Final Exam Flashcards
What is a tumor?
A mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and serves no useful function
What are the two forms of tumors?
Malignant (cancerous)
Benign
How do tumors damage brain tissue?
Compression
Infiltration
Malignant can compress and infiltrate
Benign tend to only compress
Where does a primary brain tumor take place?
Starts in the CNS
Where does a secondary brain tumor take place?
Metastasize to brain
What does metastasize mean?
Spreads to other sites
Where do most brain tumor metastasize from?
Lung and breast cancer
What is Grade 1 CNS Tumor?
Low proliferative potential
Possibility of cure after surgical resection
What is a Grade 4 CNS tumor?
Histologically malignant
Prone to necrosis
Rapid preoperative and postoperative disease progression and fatal outcomes
What are three types of brain tumors?
Gliomas
Astrocytoma
Meningioma
What is a gliomas?
Most common primary brain tumor type
Tumor of the glial cells (astrocyte, oligodendrocytes, etc.)
What is a astrocytoma?
Tumor of the astrocytes
What is Grade 4 astrocytoma called? How long is survival rate?
Glioblastoma Multiforme
Approx. 2 years
What is a meningioma?
Tumor of the meninges, usually benign and slow growing
What are the three types of treatments for brain tumors?
Surgical resection
Radiation
Chemotherapy
What is a seizure?
A period of sudden, excessive activity of cerebral neurons
What is epilepsy?
Chronic diagnosis of recurrent seizures
What is partial/focal type of seizure?
Hits one area of the brain
What is simple partial seizure?
No major change to consciousness
What is a complex partial seizure?
Causes a loss of consciousness
What is a generalized type seizure?
Hits multiple areas of the brain
What are the three types of generalized type seizures ?
Tonic-clonic (aka Grand-mal)
Absence (aka Petit-mal)
Atonic
What is a tonic-clonic (Grand-max) seizure?
Most common form of seizure
Includes convulsions (violent uncontrollable muscle movement)
What the 4 stages of a tonic-clonic seizure?
Aura stage
Tonic stage
Clonic stage
Postical stage
What happens during a tonic stage?
The body is stiff and back is arched
What happens during a clonic stage?
Jerking movements or twitching
What makes up an ictal stage?
Tonic stage + Clonic stage
What is an absence (petit-mal stage)? How long does it last?
Sudden lapse in consciousness
15 seconds
What symptoms occur during a absence seizure?
Staring blankly into space
Eyelid fluttering
Lip smacking
Involuntary hand movement
What is an atonic seizure?
Drop seizure
What is a common symptom of a atonic seizure?
Sudden loss of muscle control
Slump or fall forward
How is atonic seizure different from cataplexy in narcolepsy?
Atonic seizures have a loss in consciousness
What are some challenges people with seizures face?
Damage to the hippocampus
Falling
Drowning
Car accidents
Pregnancy complications
What is prion disease?
Occurs when protein found throughout the body begins to fold into an abnormal three dimensional shape
What are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies?
A type of Prion disease
What are the two types of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies?
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (aka Mad Cow disease)
Kuru Disease
What were the symptoms of mad cow disease?
Mental deterioration
Dementia
What were the symptoms of kuru disease
Laughing
Total loss of muscle control
Inability to eat
What is Parkinson’s disease?
A deficiency of automatic, habitual motor responses
What percent of Parkinson’s disease is sporadic?
95%
What are symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
Dystonia (rigidity)
Bradykinesia (slow movements)
Falling
Shuffling gait
Face masking (lack of facial expression)
Tremors
How do you test dystonia (rigidity)?
Cog wheel test
How do you test for tremors?
Rolling a pill in between fingers
What is Huntington’s disease?
Inherited disease resulting in degeneration of thee basal ganglia
What are symptoms of Huntington’s disease?
Chorea (involuntary jerking movements)
Dystonia (rigidity)
Slurred speech and swallowing difficulties
What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
A disorder that attacks spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neuron
Brain and muscle connection loss
How much of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is sporadic?
90%
What are symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
Progressive weakness and muscular atrophy
Eye movement spared
Respiratory failure which leads to death
What is multiple sclerosis?
An autoimmune demyelinating disease
What are sclerotic plaques?
Hard patches of debris left behind when the immune system attacks myelin sheaths
What are some risk factors for multiple sclerosis?
Higher in females
Living far the equator
Black or white race
Smoking
What are some symptoms of multiple sclerosis?
Fatigue
Vision problems
Bladder/bowel dysfunction
Spasms
Slowed processing speeds
How do supplement companies exploit slowed processing speed in multiple sclerosis?
Symptoms seem to drop when they take supplements but there periods of time during Progressive Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis where there is less symptoms, but then the symptoms come back. So patients think the supplements are working but they may not
What is meningitis?
Inflammation of the meningies caused by viruses or bacteria
What are common symptoms of meningitis?
Stiff neck
Headache
AMS
What is brudzinski’s sign?
Flexion of the hips and knees in response to neck flexion
What is kerning’s sign?
Resistance to extension of the leg while the hip is flexed
What percent of people that have dementia have Alzheimer’s?
60-80%
What is Alzheimer’s?
Most common form of dementia
An abnormal shrinkage of the brain that affects every brain function
What is vascular dementia?
Stroke or vascular accidents cause brain damage and tissue loss
What is lacunar infarcts?
Mini strokes that cause microvascular changes and over time prompt dementia symptoms
What impairments do vascular dementia test look for?
Semantic memory
Visuo-spatial/Perceptual skills
Slow processing speed
With cuing/recognition can recall information
What impairments do Alzheimer’s Dementia test look for?
Episodic memory
Language
Cuing/recognition does not help
What is akathisia?
Subjective unpleasant feeling of restlessness
What is tardive dyskinesia?
Symptoms irreversible but Vitamin E can prevent further deterioration
What percent of resting oxygen does the brain use?
20%
What percent of glucose metabolism does the brain use?
60%
What percent of energy goes to maintaining neurons and glial cells?
25%
What percent of energy goes to electrical signaling across the brain’s circuit?
75%
What is the neural tube?
Serves as the embryonic brain and spinal cord
Divides to form basic brain regions
What is apoptosis?
Planned and purposeful neuronal cell death
What is necrosis?
Unplanned and uncontrolled cell death
Is schizophrenia correlated with increased or decreased synapse?
Decreased
Is autism correlated with increased or decreased synapse?
Increased
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Executive functioning (emotional regulation, planning and reasoning )
Personality
What is the function of prefrontal cortex?
Planning
Storage