Physiological Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
What is psychophysiology?
A
The relationship between our physiology and behavior
2
Q
What is the goal of psychophysiology?
A
To identify and describe the physiological processes directly relevant to such psychological constructs such as drive, motivation, attitude , etc.
3
Q
What is the neuraxis?
A
The imaginary line drawn through the base of the spinal cord to the front of the brain
4
Q
What is the cephalic flexure?
A
Where the neuraxis curves between the brainstem and forebrain
5
Q
What direction is anterior/rostral?
A
Toward the head
6
Q
What direction is posterior/caudal?
A
Toward the tail
7
Q
What direction is dorsal?
A
Toward top of head or back
8
Q
What direction is ventral?
A
Towards front surface facing ground (belly)
9
Q
What direction is lateral?
A
Towards the side
10
Q
What direction is medial?
A
Towards the midline (neuraxis)
11
Q
What does ipsilateral mean?
A
On the same side of the body (ex: the right arm and right leg)
12
Q
What does contralateral mean?
A
On the opposite side of the body (ex: the right arm and left leg)
13
Q
What does unilateral mean?
A
One side (ex: right leg)
14
Q
What does bilateral mean?
A
Two sides (ex: right and left leg)
15
Q
What direction is proximal?
A
Nearest point of attachment to limb or structure
16
Q
What direction is distal?
A
Farthest away from attachment or origin
17
Q
What is opposite of anterior/rostral?
A
Posterior/caudal
18
Q
What is opposite of dorsal?
A
Ventral
19
Q
What is opposite of lateral?
A
Medial
20
Q
What is opposite of ipsilateral?
A
Contralateral
21
Q
What is opposite of unilateral?
A
Bilateral
22
Q
What is opposite of proximal?
A
Distal
23
Q
What direction is the coronal cross section of the brain?
A
Cross sections (frontal/coronal sections)
24
Q
What direction is the horizontal cross section of the brain?
A
Parallel to the ground
25
What direction is the sagittal plane cross section of the brain?
Perpendicular to the ground and parallel to the neuraxis
26
Where does the midsagittal plane lie?
It divides the Brian into equal halves
27
What is the main function of the nervous system?
Helps all parts of the body ti communicate with each other
28
What is the process of information moving through the nervous system?
It takes in information through our senses, processes the information and triggers reactions
29
What is the nervous system developed from?
From the fetus' neural tube
30
What are 2 core parts of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
31
What makes up the CNS?
Brain
Spinal Cord
32
What are the main functions of the CNS?
Homeostasis
Interpreting sensory information
Creating motor réponses
Learning
Thinking
33
What makes up the PNS?
Nerves branch off the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body
34
What is the main function of the PNS?
To relay between the CNS and the rest of the body
35
What are the 3 levels of protection of the brain?
Skull/Cranium
Meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
36
How many jigsaw puzzle pieces make up the cranium?
22 pieces
37
How many bones make up the cranium?
8 bones
38
What is the weakest point of the cranium called?
Pterion
39
What is the strongest bone in the cranium?
Jawbone
40
What are meninges?
Protective sheaths around the brain and spinal cord
41
What are the three components of the meninges?
Dura matter
Arachnoid membrane
Pia matter
42
Which layer is the dura matter?
Outer layer
43
What layer is the arachnoid membrane?
Middle layer
44
What layer is the pia mater?
It surrounds every surface
45
What does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) do?
Provides protection, nourishment and removes waste
46
What is the CSF flow of direction?
Flows through ventricles, inside the arachnoid layer of the meninges, the ventricular system pumps the CSF around the CNS
47
What part of the brain creates CSF?
Choroid plexus
48
What 5 structures make up the ventricular system?
Lateral Ventricles (2)
Intraventricular Foramina (2)
3rd Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
4th Ventricle
49
What is the neural tube?
The embryonic brain and spinal cord (CNS)
50
What does the neural tube divide into?
The basic brain regions
51
What is neuronal migration?
The movement of neuronal cells to their appropriate locations
52
What is apoptosis?
Planned and purposeful neuronal cell death
53
What is necrosis?
Unplanned and uncontrolled neuronal cell death
54
What is synaptic pruning?
The brain eliminates extra synapses
55
When does synaptic pruning happen?
Between early childhood and adulthood
56
What are synapses?
Brain structures that allows the neurons to transmit an electrical or chemical signals to another neuron
57
Schizophrenia is correlated with fewer or more synapses?
fewer
58
Autism is correlated with fewer or more synapses?
More
59
What are the major divines of the brain?
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hind Brain
60
What subdivisions make up the forebrain?
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
61
What ventricles make ups the forebrain?
Lateral Ventricle
Third Ventricle
62
What structures make up the telencephalon?
Cerebral Cortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
63
What makes up the telencephalon?
Left and right hemisphere
64
What joins the two hemispheres?
Corpus Callosum
65
What are the four lobes of the brain?
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
66
What are convolutions?
Folds and winkles of the brain
67
What 3 parts make up convulsions?
Sulci
Fissures
Gyri
68
What are sulci?
Small grooves
69
What are fissures?
Large grooves
70
What are gyri?
Bulges between the sulk and fissures
71
What makes up the cortex?
Glia
Cell Bodies
Dendrites
Axons
72
What are glia?
Supportive and nourishing cells
73
What color is glia?
Grey (grey matter)
74
Why is white matter white?
They are myelinated (insulated) cells
75
What is the central sulcus?
The boundary between the frontal and parietal lobe and the motor and sensory cortex
76
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
Precentral gyrus
77
Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
Temporal lobe
78
Where is the primary visual cortex located?
Occipital lobe
79
Where is the somatosensory cortex located?
Postcentral gyrus
80
Where are all senses (except for taste and smell) sensed in?
Somatosensory cortex
81
Where is the sense test sensed in the brain?
Insular cortex
82
Where is the sense smell senses in the brain?
Olfactory bulb
83
What is the homunculus?
It reflects the amount of brain that is devoted to sensory or motor nerves in a particular area of the body
84
What is function of the frontal lobe?
Executive functioning
Emotional regulation
Planning
Reasoning
Inhibitory control
Personality
85
What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?
Planning
Strategizing
86
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Integration of sensory information (ex: touch, temperature, pressure, and pain)
87
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Process sensory information (ex: hearing, recognizing language, and forming memories)
88
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Visual processing (ex: depth, distance, and location)
89
What structures make up the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
90
What is function of the thalamus?
Relays information
91
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Maintain homeostasis (temp, breathing rate, and heart rate)
92
What is the function of the amygdala?
Emotional center
Learning of reward or punishment
93
The limbic system is involved with?
Emotion
Motivation
Learning and Memory
94
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Motor control
Motor learning
Control of emotions
95
What is the function of the substantial nigra?
Produces dopamine
96
What happens when there is suppression of motor function?
Decrease in purposeful movement
97
What is lateralization?
Tendency of different hemispheres to be specialized in specific functions.
98
Which side of the brain is language and analysis localized?
Left side
99
What side of the brain is attention and synthesis localized?
Right side
100
What happens to gray matter in children who experienced childhood adversity
Lower grey matter volumes in the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex
101
What ventricle makes up the midbrain?
Cerebral Aqueduct
102
What subdivision makes up the cerebral aqueduct?
Mesencephalon
103
What structures make up the mesencephalon?
Tectum
Tegmentum
104
What is the function of the midbrain?
Motor movement
Pathway between the spinal cord, cerebellum and forebrain
105
What are the principle structures of the tectum
Superior Colliculi
Inferior Colliculi
106
What is the function of the superior colliculi?
Visual reflexes
Object tracking (orienting)
107
What is the function of the inferior colliculi?
Auditory system in the ear
108
Where is the tegmentum located?
Wraps around the cerebral aqueduct
Connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
109
What are the principle structures of the tegmentum?
Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)
Raphe (red) Nucleus
Substantia Nigra (black)
110
What is the function of the periaqueductal gray matter?
Pain modulation
111
How are endogenous and exogenous opioids involved in pain modulation?
They open and close pain responses
112
Where are endogenous opioids located ?
Personal/internal
113
Where are exogenous opioids located?
External
114
What is the function of the raphe nucleus?
Coordination of sensorimotor information
Synthesizes serotonin
115
What is the function of the substantia nigra
Dopamine production
116
What happens at the corticospinal tract?
If something is impacted at the decussation (midbrain) level then it will be contralateral?
If something is impacted above the midbrain level then it is ipsilateral
117
What ventricle makes up the hindbrain?
4th Ventricle
118
What subdivisions make use the 4th ventricle?
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
119
What structures make up the metencephalon?
Cerebellum
Pons
120
What structure makes up the mylencephalon?
Medulla Oblongata
121
Where is the metencephalon and myelencephalon?
Surrounds the 4th ventricle
122
What connected the cerebellum to the pons?
Cerebellar peduncles
123
What is the function of the cerebellum "little brain"
Posture balance
Fine motor movement
Motor learning
Proprioception
124
What is the function of the pons "bridge"
Translates signals between the cerebellum and cerebrum
Regulates breathing and arousal
125
What does damage to the pons lead to?
Stroke
Trauma
Late-stage ALS
126
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Controls basic functions of the ANS:
Respiration
Cardiac function
Vasodilation
Reflexes (vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing)
127
What does damage or enlargement to the medulla oblongata cause?
Respiratory failure
Paralysis
Loss of sensation
128
What is the reticular formation?
Complex network of neurons located in the brain stem
129
What is the function of the reticular formation?
Helps support wakefulness/alertness
Filters incoming information
130
How is the brain and brain stem connected?
By the spinal cord
131
What is the spinal cord?
long bundle of nerve tissue
132
What is the function of the spinal cord?
Sends motor commands from the brain to the body
Sends sensory information from the body to the brain
Coordinates reflexes
133
What are the three sections of the spinal cord?
Cervical spinal cord
Thoracic spinal cord
Lumbar-sacral spinal cord
134
Where does the cervical spinal cord send nerves to?
Face
Neck
135
Where does the thoracic spinal cord send nerves to?
Arms
Chest
Abdomen
136
Where does the lumbar-sacral spinal cord send nerves to?
Lower body
137
What is the caudal block?
Bottom of the spinal cord made up of the caudal quinoa (bunch of nerves)
138
How does the grey and white matter change in the spina cord?
White matter on the outside and grey matter on the inside
139
What is the function of the spinal nerves?
Relay sensory information to the brain from the body and vice versa
Controls reflexes
140
What are the three types of neurons in the somatic NS
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons
141
What is the function of the sensory neurons?
Repsonds to sensory information
142
What is the function of motor neurons?
Responds to motor information
143
What is the function of interneurons?
Connects various neurons within the brain and spinal cord
144
What kind of nerves make up the Somatic NS?
Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves
145
What is the function of the spinal nerves?
The nerves leave the vertebral column and travel to the muscles or sensory receptors they supply
146
What are after Afferent axons?
Brings information inward (toward CNS)
147
What are Efferent axons?
Sends information outward (E=Exit)
148
What are dermatomes?
Areas of the skin on your body that relies on specific nerve connections on your spine
Sensory
149
What are myotomes?
A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve
Motor
150
What is the goal of the ASIA Impairment Scale in motor rehab?
To move up one level
151
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
152
What is the function of the vagus nerve?
Regulates the functions of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Helps body exit "fight or flight"
153
What is the longest cranial nerve?
Vagus nerve
154
What two systems make up the Autonomic NS?
Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS
155
What is the Sympathetic NS known for?
"fight, flight, freeze, fawn"
156
What is the Parasympathetic NS know for?
"rest and digest"
157
Wha tis the function of the Sympathetic NS?
Controls function that accompany arousal and use of energy
Coordinates responses to stressors
158
What is the function of the Parasympathetic NS?
Involved with increases in bod's supply of stored energy
Rest and Relax responses after the body has been stressed
159
What is a neuron?
A processing and information-transmitting element of the nervous system
160
What are the four main structures of a neuron?
Cell Body
Dendrites
Axon
Terminal Buttons
161
Where is the nucleus of a neuron?
In the soma (cell body)
162
What is a dendrite?
A branched, treelike structure attached to the soma of a neuron
163
What is the function of a dendrite?
Receives information transmitted across synapses
164
What is an axon?
Long, thin, cylindrical structures that carries information from the cell body to the terminal bodies/axon terminal
165
What is a axon hillock?
The gate keeper of whether an action potential is strong enough
166
What is myelin sheath?
It surrounds axons and insulates them
Not all axons are myelinated
167
What produces myelin sheath?
Oligodendrocytes
168
What are terminal buttons/axon terminals?
Buds at the end of a branch on an axon
169
What is the function of a terminal button/axon terminals?
Forms synapses with another neuron
Secretes chemicals called neurotransmitters
170
What is a synapse?
Points of contact between neurons where information is passed from one neuron to the next
171
What makes up a synapse?
Presynaptic neuron
Synaptic cleft
Post synaptic neuron
172
What is the function of a glial cell?
"glue"
Provides nutrients to neurons
173
What are the three main types of glial cells?
Microglia
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
174
What is the smallest glial cells?
Microglia
175
What is the function of a microglia?
Clean up dead cells
Protect the brain from invading microorganisms/toxins
176
How do microglia's clean up damaged cells or toxins
They produce inflammatory mediators to call other cells to the injury, then promote and perpetuate inflammatory response
177
What is the function of a astrocytes?
Provide nourishment via transfer of fuel
Provides electric insulation for unmyelinated neurons
Engulf debris
178
What is the function of a oligodendrocytes?
Produces myelin in the form of a tub by wrapping itself around the axon
179
What the gaps between each myleinated axon?
Nodes of Ranvier
180
What is the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)?
A selectively permeable filter
181
What is the weakest region of the BBB? What response is it responsible for?
Area Postrema
Vomiting
182
The BBB blocks all molecules expect for those with:
Lipid soluble
Specialized sugars and amino acids
Water molecule
183
What is the function of the inhibitory loop?
Allows for voluntary control of actions (ex: stop reflex from pulling hand out from under a hot plate so you don't drop it)
184
What is diffusion?
Movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to low regions to achieve equilibrium
185
What is electrostatic pressure?
Force exerted by attrition or repulsion to move ions from place to place
186
What are electrolytes?
When substances that break into two parts with opposing electrical charges
187
What kind of charge is a Cation?
Positive
188
What kind of charge it is a Anion?
Negative
189
What is the Sodium-Potassium Pump?
Protein molecules embedded in the membrane
190
What is the function of the Sodium-Potassium Pump?
Continuously push sodium ions out of the axon to maintain resting potential
191
How many Potassium molecules come into an axon for every 3 sodium molecules pushed out?
2 potassium molecules
192
What is the resting amount you want inside of a membrane potential?
-70-mV more negative inside
193
What is an action potential?
Rapid burst of depolarization followed by hyper polarization
194
What is depolarization?
Reduction of membrane potential (less negative on inside)
195
What is the Threshold of Excitation?
Set point to produce an action potential
-55mV
196
What is hyperpolarization?
Increase in membrane potential
197
What is the all or none law?
Action potential remains a constant size
198
What is a synaptic transmission?
Neurons communicating across a synapse
199
What is the process of a synaptic signal transmission?
1. Action potential arrives at axon terminal
2. Voltage-gated Ca+ channels open
3. Ca+ enters the presynaptic neuron
4. Ca+ sials to neurotransmitter vesicles
5. Vesicles move to the membrane and dock
6. Neurotransmitters released via exocytosis
7. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors
8. Signal initiated in postsynaptic cell
200
What is the process of the creation of action potential in the next cell?
1. Neurotransmitters exert effect by attaching to binding sites/receptors
2. Binding opens neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels
3. The opening of channels generates electrical impulses
4. Opening propagates pre-synaptic signal
5. Creates a post synaptic potential
201
What are the two types of postsynaptic potentials?
Excitatory (Sodium Channel Opened)
Inhibitory (Potassium Channel Opened)
202
What are the two mechanisms of termination?
Reuptake
Enzymatic deactivation/degradation
203
What is reuptake?
An extremely rapid removal of a neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft by the terminal button
204
What is enzymatic deactivation/degradation?
Enzymes that destroys molecules of the neurotransmitter
205
What kind of nerves are sensed during the descending?
Sensory
206
What kind of nerves are sensed during ascending?
Motor
207
What is decussation?
the crossing of the fibers of there corticospinal tracts from one side of the central nervous system to the other side
208
Where does the final crossing of the corticospinal tact happen?
Pyramids of Medulla
209
What percent of nerves cross at the spinal cord?
90%
210
What does the lateral corticospinal tract manage?
Distal muscles
211
What does the anterior corticospinal tract manage?
Cervical and Upper Thoracic
212
What do upper motor neurons do?
Send motor signals to the lower motor neurons
213
What do lower motor neurons do?
Directly innervate muscles to produce movement
214
What are the two major aspects of drug influence?
Drug effects (observed changes)
Sites of action (drug molecule binding sites)
215
What is pharmacokinetics?
What the body does to the drug?
216
What is the process of pharmacokinetics? ADME
1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion
217
How many liters of blood is pumped every minute?
5 liters
218
What is the fastest administration method?
Intravenous (IV)
219
Where is a intravenous administration method located? How long does it take?
Into a vien
30-60 seconds
220
Where is a intraperitonal administration method located?
Tube going into the stomach
221
Where is a intramuscular administration method located?
Directly into a muscle
222
Where is a subcutaneous administration method located?
Into fat
223
Where is a intracerebral administration method located?
Into the brain
224
Where is a intracerebroventricular administration method located?
Into the CSF
225
What is a sublingual administration?
Under the tongue
226
Where is a intrarectal administration method located?
Into the rectum
227
How does the inhalation administration work?
Through the lungs
228
How does the insufflation administration work?
The mucus membrane of the nasal passages
229
What role does the kidney play in the body?
Primary organ of excretion
230
What role does the deliver play in the body?
Active role in enzymatic deactivation
231
What drug is more lipid soluble?
Heroin
232
What is the dose-response curve?
Point of maximum effect of a drug?
233
What is affinity?
The capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a key sot of of a action
234
What is the margin of safety?
Gap between desired effect and adverse effect (larger = most desirable)
235
What is the equation for Therapeutic Index?
ED50 + TD50
236
What is a effective dose ED?
Dose that produces the desired effects in 50% of the individuals
237
What is a toxic dose TD?
Dose that produces the toxic effects in 50% of the individuals
238
Is a Therapeutic Index most dangerous when it is high or low?
Lower
239
What is the ideal Therapeutic Index?
Greater than 10
240
What are some drugs with low TI?
Lithium
Clozapine
Tricyclic Antidepressants
241
What is a neurotransmitter?
A chemical used for neuron-to-neuron communication
242
Where are neurotransmitters stored? where are they released?
Stored = presynatpitic neuron in synaptic vesicales
Released = synaptic cleft
243
What is neuromodulator?
A chemical that affects the neurotransmission of a whole groups of neurons
244
Where dose the neuromodulator "ligand"bind to?
A complimentary receptor site
245
What is a agonist?
A molecule that stimulate/activiates a response when it binds to a receptor
Increases postsynaptic effects
246
What is a antagonist?
A molecule that blocks or inhibits a response when it binds to a receptor
Lowers postsynaptic effects
247
A drug that blocks the re-uptake or enzymatic degradation of a neurotransmitter. Is this agonist or antagonist?
Agonist
248
What helps with the impact of neurotransmitter synaptic transmissions?
enzymes
precursors
249
What are direct agonists?
Mimics neurotransmitters
Binds with and activates receptors
250
What are direct antagonist/receptor blockers?
Bind and block the receptor from being activated
251
What are indirect agonist?
Attach to alternate binding sites
Stimulates receptor actions
252
What is a indirect antagonist?
Attach to alternate binding site
Blocks the receptor actions
253
What kind of amino acid neurotransmitters are in the brain?
Excitatory - glutamate
Inhibitory GABA
254
What kind of amino acid neurotransmitters are in the spinal cord and lower brain stem?
Excitatory - glutamate
Inhibitory - glycine
255
What is the function of glutamate?
Go
256
How many binding sites are there on a NMDA receptor
6 sites
257
What are the requirements for glutamate to bind?
Glycine must bind
Mg must not be attached
258
What is the function of GABA?
Stop
259
What is the function of Acetylcholine in the PNS?
Muscle contraction
260
What is the function of Acetylcholine in the CNS?
Allows for REM sleep
Perceptual learning
Memory
261
What is a monoamine?
Neuromodulators derived from a single amino acid
262
What are the three types of catecholamines (type of monamine)
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
263
What three components go into making up norepinephrine?
Tyrosine --> L-dopa --> Dopamine --> Norepinephrine
264
What dual mechanism happens with the use of amphetamines and methamphetamines?
They block uptake and revers transporters
265
What is the function of norepinephrine?
Vigilance and attentativness
266
What is the Locus Coeruleus?
Where most noradrenergic systems begin
267
What is the function of Serotonin?
Mood and pain regulation
268
What is tolerance?
A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly
269
What is sensitization?
An increase in the effectiveness of a drug as it is administered repeatedly
270
What is dependence?
The physical or psychological symptoms that occur that make someone feel like they must continue taking a substance
