? Example?
Conscious
Studying
What are implicit memories? Example?
Unconscious
Lyrics
At what age does memory peak?
8 years old
How long does it take for memory to be stored?
Few hours to days
What is anterograde amnesia?
What kind of memory can you nor remember?
What kind of memory does it involve?
Inability to make new memories
Failure in explicit memory (can’t remember what you want to remember
Involves declarative memory (conscious)
What is retrograde amnesia?
Inability to remember past memories
Failure in implicit memories
Involves non-declarative memory
What is a stroke?
When something blocks blood supply to part of the brain or when a blood vessel the brain bursts
What the risk factors of cardiovascular disease
Hypertension
Diabetes
Smoking
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obesity
What are the three types of strokes?
Ischemic strokes
Hemorrhagic strokes
Transient Ischemic
What is a ischemic stroke?
Obstructs blood flow
What is thrombus?
A blood clot in blood vessels
What is embolus?
A piece of material that breaks off and is carried through the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small to pass through
What is hemorrhagic stroke?
Bleeding in the brain
How common is ischemic vs a hemorrhagic stroke?
Ischemic - 88%
Hemorrhagic - 12%
What is a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
A stroke that lasts only a few minutes
What is the immediate cause if neuron death during a ischemic stroke
The presence of excessive amounts of glutamate
What are non-modifiable risk factors to stroke?
Age
Race
Family History
What is the circle of willis?
Where the internal carotid arteries branch into smaller arteries that supply oxygenated blood to over 80% of the cerebrum
What is Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Stroke?
Stroke in the largest brain arteries
90% of strokes
What are some symptoms of a MCA Stroke?
Contralateral weakness and sensory loss in upper extremities
Loss of visual of field
What kind of symptoms are associated with a Left MCA Stroke?
Speech deficits (Broca’s and Wernicke’s)
What kind of symptoms are associated with a Right MCA Stroke?
Neglect and Poor Motivation
What is Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) Stroke?
Stroke in arteries that supply the frontal, parietal, corpus callous and bottom of the cerebrum
What type of ACA Stroke is more common?
Left sided ACA stroke
What are symptoms of ACA Stroke?
Contralateral motor and sensory loss in lower extremities
Poor gait and coordination
Slowed initiation
Flat affect
Urinary Incontinence
What are symptoms of a Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke?
Impaired consciousness
Nausea/Vomiting
Ataxia
Vision changes
Nystagmus
What are Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)?
Tangle of arteries and veins without connecting capillaries
What is a key form of treatment for post-stroke depression?
Early psychopharmacological treatment
What does BE FAST stand for when it comes to strokes?
Balance
Eyes
Face
Arms
Speech
Time
What is a Tissue Plasminogen (tPA)?
Helps restore blood flow to brain regions affected by stroke
needs to be administered with 4.5 hours
What happens if someone is not administered tPA?
Hemorrhagic effects take place
What is ingestive behavior?
Correctional mechanisms that replenish the body’s depleted stores of water or nutrients
Where is intracellular fluid found?
Inside cells
Where is extracellular fluid found?
Outside cells
What are the two types of extracellular fluid?
Intravascular
Interstitial
What is intravascular fluid?
Blood plasma
What is interstitial fluid?
Fluid that bathes the cells (around cells)
What is tonicity?
The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water via osmosis
What is a isotonic solution?
There are equal concentrations of H2O in and outside of the cells
What is a hypertonic solution?
There is more water (H2O) moving out of cells (more solute)
What is hypotonic solution?
There is more water moving into cells (less solute)
What is the negative feedback loop of hunger?
Empty stomach –> triggers hunger –> eating –> triggers satiation (satisfying need)
How long does it take to register that you’re full?
20 minutes
What are the two types of thirst?
Osmometric thirst
Volumetric thirst
What is osmometric thirst?
When tonicity of interstitial fluid increases
What causes osmometric thirst?
Cell dehydration
Salty foods
What is volumetric thirst?
When intravascular volume decreases (aka) hypovolemia
What causes volumetric thirst?
Bleeding
Vomiting
Diarrhea
What is an osmoreceptor?
A neuron that detects changes in solute concentration of interstitial fluid
Where are osmoreceptors located?
Lamina Terminalis
What is gherlin?
Hormone released by the stomach when individual are fasting
Where does gherlin bind to in the brain?
Receptors in the hypothalamus
Is gherlin higher before or after eating?
Increases before eating and decreases after eating
What happens when there is high gherlin?
Low cortisol = Reduced stress and anxiety
What happens when there is low gherlin?
Higher cortisol = Higher stress and anxiety
What happens when the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed?
Stop eating and drinking
What happens when the lateral hypothalamus is activated?
Overeating
What does the lateral hypothalamus create?
Orexin = motivation to eat
What happens when the ventromedial hypothalamus is activated
Suppression of eating
What happens when the ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed?
Overeating
How long is weight loss reduced for after a adjustable gastric band?
8 months
What is are the symptoms subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Sudden onset of a severe headache
Nausea/vomiting
Seizure
What is happening when there is loss of consciousness in SAH?
The percussive blood pressure increases intracranial pressure and therefore cerebral perfusion pressure
What are the symptoms of a Hunt and Hess Grade 1 stroke?
Asymptomatic
Minimal headache
What are the symptoms of a Hunt and Hess Grade 5 stroke?
Deep coma (most important)
Decerebrate rigidity
Moribund appearance
What is hemiplegia?
Paralysis affecting one side of the body
What is hemiparesis?
A lesser degree of weakness than hemiplegia
What is neglect?
Failure to attend to, respond to, and or report stimulation that is introduced contralateral to the lesion
What is apraxia?
Loss of ability to execute skilled or learned movement patterns on command
What is ideomotor apraxia?
Plan for the movement is intact, but the execution fails
What is agnosia?
Acquired inability to associate a perceived unimodal stimulus with meaning
A disorder of recognition (can not name the thing)
What is anosagnosia?
Denial of a deficit
What is prosopagnosia?
Impaired ability to recognize faces
What is aphasia?
Impairment of language
What is a intraparenchymal hemorrhage?
Alternation of consciousness in about 50% of people
What is a microbe?
Bacteria
What is the goal human genome project?
Identify healthy biome vs unhealthy biome
What is alpha diversity?
How many species are present and how diverse are they
What is beta diversity?
Comparing two different samples of species in two different people
What is a prebiotic?
A compound in food that creates a substrate for bacteria to grow
What is probiotic?
A specific bacteria that you take to impact the biome
What is a Traumatic brain injury ?
When a sudden external, physical assault damages the brain
What isa closed brain injury?
Non-penetrating injury to the brain with no break in the skull
How may a closed brain injury result?
Rapid forward and backward movement of the brain and skull
Where does a coup injury take place?
Point of impact
Where does a countercoup brain injury take place?
Opposite side of impact
What is a diffuse axonal injury?
Axons in the white matter have been twisted, sheered, and ripped
What is penetrating brain injury?
Penetrating or open head injury where there is break in the skull
What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?
Neurodegeneration (death of nerve cells) due to repeated head trauma
When can a CTE be diagnosed/confirmed?
Postmortem
What does CTE present like?
Alzheimers disease
What grows in the brain because of CTE?
Ventricular enlargement
What symptoms of CTE appear years after injury occurred?
Mood impairment
Cognitive impairment
Impulsiveness
What is the recovery process of CTE?
ASK JAHNIA TO PUT ON BOARD
How is a mild TBI classified?
Duration of unconsciousness = < 30 minutes
Glasgow Coma Scale Score = 13 - 15
Post Traumatic Amnesia = <24 hours
How is a moderate TBI classified?
Unconsciousness = 30 minutes - 24 hours
Glasgow = 9-12
Amnesia = 1-7 days
How is severe TBI classified?
Unconsciousness = >24 hours
Glasgow = 3-8
Amnesia = >7 days
How many points is the Glasgow coma scale out of?
15 points
What three categories does the Glasgow scale measure?
Eye opening
Motor response
Verbal response
What is post-traumatic amnesia?
State of confusion and disorientation that occurs immediately after TBI, a part of the healing process
Symptoms of post-traumatic amnesia?
Confused and disoriented
Agitation and aggression
Inability to recognize loved ones
Childlike/clingy behavior
Confabulation
How much assistance does someone who is confused and agitated require?
Maximal assistance
How long is recovery for a mild TBI?
Within weeks to 3 months
How long is the recovery for a moderate to severe TBI?
More than or equal to2 years
What are some non-injury risk factors. that influence TBI outcomes?
Pre-injury psychiatric status (anxiety/depression)
Conduct issues/incarceration
Age at injury
Level of education
Marital staus (perceived social support)
