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Physiological Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychophysiology?

A

The relationship between our physiology and behavior

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2
Q

What is the goal of psychophysiology?

A

To identify and describe the physiological processes directly relevant to such psychological constructs such as drive, motivation, attitude , etc.

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3
Q

What is the neuraxis?

A

The imaginary line drawn through the base of the spinal cord to the front of the brain

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4
Q

What is the cephalic flexure?

A

Where the neuraxis curves between the brainstem and forebrain

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5
Q

What direction is anterior/rostral?

A

Toward the head

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6
Q

What direction is posterior/caudal?

A

Toward the tail

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7
Q

What direction is dorsal?

A

Toward top of head or back

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8
Q

What direction is ventral?

A

Towards front surface facing ground (belly)

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9
Q

What direction is lateral?

A

Towards the side

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10
Q

What direction is medial?

A

Towards the midline (neuraxis)

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11
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

On the same side of the body (ex: the right arm and right leg)

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12
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

On the opposite side of the body (ex: the right arm and left leg)

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13
Q

What does unilateral mean?

A

One side (ex: right leg)

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14
Q

What does bilateral mean?

A

Two sides (ex: right and left leg)

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15
Q

What direction is proximal?

A

Nearest point of attachment to limb or structure

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16
Q

What direction is distal?

A

Farthest away from attachment or origin

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17
Q

What is opposite of anterior/rostral?

A

Posterior/caudal

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18
Q

What is opposite of dorsal?

A

Ventral

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19
Q

What is opposite of lateral?

A

Medial

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20
Q

What is opposite of ipsilateral?

A

Contralateral

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21
Q

What is opposite of unilateral?

A

Bilateral

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22
Q

What is opposite of proximal?

A

Distal

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23
Q

What direction is the coronal cross section of the brain?

A

Cross sections (frontal/coronal sections)

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24
Q

What direction is the horizontal cross section of the brain?

A

Parallel to the ground

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25
Q

What direction is the sagittal plane cross section of the brain?

A

Perpendicular to the ground and parallel to the neuraxis

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26
Q

Where does the midsagittal plane lie?

A

It divides the Brian into equal halves

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27
Q

What is the main function of the nervous system?

A

Helps all parts of the body ti communicate with each other

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28
Q

What is the process of information moving through the nervous system?

A

It takes in information through our senses, processes the information and triggers reactions

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29
Q

What is the nervous system developed from?

A

From the fetus’ neural tube

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30
Q

What are 2 core parts of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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31
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain
Spinal Cord

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32
Q

What are the main functions of the CNS?

A

Homeostasis
Interpreting sensory information
Creating motor réponses
Learning
Thinking

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33
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Nerves branch off the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body

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34
Q

What is the main function of the PNS?

A

To relay between the CNS and the rest of the body

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35
Q

What are the 3 levels of protection of the brain?

A

Skull/Cranium
Meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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36
Q

How many jigsaw puzzle pieces make up the cranium?

A

22 pieces

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37
Q

How many bones make up the cranium?

A

8 bones

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38
Q

What is the weakest point of the cranium called?

A

Pterion

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39
Q

What is the strongest bone in the cranium?

A

Jawbone

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40
Q

What are meninges?

A

Protective sheaths around the brain and spinal cord

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41
Q

What are the three components of the meninges?

A

Dura matter
Arachnoid membrane
Pia matter

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42
Q

Which layer is the dura matter?

A

Outer layer

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43
Q

What layer is the arachnoid membrane?

A

Middle layer

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44
Q

What layer is the pia mater?

A

It surrounds every surface

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45
Q

What does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) do?

A

Provides protection, nourishment and removes waste

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46
Q

What is the CSF flow of direction?

A

Flows through ventricles, inside the arachnoid layer of the meninges, the ventricular system pumps the CSF around the CNS

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47
Q

What part of the brain creates CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

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48
Q

What 5 structures make up the ventricular system?

A

Lateral Ventricles (2)
Intraventricular Foramina (2)
3rd Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
4th Ventricle

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49
Q

What is the neural tube?

A

The embryonic brain and spinal cord (CNS)

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50
Q

What does the neural tube divide into?

A

The basic brain regions

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51
Q

What is neuronal migration?

A

The movement of neuronal cells to their appropriate locations

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52
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Planned and purposeful neuronal cell death

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53
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Unplanned and uncontrolled neuronal cell death

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54
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

The brain eliminates extra synapses

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55
Q

When does synaptic pruning happen?

A

Between early childhood and adulthood

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56
Q

What are synapses?

A

Brain structures that allows the neurons to transmit an electrical or chemical signals to another neuron

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57
Q

Schizophrenia is correlated with fewer or more synapses?

A

fewer

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58
Q

Autism is correlated with fewer or more synapses?

A

More

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59
Q

What are the major divines of the brain?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hind Brain

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60
Q

What subdivisions make up the forebrain?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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61
Q

What ventricles make ups the forebrain?

A

Lateral Ventricle
Third Ventricle

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62
Q

What structures make up the telencephalon?

A

Cerebral Cortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System

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63
Q

What makes up the telencephalon?

A

Left and right hemisphere

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64
Q

What joins the two hemispheres?

A

Corpus Callosum

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65
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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66
Q

What are convolutions?

A

Folds and winkles of the brain

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67
Q

What 3 parts make up convulsions?

A

Sulci
Fissures
Gyri

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68
Q

What are sulci?

A

Small grooves

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69
Q

What are fissures?

A

Large grooves

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70
Q

What are gyri?

A

Bulges between the sulk and fissures

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71
Q

What makes up the cortex?

A

Glia
Cell Bodies
Dendrites
Axons

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72
Q

What are glia?

A

Supportive and nourishing cells

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73
Q

What color is glia?

A

Grey (grey matter)

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74
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

They are myelinated (insulated) cells

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75
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

The boundary between the frontal and parietal lobe and the motor and sensory cortex

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76
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Precentral gyrus

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77
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

Temporal lobe

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78
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

A

Occipital lobe

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79
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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80
Q

Where are all senses (except for taste and smell) sensed in?

A

Somatosensory cortex

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81
Q

Where is the sense test sensed in the brain?

A

Insular cortex

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82
Q

Where is the sense smell senses in the brain?

A

Olfactory bulb

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83
Q

What is the homunculus?

A

It reflects the amount of brain that is devoted to sensory or motor nerves in a particular area of the body

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84
Q

What is function of the frontal lobe?

A

Executive functioning
Emotional regulation
Planning
Reasoning
Inhibitory control
Personality

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85
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Planning
Strategizing

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86
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Integration of sensory information (ex: touch, temperature, pressure, and pain)

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87
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Process sensory information (ex: hearing, recognizing language, and forming memories)

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88
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual processing (ex: depth, distance, and location)

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89
Q

What structures make up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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90
Q

What is function of the thalamus?

A

Relays information

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91
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Maintain homeostasis (temp, breathing rate, and heart rate)

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92
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Emotional center
Learning of reward or punishment

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93
Q

The limbic system is involved with?

A

Emotion
Motivation
Learning and Memory

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94
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Motor control
Motor learning
Control of emotions

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95
Q

What is the function of the substantial nigra?

A

Produces dopamine

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96
Q

What happens when there is suppression of motor function?

A

Decrease in purposeful movement

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97
Q

What is lateralization?

A

Tendency of different hemispheres to be specialized in specific functions.

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98
Q

Which side of the brain is language and analysis localized?

A

Left side

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99
Q

What side of the brain is attention and synthesis localized?

A

Right side

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100
Q

What happens to gray matter in children who experienced childhood adversity

A

Lower grey matter volumes in the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex

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101
Q

What ventricle makes up the midbrain?

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

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102
Q

What subdivision makes up the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Mesencephalon

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103
Q

What structures make up the mesencephalon?

A

Tectum
Tegmentum

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104
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Motor movement
Pathway between the spinal cord, cerebellum and forebrain

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105
Q

What are the principle structures of the tectum

A

Superior Colliculi
Inferior Colliculi

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106
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

A

Visual reflexes
Object tracking (orienting)

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107
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

A

Auditory system in the ear

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108
Q

Where is the tegmentum located?

A

Wraps around the cerebral aqueduct
Connects 3rd and 4th ventricle

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109
Q

What are the principle structures of the tegmentum?

A

Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)
Raphe (red) Nucleus
Substantia Nigra (black)

110
Q

What is the function of the periaqueductal gray matter?

A

Pain modulation

111
Q

How are endogenous and exogenous opioids involved in pain modulation?

A

They open and close pain responses

112
Q

Where are endogenous opioids located ?

A

Personal/internal

113
Q

Where are exogenous opioids located?

A

External

114
Q

What is the function of the raphe nucleus?

A

Coordination of sensorimotor information
Synthesizes serotonin

115
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra

A

Dopamine production

116
Q

What happens at the corticospinal tract?

A

If something is impacted at the decussation (midbrain) level then it will be contralateral?

If something is impacted above the midbrain level then it is ipsilateral

117
Q

What ventricle makes up the hindbrain?

A

4th Ventricle

118
Q

What subdivisions make use the 4th ventricle?

A

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

119
Q

What structures make up the metencephalon?

A

Cerebellum
Pons

120
Q

What structure makes up the mylencephalon?

A

Medulla Oblongata

121
Q

Where is the metencephalon and myelencephalon?

A

Surrounds the 4th ventricle

122
Q

What connected the cerebellum to the pons?

A

Cerebellar peduncles

123
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum “little brain”

A

Posture balance
Fine motor movement
Motor learning
Proprioception

124
Q

What is the function of the pons “bridge”

A

Translates signals between the cerebellum and cerebrum
Regulates breathing and arousal

125
Q

What does damage to the pons lead to?

A

Stroke
Trauma
Late-stage ALS

126
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Controls basic functions of the ANS:
Respiration
Cardiac function
Vasodilation
Reflexes (vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing)

127
Q

What does damage or enlargement to the medulla oblongata cause?

A

Respiratory failure
Paralysis
Loss of sensation

128
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Complex network of neurons located in the brain stem

129
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A

Helps support wakefulness/alertness
Filters incoming information

130
Q

How is the brain and brain stem connected?

A

By the spinal cord

131
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

long bundle of nerve tissue

132
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

Sends motor commands from the brain to the body
Sends sensory information from the body to the brain
Coordinates reflexes

133
Q

What are the three sections of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical spinal cord
Thoracic spinal cord
Lumbar-sacral spinal cord

134
Q

Where does the cervical spinal cord send nerves to?

A

Face
Neck

135
Q

Where does the thoracic spinal cord send nerves to?

A

Arms
Chest
Abdomen

136
Q

Where does the lumbar-sacral spinal cord send nerves to?

A

Lower body

137
Q

What is the caudal block?

A

Bottom of the spinal cord made up of the caudal quinoa (bunch of nerves)

138
Q

How does the grey and white matter change in the spina cord?

A

White matter on the outside and grey matter on the inside

139
Q

What is the function of the spinal nerves?

A

Relay sensory information to the brain from the body and vice versa
Controls reflexes

140
Q

What are the three types of neurons in the somatic NS

A

Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons

141
Q

What is the function of the sensory neurons?

A

Repsonds to sensory information

142
Q

What is the function of motor neurons?

A

Responds to motor information

143
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A

Connects various neurons within the brain and spinal cord

144
Q

What kind of nerves make up the Somatic NS?

A

Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves

145
Q

What is the function of the spinal nerves?

A

The nerves leave the vertebral column and travel to the muscles or sensory receptors they supply

146
Q

What are after Afferent axons?

A

Brings information inward (toward CNS)

147
Q

What are Efferent axons?

A

Sends information outward (E=Exit)

148
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Areas of the skin on your body that relies on specific nerve connections on your spine
Sensory

149
Q

What are myotomes?

A

A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve
Motor

150
Q

What is the goal of the ASIA Impairment Scale in motor rehab?

A

To move up one level

151
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

152
Q

What is the function of the vagus nerve?

A

Regulates the functions of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Helps body exit “fight or flight”

153
Q

What is the longest cranial nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

154
Q

What two systems make up the Autonomic NS?

A

Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS

155
Q

What is the Sympathetic NS known for?

A

“fight, flight, freeze, fawn”

156
Q

What is the Parasympathetic NS know for?

A

“rest and digest”

157
Q

Wha tis the function of the Sympathetic NS?

A

Controls function that accompany arousal and use of energy
Coordinates responses to stressors

158
Q

What is the function of the Parasympathetic NS?

A

Involved with increases in bod’s supply of stored energy
Rest and Relax responses after the body has been stressed

159
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A processing and information-transmitting element of the nervous system

160
Q

What are the four main structures of a neuron?

A

Cell Body
Dendrites
Axon
Terminal Buttons

161
Q

Where is the nucleus of a neuron?

A

In the soma (cell body)

162
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

A branched, treelike structure attached to the soma of a neuron

163
Q

What is the function of a dendrite?

A

Receives information transmitted across synapses

164
Q

What is an axon?

A

Long, thin, cylindrical structures that carries information from the cell body to the terminal bodies/axon terminal

165
Q

What is a axon hillock?

A

The gate keeper of whether an action potential is strong enough

166
Q

What is myelin sheath?

A

It surrounds axons and insulates them
Not all axons are myelinated

167
Q

What produces myelin sheath?

A

Oligodendrocytes

168
Q

What are terminal buttons/axon terminals?

A

Buds at the end of a branch on an axon

169
Q

What is the function of a terminal button/axon terminals?

A

Forms synapses with another neuron
Secretes chemicals called neurotransmitters

170
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Points of contact between neurons where information is passed from one neuron to the next

171
Q

What makes up a synapse?

A

Presynaptic neuron
Synaptic cleft
Post synaptic neuron

172
Q

What is the function of a glial cell?

A

“glue”
Provides nutrients to neurons

173
Q

What are the three main types of glial cells?

A

Microglia
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes

174
Q

What is the smallest glial cells?

A

Microglia

175
Q

What is the function of a microglia?

A

Clean up dead cells
Protect the brain from invading microorganisms/toxins

176
Q

How do microglia’s clean up damaged cells or toxins

A

They produce inflammatory mediators to call other cells to the injury, then promote and perpetuate inflammatory response

177
Q

What is the function of a astrocytes?

A

Provide nourishment via transfer of fuel
Provides electric insulation for unmyelinated neurons
Engulf debris

178
Q

What is the function of a oligodendrocytes?

A

Produces myelin in the form of a tub by wrapping itself around the axon

179
Q

What the gaps between each myleinated axon?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

180
Q

What is the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)?

A

A selectively permeable filter

181
Q

What is the weakest region of the BBB? What response is it responsible for?

A

Area Postrema
Vomiting

182
Q

The BBB blocks all molecules expect for those with:

A

Lipid soluble
Specialized sugars and amino acids
Water molecule

183
Q

What is the function of the inhibitory loop?

A

Allows for voluntary control of actions (ex: stop reflex from pulling hand out from under a hot plate so you don’t drop it)

184
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to low regions to achieve equilibrium

185
Q

What is electrostatic pressure?

A

Force exerted by attrition or repulsion to move ions from place to place

186
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

When substances that break into two parts with opposing electrical charges

187
Q

What kind of charge is a Cation?

A

Positive

188
Q

What kind of charge it is a Anion?

A

Negative

189
Q

What is the Sodium-Potassium Pump?

A

Protein molecules embedded in the membrane

190
Q

What is the function of the Sodium-Potassium Pump?

A

Continuously push sodium ions out of the axon to maintain resting potential

191
Q

How many Potassium molecules come into an axon for every 3 sodium molecules pushed out?

A

2 potassium molecules

192
Q

What is the resting amount you want inside of a membrane potential?

A

-70-mV more negative inside

193
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Rapid burst of depolarization followed by hyper polarization

194
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Reduction of membrane potential (less negative on inside)

195
Q

What is the Threshold of Excitation?

A

Set point to produce an action potential
-55mV

196
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

Increase in membrane potential

197
Q

What is the all or none law?

A

Action potential remains a constant size

198
Q

What is a synaptic transmission?

A

Neurons communicating across a synapse

199
Q

What is the process of a synaptic signal transmission?

A
  1. Action potential arrives at axon terminal
  2. Voltage-gated Ca+ channels open
  3. Ca+ enters the presynaptic neuron
  4. Ca+ sials to neurotransmitter vesicles
  5. Vesicles move to the membrane and dock
  6. Neurotransmitters released via exocytosis
  7. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors
  8. Signal initiated in postsynaptic cell
200
Q

What is the process of the creation of action potential in the next cell?

A
  1. Neurotransmitters exert effect by attaching to binding sites/receptors
  2. Binding opens neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels
  3. The opening of channels generates electrical impulses
  4. Opening propagates pre-synaptic signal
  5. Creates a post synaptic potential
201
Q

What are the two types of postsynaptic potentials?

A

Excitatory (Sodium Channel Opened)
Inhibitory (Potassium Channel Opened)

202
Q

What are the two mechanisms of termination?

A

Reuptake
Enzymatic deactivation/degradation

203
Q

What is reuptake?

A

An extremely rapid removal of a neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft by the terminal button

204
Q

What is enzymatic deactivation/degradation?

A

Enzymes that destroys molecules of the neurotransmitter

205
Q

What kind of nerves are sensed during the descending?

A

Sensory

206
Q

What kind of nerves are sensed during ascending?

A

Motor

207
Q

What is decussation?

A

the crossing of the fibers of there corticospinal tracts from one side of the central nervous system to the other side

208
Q

Where does the final crossing of the corticospinal tact happen?

A

Pyramids of Medulla

209
Q

What percent of nerves cross at the spinal cord?

A

90%

210
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract manage?

A

Distal muscles

211
Q

What does the anterior corticospinal tract manage?

A

Cervical and Upper Thoracic

212
Q

What do upper motor neurons do?

A

Send motor signals to the lower motor neurons

213
Q

What do lower motor neurons do?

A

Directly innervate muscles to produce movement

214
Q

What are the two major aspects of drug influence?

A

Drug effects (observed changes)
Sites of action (drug molecule binding sites)

215
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

What the body does to the drug?

216
Q

What is the process of pharmacokinetics? ADME

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Excretion
217
Q

How many liters of blood is pumped every minute?

A

5 liters

218
Q

What is the fastest administration method?

A

Intravenous (IV)

219
Q

Where is a intravenous administration method located? How long does it take?

A

Into a vien
30-60 seconds

220
Q

Where is a intraperitonal administration method located?

A

Tube going into the stomach

221
Q

Where is a intramuscular administration method located?

A

Directly into a muscle

222
Q

Where is a subcutaneous administration method located?

A

Into fat

223
Q

Where is a intracerebral administration method located?

A

Into the brain

224
Q

Where is a intracerebroventricular administration method located?

A

Into the CSF

225
Q

What is a sublingual administration?

A

Under the tongue

226
Q

Where is a intrarectal administration method located?

A

Into the rectum

227
Q

How does the inhalation administration work?

A

Through the lungs

228
Q

How does the insufflation administration work?

A

The mucus membrane of the nasal passages

229
Q

What role does the kidney play in the body?

A

Primary organ of excretion

230
Q

What role does the deliver play in the body?

A

Active role in enzymatic deactivation

231
Q

What drug is more lipid soluble?

A

Heroin

232
Q

What is the dose-response curve?

A

Point of maximum effect of a drug?

233
Q

What is affinity?

A

The capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a key sot of of a action

234
Q

What is the margin of safety?

A

Gap between desired effect and adverse effect (larger = most desirable)

235
Q

What is the equation for Therapeutic Index?

A

ED50 + TD50

236
Q

What is a effective dose ED?

A

Dose that produces the desired effects in 50% of the individuals

237
Q

What is a toxic dose TD?

A

Dose that produces the toxic effects in 50% of the individuals

238
Q

Is a Therapeutic Index most dangerous when it is high or low?

A

Lower

239
Q

What is the ideal Therapeutic Index?

A

Greater than 10

240
Q

What are some drugs with low TI?

A

Lithium
Clozapine
Tricyclic Antidepressants

241
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical used for neuron-to-neuron communication

242
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored? where are they released?

A

Stored = presynatpitic neuron in synaptic vesicales
Released = synaptic cleft

243
Q

What is neuromodulator?

A

A chemical that affects the neurotransmission of a whole groups of neurons

244
Q

Where dose the neuromodulator “ligand”bind to?

A

A complimentary receptor site

245
Q

What is a agonist?

A

A molecule that stimulate/activiates a response when it binds to a receptor
Increases postsynaptic effects

246
Q

What is a antagonist?

A

A molecule that blocks or inhibits a response when it binds to a receptor
Lowers postsynaptic effects

247
Q

A drug that blocks the re-uptake or enzymatic degradation of a neurotransmitter. Is this agonist or antagonist?

A

Agonist

248
Q

What helps with the impact of neurotransmitter synaptic transmissions?

A

enzymes
precursors

249
Q

What are direct agonists?

A

Mimics neurotransmitters
Binds with and activates receptors

250
Q

What are direct antagonist/receptor blockers?

A

Bind and block the receptor from being activated

251
Q

What are indirect agonist?

A

Attach to alternate binding sites
Stimulates receptor actions

252
Q

What is a indirect antagonist?

A

Attach to alternate binding site
Blocks the receptor actions

253
Q

What kind of amino acid neurotransmitters are in the brain?

A

Excitatory - glutamate
Inhibitory GABA

254
Q

What kind of amino acid neurotransmitters are in the spinal cord and lower brain stem?

A

Excitatory - glutamate
Inhibitory - glycine

255
Q

What is the function of glutamate?

A

Go

256
Q

How many binding sites are there on a NMDA receptor

A

6 sites

257
Q

What are the requirements for glutamate to bind?

A

Glycine must bind
Mg must not be attached

258
Q

What is the function of GABA?

A

Stop

259
Q

What is the function of Acetylcholine in the PNS?

A

Muscle contraction

260
Q

What is the function of Acetylcholine in the CNS?

A

Allows for REM sleep
Perceptual learning
Memory

261
Q

What is a monoamine?

A

Neuromodulators derived from a single amino acid

262
Q

What are the three types of catecholamines (type of monamine)

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

263
Q

What three components go into making up norepinephrine?

A

Tyrosine –> L-dopa –> Dopamine –> Norepinephrine

264
Q

What dual mechanism happens with the use of amphetamines and methamphetamines?

A

They block uptake and revers transporters

265
Q

What is the function of norepinephrine?

A

Vigilance and attentativness

266
Q

What is the Locus Coeruleus?

A

Where most noradrenergic systems begin

267
Q

What is the function of Serotonin?

A

Mood and pain regulation

268
Q

What is tolerance?

A

A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly

269
Q

What is sensitization?

A

An increase in the effectiveness of a drug as it is administered repeatedly

270
Q

What is dependence?

A

The physical or psychological symptoms that occur that make someone feel like they must continue taking a substance

Physiological Psychology (3 decks)

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